Pseudo-secularism - Revision history

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	{{Short description\|~~A term~~ describing the alleged religious minority appeasement in India}}		{{Short description\|Term describing the alleged religious minority appeasement in India}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2016}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}

	In the [[India]]n context, the term '''pseudo-secularism''' is used to pejoratively describe policies considered to involve [[minoritarianism\|minority appeasement]].<ref name="Anderson2006">{{cite book\|author=John Anderson\|title=Religion, Democracy And Democratization \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ountjdD5akC&pg=PA134 \| accessdate=16 April 2013 \| year=2006 \| publisher=Routledge \| isbn=978-0-415-35537-7 \| page=134}}</ref> The Hindus form the majority religious community in India; the term "pseudo-secular" implies that those who claim to be [[secular]] are actually not so, but are [[~~Anti_hinduism~~\|anti-Hindu]] or pro-minority.<ref name="Mani2006">{{cite book \| author=Mani Shankar Aiyar \| title=Confessions of a Secular Fundamentalist \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7Fsq8rBUtkC&pg=PA25 \| date=1 May 2006 \| publisher=Penguin Books India \| isbn=978-0-14-306205-9 \| pages=25–}}</ref> The [[Hindu nationalism\|Hindu nationalist]] politicians accused of being "[[communalism (South Asia)\|communal]]" use it as a counter-accusation against their critics.<ref name="Rowman2006">{{cite book \| title=Religious Identity and Political Destiny: Hindutva in the Culture of Ethnicism \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn7akxOaISkC&pg=PA173 \| accessdate=16 April 2013 \| year=2006 \| editor = Deepa S. Reddy \| publisher=Rowman Altamira \| isbn=978-0-7591-0686-4 \| pages=171–173}}</ref>		In the [[India]]n context, the term '''pseudo-secularism''' is used to pejoratively describe policies considered to involve [[minoritarianism\|minority appeasement]].<ref name="Anderson2006">{{cite book\|author=John Anderson\|title=Religion, Democracy And Democratization \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ountjdD5akC&pg=PA134 \| accessdate=16 April 2013 \| year=2006 \| publisher=Routledge \| isbn=978-0-415-35537-7 \| page=134}}</ref> The Hindus form the majority religious community in India; the term "pseudo-secular" implies that those who claim to be [[secular]] are actually not so, but are [[Anti hinduism\|anti-Hindu]] or pro-minority.<ref name="Mani2006">{{cite book \| author=Mani Shankar Aiyar \| title=Confessions of a Secular Fundamentalist \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7Fsq8rBUtkC&pg=PA25 \| date=1 May 2006 \| publisher=Penguin Books India \| isbn=978-0-14-306205-9 \| pages=25–}}</ref> The [[Hindu nationalism\|Hindu nationalist]] politicians accused of being "[[communalism (South Asia)\|communal]]" use it as a counter-accusation against their critics claiming that the [[Secularism in India\|Secularism]] followed by [[Indian National Congress\|Congress]] is faulty or "perverted".<ref name="Rowman2006">{{cite book \| title=Religious Identity and Political Destiny: Hindutva in the Culture of Ethnicism \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn7akxOaISkC&pg=PA173 \| accessdate=16 April 2013 \| year=2006 \| editor = Deepa S. Reddy \| publisher=Rowman Altamira \| isbn=978-0-7591-0686-4 \| pages=171–173}}</ref>

