Provisional Government of India - Revision history

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			{{Short description\|Provisional government-in-exile}}
	{{about\|the organisation formed during World War I in Kabul\|the Japanese puppet state during World War II\|Azad Hind\|the body created in 1946\|Interim Government of India}}		{{about\|the organisation formed during World War I in Kabul\|the Japanese puppet state during World War II\|Azad Hind\|the body created in 1946\|Interim Government of India}}
	{{Infobox country		{{Infobox country
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	\|image_flag =		\|image_flag =
	\|flag_type =		\|flag_type =
	\|image_map = British ~~Indian empire in 1936~~.~~png~~		\|image_map = British India (orthographic projection).svg
	\|image_map_caption = [[British Raj\|Territory]] claimed by the Provisional Government of India		\|image_map_caption = [[British Raj\|Territory]] claimed by the Provisional Government of India shown in dark green
	\| admin_center_type = Headquarters		\| admin_center_type = Headquarters
	\| admin_center = [[Kabul]], [[Emirate of Afghanistan\|Afghanistan]]		\| admin_center = [[Kabul]], [[Emirate of Afghanistan\|Afghanistan]]
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	\|demonym=Indian\|today=}}		\|demonym=Indian\|today=}}

	The '''Provisional Government of India''' was a [[provisional government\|provisional]] [[government-in-exile]] established in [[Kabul, Afghanistan]] on December 1, 1915 by the [[Berlin Committee\|Indian Independence Committee]] during [[World War I]] with support from the [[Central Powers]]. Its purpose was to enrol support from the [[Emirate of Afghanistan\|Afghan Emir]] as well as [[Russian Empire\|Tsarist]] (and later [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\|Bolshevik]]) [[Russia]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)\|China]], and [[Empire of Japan\|Japan]] for the [[Indian independence movement\|Indian Movement]]. Established at the conclusion of the [[Kabul Mission]] composed of members of the [[Berlin Committee]], [[Imperial Germany\|German]] and [[Ottoman Turkey\|Turkish]] delegates, the provisional government was composed of [[Mahendra Pratap]]<ref>{{Cite web\|title = 3 surprising facts about Jat King at the centre of AMU row : India, News - India Today\|url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amu-raja-mahendra-pratap-singh-birthday-3-things-jat-king/1/404219.html\|website = indiatoday.intoday.in\|accessdate = 2015-10-29}}</ref> as [[President (government title)\|President]], [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah\|Maulana Barkatullah]] as [[Prime Minister]], [[Deobandi]] Maulavi [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] as [[Home Minister]], [[Deobandi]] [[Maulavi Bashir]] as [[War Minister]], and [[Champakraman Pillai]] as [[Foreign Affairs Minister]]. The provisional government found significant support from the internal administration of the Afghan government, although the Emir refused to declare open support, and ultimately, under British pressure it was forced to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1919.		The '''Provisional Government of India''' was a [[provisional government\|provisional]] [[government-in-exile]] established in [[Kabul, Afghanistan]] on December 1, 1915 by the [[Berlin Committee\|Indian Independence Committee]] during [[World War I]] with support from the [[Central Powers]]. Its purpose was to enrol support from the [[Emirate of Afghanistan\|Afghan Emir]] as well as [[Russian Empire\|Tsarist]] (and later [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\|Bolshevik]]) [[Russia]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)\|China]], and [[Empire of Japan\|Japan]] for the [[Indian independence movement\|Indian Movement]]. Established at the conclusion of the [[Kabul Mission]] composed of members of the [[Berlin Committee]], [[Imperial Germany\|German]] and [[Ottoman Turkey\|Turkish]] delegates, the provisional government was composed of [[Mahendra Pratap]]<ref>{{Cite web\|title = 3 surprising facts about Jat King at the centre of AMU row : India, News - India Today\|url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amu-raja-mahendra-pratap-singh-birthday-3-things-jat-king/1/404219.html\|website = indiatoday.intoday.in\|accessdate = 2015-10-29}}</ref> as [[President (government title)\|President]], [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah\|Maulana Barkatullah]] as [[Prime Minister]], [[Deobandi]] Maulavi [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] as [[Home Minister]], [[Deobandi]] [[Maulavi Bashir]] as [[War Minister]], and [[Champakraman Pillai]] as [[Foreign Affairs Minister]]. The provisional government found significant support from the internal administration of the Afghan government, although the Emir refused to declare open support, and ultimately, under British pressure it was forced to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1919.