	== Background ==		== Background ==
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	After the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) was accused of representing the Hindu [[communalism (South Asia)\|communalism]] in Indian politics it started using the counter-charge of "pseudo-secularism" against the Congress and other parties.<ref name="Reddy2006">{{cite book \| author=Deepa S. Reddy \| title=Religious Identity and Political Destiny: Hindutva in the Culture of Ethnicism \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn7akxOaISkC&pg=PA173 \| year=2006 \| publisher=Rowman Altamira \| isbn=978-0-7591-0686-4 \| page=173 }}</ref> The BJP leader [[Lal Krishna Advani\|LK Advani]] characterises pseudo-secular politicians as those for whom "secularism is only a euphemism for [[vote bank\|vote-bank]] politics". According to him, these politicians are not concerned with the welfare of the minorities, but only interested in their vote.<ref name="MaryRobert2004">{{cite book \| author1=Mary Ann Tétreault \| author2=Robert Allen Denemark \| title=Gods, Guns, and Globalization: Religious Radicalism and International Political Economy \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8hbUa3FZjsC&pg=PA115 \| year=2004 \| publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers \| isbn=978-1-58826-253-0 \| pages=115–}}</ref>		After the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) was accused of representing the Hindu [[communalism (South Asia)\|communalism]] in Indian politics it started using the counter-charge of "pseudo-secularism" against the Congress and other parties.<ref name="Reddy2006">{{cite book \| author=Deepa S. Reddy \| title=Religious Identity and Political Destiny: Hindutva in the Culture of Ethnicism \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn7akxOaISkC&pg=PA173 \| year=2006 \| publisher=Rowman Altamira \| isbn=978-0-7591-0686-4 \| page=173 }}</ref> The BJP leader [[Lal Krishna Advani\|LK Advani]] characterises pseudo-secular politicians as those for whom "secularism is only a euphemism for [[vote bank\|vote-bank]] politics". According to him, these politicians are not concerned with the welfare of the minorities, but only interested in their vote.<ref name="MaryRobert2004">{{cite book \| author1=Mary Ann Tétreault \| author2=Robert Allen Denemark \| title=Gods, Guns, and Globalization: Religious Radicalism and International Political Economy \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8hbUa3FZjsC&pg=PA115 \| year=2004 \| publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers \| isbn=978-1-58826-253-0 \| pages=115–}}</ref>

	The Congress leader [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]] has ~~criticised~~ the term as propaganda by Hindu nationalists.<ref name="Aiyer2006">{{cite book \| author=Mani Shankar Aiyer\|title=Confessions of a Secular Fundamentalist\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7Fsq8rBUtkC&pg=PA25\|accessdate=16 April 2013 \| date=1 May 2006 \| publisher=Penguin Books India \| isbn=978-0-14-306205-9 \| pages=25 }}</ref> Historian [[Mridula Mukherjee]] has described it as "a term propounded by the ideologues of [[Hindutva\|Hindu nationalism]] to ~~delegitimise~~ and deny the genuineness of secularism. The subtext is that secularism is only a veneer put on to hide alleged policies of minority appeasement. The proponents of the term allege the secularists of being pro-Muslim and anti-Hindu."<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Mohapatra\|first1=Aswini\|last2=Mukherjee\|first2=Mridula\|last3=Mukhia\|first3=Harbans\|title=Are we a nation of pseudo-secularists?\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/are-we-a-nation-of-pseudo-secularists/article18260757.ece\|publisher=The Hindu\|date=28 April 2017}}</ref>		The Congress leader [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]] has criticized the term as propaganda by Hindu nationalists.<ref name="Aiyer2006">{{cite book \| author=Mani Shankar Aiyer\|title=Confessions of a Secular Fundamentalist\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7Fsq8rBUtkC&pg=PA25\|accessdate=16 April 2013 \| date=1 May 2006 \| publisher=Penguin Books India \| isbn=978-0-14-306205-9 \| pages=25 }}</ref> Historian [[Mridula Mukherjee]] has described it as "a term propounded by the ideologues of [[Hindutva\|Hindu nationalism]] to delegitimize and deny the genuineness of secularism. The subtext is that secularism is only a veneer put on to hide alleged policies of minority appeasement. The proponents of the term allege the secularists of being pro-Muslim and anti-Hindu."<ref>{{cite news\|last1=Mohapatra\|first1=Aswini\|last2=Mukherjee\|first2=Mridula\|last3=Mukhia\|first3=Harbans\|title=Are we a nation of pseudo-secularists?\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/are-we-a-nation-of-pseudo-secularists/article18260757.ece\|publisher=The Hindu\|date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

	==Examples==		==Examples==

	The state policies of independent India accorded special rights to Muslims in matters of personal law. For example, in the [[Shah Bano case]], a Muslim woman was denied alimony even after winning a court case, because the Indian Parliament reversed the court judgement under pressure of Islamic orthodoxy. This is often presented as proof of the Congress's practice of pseudo-secularism by many Indians.<ref name="RafiqHenry2005">{{cite book \| author1=Rafiq Dossani \| author2=Henry S. Rowen \| title=Prospects for Peace in South Asia \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwO9zmj6aQ0C&pg=PA195 \| year=2005 \| publisher=Stanford University Press \| isbn=978-0-8047-5085-1 \| pages=195–}}</ref><ref name="Tejani2008">{{cite book\|author=Shabnum Tejani\|title=Indian secularism: a social and intellectual history, 1890-1950\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xtrPKa59j4C&pg=PA9\|accessdate=16 April 2013\|year=2008\|publisher=Indiana University Press\|isbn=978-0-253-22044-8\|page=9}}</ref> Other special laws for Muslims, such as those allowing [[triple talaq]] and [[polygamy]], are also considered as pseudo-secular.<ref name="Talreja1996">{{cite book \| author=Kanaiyalalu Manghandasu Talreja \| title=Pseudo Secularism in India \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wa3XAAAAMAAJ \| year=1996 \| publisher=Rashtriya Chetana Prakashan \| page = 46 }}</ref>		The state policies of independent India accorded special rights to Muslims, along with other religious minorities like Christians and [[Parsis]], in matters of personal law. For example,

	The [[Reservation in India#Religion\|religion-based reservations]] in civil and educational institutions are also seen as evidence of pseudo-secularism.<ref name="Tejani2008"/>		* In 1986, a Muslim woman [[Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum\|Shah Bano Begum]] was denied alimony even after winning a court case, because the Indian Parliament reversed the court judgement under pressure of Islamic orthodoxy. This is often presented as proof of the Congress's practice of pseudo-secularism by many Indians.<ref name="RafiqHenry2005">{{cite book \| author1=Rafiq Dossani \| author2=Henry S. Rowen \| title=Prospects for Peace in South Asia \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwO9zmj6aQ0C&pg=PA195 \| year=2005 \| publisher=Stanford University Press \| isbn=978-0-8047-5085-1 \| pages=195–}}</ref><ref name="Tejani2008">{{cite book\|author=Shabnum Tejani\|title=Indian secularism: a social and intellectual history, 1890-1950\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xtrPKa59j4C&pg=PA9\|accessdate=16 April 2013\|year=2008\|publisher=Indiana University Press\|isbn=978-0-253-22044-8\|page=9}}</ref>
			* Special laws for Muslims, such as those allowing [[triple talaq]] (now banned) and [[polygamy]], are also considered as pseudo-secular and supporters of this{{Clarify\|reason=Supporters of what?\|date=April 2022}} demand an equal legal code for all communities including Muslims called [[Uniform Civil Code]]<ref name="Talreja1996">{{cite book \| author=Kanaiyalalu Manghandasu Talreja \| title=Pseudo Secularism in India \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wa3XAAAAMAAJ \| year=1996 \| publisher=Rashtriya Chetana Prakashan \| page = 46 }}</ref>
	In 1998, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] accused BJP of playing along with pseudo-secular parties for compromising on issues like [[Article 370]], [[Ram Janmabhoomi\|Ram temple]] and [[Uniform civil code of India]].<ref name="Chitkara2003">{{cite book \| author=M. G. Chitkara \| title=Hindutva Parivar \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUohXJC-RZUC&pg=PA84 \| year=2003 \| publisher=APH Publishing \| isbn=978-81-7648-461-9 \| pages=84 }}</ref>		* The [[Reservation in India#Religion\|religion-based reservations]] in civil and educational institutions are also seen as evidence of pseudo-secularism and are criticized to undermine merit<ref name="Tejani2008" />
			* In 1998, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] accused BJP of playing along with pseudo-secular parties for compromising on issues like [[Article 370]], [[Ram Janmabhoomi\|Ram temple]] and [[Uniform civil code of India]].<ref name="Chitkara2003">{{cite book \| author=M. G. Chitkara \| title=Hindutva Parivar \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUohXJC-RZUC&pg=PA84 \| year=2003 \| publisher=APH Publishing \| isbn=978-81-7648-461-9 \| pages=84 }}</ref>
			* In 2006, [[Manmohan Singh]], then [[Prime Minister of India]] said that "We will have to devise innovative plans to ensure that minorities, particularly the Muslim minority, are empowered to share equitably in the fruits of development. These must have the first claim on resources." during his speech at the 52nd meeting of [[National Development Council (India)\|the National Development Council]]. According to the critics , this later part of the statement goes against the idea of secularism which might state that each and every citizen of this nation must have an equal share in the resources of this country. BJP and RSS accused the Prime Minister of 'Muslim Appeasement".<ref>{{Cite web\|agency=PTI\|date=Dec 9, 2006\|title=Muslims must have first claim on resources: PM {{!}} India News - Times of India\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/muslims-must-have-first-claim-on-resources-pm/articleshow/754937.cms\|access-date=2022-01-06\|website=The Times of India\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2006-12-27\|title=‘Muslims must have first claim on resources`\|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/muslims-must-have-first-claim-on-resources_344587.html\|access-date=2022-01-06\|website=Zee News\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|title=Minorities must have first claim on resources: PM\|work=The Economic Times\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/minorities-must-have-first-claim-on-resources-pm/articleshow/754218.cms?from=mdr\|access-date=2022-01-06}}</ref>
			* Hindu Temples are managed by state government. Religious places of minority religions like Islam, Christianity and Sikhism are managed by their followers. This is considered as an example of pseudo secularism.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=Why India is not a secular state \|work=The Economic Times \|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-india-is-not-a-secular-state/articleshow/50072294.cms?from=mdr \|access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Why should the government run Hindu temples? \|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2022/jan/14/why-should-the-government-run-hindu-temples-2406605.html \|access-date=2022-04-08 \|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
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	* [[Victim playing\|Victim card]]		* [[Victim playing\|Victim card]]
	* [[Islamo-leftism]]		* [[Islamo-leftism]]
			* [[Counter-jihad]]
	~~==References==~~		* [[Paradox of tolerance]]
	~~{{Reflist}}~~		* [[Reservation in India]]