	== Provisional Government to Indian independence ==		== Provisional Government to Indian independence ==
	[[Image:Mahendra Pratap and the German Mission.gif\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Mahedra Pratap, centre, at the head of [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition\|the Mission]] in Kabul, 1915 with the German and Turkish delegates. Seated to his right is Werner Otto von Hentig.]]		[[Image:Mahendra Pratap and the German Mission.gif\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Mahedra Pratap, centre, at the head of [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition\|the Mission]] in Kabul, 1915 with the German and Turkish delegates. Seated to his right is Werner Otto von Hentig.]]
	{\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="98%"		{\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="98%"
	! scope="col" \|№		! scope="col" \|No.
	! scope="col" width="25%" \|Name		! scope="col" width="25%" \|Name
	(birth–death)		(birth–death)
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	==Formation of Provisional Government==		==Formation of Provisional Government==
	Although hopes of the Amir's support were more or less non-existent, the Provisional Government of India was formed in early 1916 to emphasise the seriousness of intention and purpose. The government had [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]] as [[President (government title)\|President]], [[Maulavi Barkatullah\|Barkatullah]] as [[Prime Minister]] and Sibnath Banerjee [https://www.istampgallery.com/sibnath-banerjee/],Ubaid al Sindhi as the Ministers for India, [[Maulavi Bashir]] as War Minister and [[Champakaran Pillai]] as Foreign Minister. It attempted to obtain support from [[Tsar]]ist [[Russia]], [[~~Republican~~ China~~#Republican China.2C 1911-1949~~\|Republican China]], [[Japan]]. Support was also obtained from [[Galib Pasha]], proclaiming ''Jihad'' against Britain.<ref name="Ansari 1986 516"/>		Although hopes of the Amir's support were more or less non-existent, the Provisional Government of India was formed in early 1916 to emphasise the seriousness of intention and purpose. The government had [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]] as [[President (government title)\|President]], [[Maulavi Barkatullah\|Barkatullah]] as [[Prime Minister]] and Sibnath Banerjee [https://www.istampgallery.com/sibnath-banerjee/], Ubaid al Sindhi as the Ministers for India, [[Maulavi Bashir]] as War Minister and [[Champakaran Pillai]] as Foreign Minister. It attempted to obtain support from [[Tsar]]ist [[Russia]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)\|Republican China]], [[Japan]]. Support was also obtained from [[Galib Pasha]], proclaiming ''Jihad'' against Britain.<ref name="Ansari 1986 516"/>

	Following the [[February Revolution]] in Russia in 1917, Pratap's Government is known to have corresponded with the nascent Soviet Government. In 1918, Mahendra Pratap had met [[Trotsky]] in [[Petrograd]] before meeting the Kaiser in Berlin, urging both to mobilise against British India.<ref name="Hughes 2002 474">{{Harvnb\|Hughes\|2002\|p=474}}</ref> Under pressure from the British, Afghan cooperation was withdrawn and the mission closed down. However, the [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition\|mission]], and the offers and liaisons of the German mission at the time had profound impact on the political and social situation in the country, starting a process of political change that ended with the assassination of Habibullah in 1919 and the transfer of power to Nasrullah and subsequently Amanullah and precipitating the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] that led to Afghan Independence.<ref name="Hughes 2002 474"/>		Following the [[February Revolution]] in Russia in 1917, Pratap's Government is known to have corresponded with the nascent Soviet Government. In 1918, Mahendra Pratap had met [[Trotsky]] in [[Petrograd]] before meeting the Kaiser in Berlin, urging both to mobilise against British India.<ref name="Hughes 2002 474">{{Harvnb\|Hughes\|2002\|p=474}}</ref> Under pressure from the British, Afghan cooperation was withdrawn and the mission closed down. However, the [[Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition\|mission]], and the offers and liaisons of the German mission at the time had profound impact on the political and social situation in the country, starting a process of political change that ended with the assassination of Habibullah in 1919 and the transfer of power to Nasrullah and subsequently Amanullah and precipitating the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] that led to Afghan Independence.<ref name="Hughes 2002 474"/>
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	==Notes==		==Notes==
	* {{Citation\|surname1=Ansari\|given1=K.H.\|title=Pan-Islam and the Making of the Early Indian Muslim Socialist\|work=Modern Asian Studies\|volume=20\|issue=3\|year=1986\|pages=509–537\|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}		* {{Citation\|surname1=Ansari\|given1=K.H.\|title=Pan-Islam and the Making of the Early Indian Muslim Socialist\|work=Modern Asian Studies\|volume=20\|issue=3\|year=1986\|pages=509–537\|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
	* {{Citation\|surname1=Seidt\|given1=Hans-Ulrich\|year=2001\|title=From Palestine to the Caucasus-Oskar Niedermayer and Germany's Middle Eastern Strategy in 1918\|~~work~~=German Studies Review\|volume=24\|issue=1 (Feb 2001)\|pages=1–18\|publisher=German Studies Association\|~~ISSN~~=~~0149-7952~~}}		* {{Citation\|surname1=Seidt\|given1=Hans-Ulrich\|year=2001\|title=From Palestine to the Caucasus-Oskar Niedermayer and Germany's Middle Eastern Strategy in 1918\|journal=German Studies Review\|volume=24\|issue=1 (Feb 2001)\|pages=1–18\|publisher=German Studies Association\|doi=10.2307/1433153\|jstor=1433153}}
	* {{Citation\|surname1=Sims-Williams\|given1=Ursula\|title=The Afghan Newspaper Siraj al-Akhbar\|work=Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies \|volume=7\|issue=2\|year=1980\|pages=118–122\|publisher=London, Taylor & Francis Ltd\|~~ISSN~~=0305-6139}}		* {{Citation\|surname1=Sims-Williams\|given1=Ursula\|title=The Afghan Newspaper Siraj al-Akhbar\|work=Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies \|volume=7\|issue=2\|year=1980\|pages=118–122\|publisher=London, Taylor & Francis Ltd\|doi=10.1080/13530198008705294\|issn=0305-6139}}
	* {{Citation\|surname1=Hughes\|given1=Thomas L\|year=2002\|title=The German Mission to Afghanistan, 1915–1916\|~~work~~=German Studies Review\|volume=25\|issue=3\|date=Oct 2002\|pages=447–476\|publisher=German Studies Association\|~~issn~~=~~0149-7952~~}}		* {{Citation\|surname1=Hughes\|given1=Thomas L\|year=2002\|title=The German Mission to Afghanistan, 1915–1916\|journal=German Studies Review\|volume=25\|issue=3\|date=Oct 2002\|pages=447–476\|publisher=German Studies Association\|doi=10.2307/1432596\|jstor=1432596}}
	* {{Citation\|surname1=Tinker\|given1=Hugh\|year=1968\|title=India in the First World War and after\|~~work~~=Journal of Contemporary History\|volume=3\|issue=4, 1918-19: From War to Peace\|date=Oct 1968\|pages=89–107\|publisher=Sage Publications\|~~issn~~=~~0022-0094~~}}		* {{Citation\|surname1=Tinker\|given1=Hugh\|year=1968\|title=India in the First World War and after\|journal=Journal of Contemporary History\|volume=3\|issue=4, 1918-19: From War to Peace\|date=Oct 1968\|pages=89–107\|publisher=Sage Publications\|doi=10.1177/002200946800300407\|s2cid=150456443}}