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
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	*Goel, Sita Ram (1995). Perversion of India's political parlance. {{ISBN\|978-8185990255}}		*Goel, Sita Ram (1995). Perversion of India's political parlance. {{ISBN\|978-8185990255}}
	*Goel, S. R. (2003). India's secularism, new name for national subversion. New Delhi: Voice of India. (Original in Hindi: Sekyūlarijma, rāshṭradroha kā dusarā nāma; translation into English by Yashpal Sharma.) {{ISBN\|978-8185990590}}		*Goel, S. R. (2003). India's secularism, new name for national subversion. New Delhi: Voice of India. (Original in Hindi: Sekyūlarijma, rāshṭradroha kā dusarā nāma; translation into English by Yashpal Sharma.) {{ISBN\|978-8185990590}}


			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

	==External links==		==External links==

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{{Short description|A term describing the alleged religious minority appeasement in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

In the [[India]]n context, the term '''pseudo-secularism''' is used to pejoratively describe policies considered to involve [[minoritarianism|minority appeasement]].<ref name="Anderson2006">{{cite book|author=John Anderson|title=Religion, Democracy And Democratization | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ountjdD5akC&pg=PA134 | accessdate=16 April 2013 | year=2006 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-35537-7 | page=134}}</ref> The Hindus form the majority religious community in India; the term "pseudo-secular" implies that those who claim to be [[secular]] are actually not so, but are [[Anti_hinduism|anti-Hindu]] or pro-minority.<ref name="Mani2006">{{cite book | author=Mani Shankar Aiyar | title=Confessions of a Secular Fundamentalist | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7Fsq8rBUtkC&pg=PA25 | date=1 May 2006 | publisher=Penguin Books India | isbn=978-0-14-306205-9 | pages=25–}}</ref> The [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] politicians accused of being "[[communalism (South Asia)|communal]]" use it as a counter-accusation against their critics.<ref name="Rowman2006">{{cite book | title=Religious Identity and Political Destiny: Hindutva in the Culture of Ethnicism | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn7akxOaISkC&pg=PA173 | accessdate=16 April 2013 | year=2006 | editor = Deepa S. Reddy | publisher=Rowman Altamira | isbn=978-0-7591-0686-4 | pages=171–173}}</ref>

== Background ==

The first recorded use of the term "pseudo-secularism" was in the 1951 book ''Philosophy and Action of the R.S.S. for the Hind Swaraj'', by Anthony Elenjimittam. In his book Elenjimittam accused leaders of the [[Indian National Congress]] of pretending to uphold secularism.<ref name=RSS>{{cite book |last=Elenjimittam|first=Anthony |title=Philosophy and Action of the R. S. S. for the Hind Swaraj|year=1951|publisher=Laxmi Publications|pages=188–189}}</ref>

After the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) was accused of representing the Hindu [[communalism (South Asia)|communalism]] in Indian politics it started using the counter-charge of "pseudo-secularism" against the Congress and other parties.<ref name="Reddy2006">{{cite book | author=Deepa S. Reddy | title=Religious Identity and Political Destiny: Hindutva in the Culture of Ethnicism | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sn7akxOaISkC&pg=PA173 | year=2006 | publisher=Rowman Altamira | isbn=978-0-7591-0686-4 | page=173 }}</ref> The BJP leader [[Lal Krishna Advani|LK Advani]] characterises pseudo-secular politicians as those for whom "secularism is only a euphemism for [[vote bank|vote-bank]] politics". According to him, these politicians are not concerned with the welfare of the minorities, but only interested in their vote.<ref name="MaryRobert2004">{{cite book | author1=Mary Ann Tétreault | author2=Robert Allen Denemark | title=Gods, Guns, and Globalization: Religious Radicalism and International Political Economy | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8hbUa3FZjsC&pg=PA115 | year=2004 | publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers | isbn=978-1-58826-253-0 | pages=115–}}</ref>

The Congress leader [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]] has criticised the term as propaganda by Hindu nationalists.<ref name="Aiyer2006">{{cite book | author=Mani Shankar Aiyer|title=Confessions of a Secular Fundamentalist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7Fsq8rBUtkC&pg=PA25|accessdate=16 April 2013 | date=1 May 2006 | publisher=Penguin Books India | isbn=978-0-14-306205-9 | pages=25 }}</ref> Historian [[Mridula Mukherjee]] has described it as "a term propounded by the ideologues of [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalism]] to delegitimise and deny the genuineness of secularism. The subtext is that secularism is only a veneer put on to hide alleged policies of minority appeasement. The proponents of the term allege the secularists of being pro-Muslim and anti-Hindu."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mohapatra|first1=Aswini|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Mridula|last3=Mukhia|first3=Harbans|title=Are we a nation of pseudo-secularists?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/are-we-a-nation-of-pseudo-secularists/article18260757.ece|publisher=The Hindu|date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

==Examples==

The state policies of independent India accorded special rights to Muslims in matters of personal law. For example, in the [[Shah Bano case]], a Muslim woman was denied alimony even after winning a court case, because the Indian Parliament reversed the court judgement under pressure of Islamic orthodoxy. This is often presented as proof of the Congress's practice of pseudo-secularism by many Indians.<ref name="RafiqHenry2005">{{cite book | author1=Rafiq Dossani | author2=Henry S. Rowen | title=Prospects for Peace in South Asia | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwO9zmj6aQ0C&pg=PA195 | year=2005 | publisher=Stanford University Press | isbn=978-0-8047-5085-1 | pages=195–}}</ref><ref name="Tejani2008">{{cite book|author=Shabnum Tejani|title=Indian secularism: a social and intellectual history, 1890-1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xtrPKa59j4C&pg=PA9|accessdate=16 April 2013|year=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22044-8|page=9}}</ref> Other special laws for Muslims, such as those allowing [[triple talaq]] and [[polygamy]], are also considered as pseudo-secular.<ref name="Talreja1996">{{cite book | author=Kanaiyalalu Manghandasu Talreja | title=Pseudo Secularism in India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wa3XAAAAMAAJ | year=1996 | publisher=Rashtriya Chetana Prakashan | page = 46 }}</ref>

The [[Reservation in India#Religion|religion-based reservations]] in civil and educational institutions are also seen as evidence of pseudo-secularism.<ref name="Tejani2008"/>

In 1998, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] accused BJP of playing along with pseudo-secular parties for compromising on issues like [[Article 370]], [[Ram Janmabhoomi|Ram temple]] and [[Uniform civil code of India]].<ref name="Chitkara2003">{{cite book | author=M. G. Chitkara | title=Hindutva Parivar | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUohXJC-RZUC&pg=PA84 | year=2003 | publisher=APH Publishing | isbn=978-81-7648-461-9 | pages=84 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [[Secularism in India]]
* [[Communalism (South Asia)]]
* [[Dominant minority]]
* [[Minoritarianism]]
* [[Reverse discrimination]]
* [[Victim playing|Victim card]]
* [[Islamo-leftism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Shourie, Arun (1998). Indian controversies: Essays on religion in politics. New Delhi: Harper Collins. {{ISBN|978-8190019927}}
*Shourie, Arun (2005). A secular agenda: For saving our country, for welding it. New Delhi, India: Rupa. {{ISBN|9788190019934}}
*Goel, Sita Ram (1995). Perversion of India's political parlance. {{ISBN|978-8185990255}}
*Goel, S. R. (2003). India's secularism, new name for national subversion. New Delhi: Voice of India. (Original in Hindi: Sekyūlarijma, rāshṭradroha kā dusarā nāma; translation into English by Yashpal Sharma.) {{ISBN|978-8185990590}}

==External links==
* [https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/sins-in-the-name-of-secularism/article5960269.ece Hasan Suroor (30 April 2014) ''Sins in the name of secularism'' - ''The Hindu'']
* [https://www.news18.com/blogs/india/s-k-srivastava/2014-lok-sabha-elections-36-12656-748455.html Dr S.K. Srivastava (16 Dec 2014) ''Skewed secularism?'' - ''IBN Live'']

[[Category:Identity politics in India]]