	{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}		{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}

->WikiCleanerMan: /* Notes */

2021-11-17T21:58:04Z

Notes

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2405:201:8013:20BE:2873:F8E9:E19B:C957 at 14:57, 28 August 2021

2021-08-28T14:57:07Z

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{{about|the organisation formed during World War I in Kabul|the Japanese puppet state during World War II|Azad Hind|the body created in 1946|Interim Government of India}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Provisional Government of India
|common_name = India
|status = [[Government in exile]]
|image_flag =
|flag_type =
|image_map = British Indian empire in 1936.png
|image_map_caption = [[British Raj|British India]] during [[World War I]] claimed by the Provisional Government of India
| admin_center_type = Headquarters
| admin_center = [[Kabul]], [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
| capital = [[New Delhi]] (claimed)
|common_languages =
|national_anthem =
|title_leader = {{nowrap|[[President of India|President]]}}
|year_leader1=1915–1919
|leader1=[[Mahendra Pratap]]
|title_representative = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<sup>c</sup>
|year_representative1=1915–1919
|representative1=[[Maulana Barkatullah]]
|era = [[World War I]]{{·}}[[Interwar Period]]
|event_start =
|date_start = 1 December
|year_start = 1915
|event_end =
|date_end = January
|year_end = 1919
|currency = [[Afghan rupee]] (de facto)
|demonym=Indian|today=}}

The '''Provisional Government of India''' was a [[provisional government|provisional]] [[government-in-exile]] established in [[Kabul, Afghanistan]] on December 1, 1915 by the [[Berlin Committee|Indian Independence Committee]] during [[World War I]] with support from the [[Central Powers]]. Its purpose was to enrol support from the [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghan Emir]] as well as [[Russian Empire|Tsarist]] (and later [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Bolshevik]]) [[Russia]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] for the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Movement]]. Established at the conclusion of the [[Kabul Mission]] composed of members of the [[Berlin Committee]], [[Imperial Germany|German]] and [[Ottoman Turkey|Turkish]] delegates, the provisional government was composed of [[Mahendra Pratap]]<ref>{{Cite web|title = 3 surprising facts about Jat King at the centre of AMU row : India, News - India Today|url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amu-raja-mahendra-pratap-singh-birthday-3-things-jat-king/1/404219.html|website = indiatoday.intoday.in|accessdate = 2015-10-29}}</ref> as [[President (government title)|President]], [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah|Maulana Barkatullah]] as [[Prime Minister]], [[Deobandi]] Maulavi [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]] as [[Home Minister]], [[Deobandi]] [[Maulavi Bashir]] as [[War Minister]], and [[Champakraman Pillai]] as [[Foreign Affairs Minister]]. The provisional government found significant support from the internal administration of the Afghan government, although the Emir refused to declare open support, and ultimately, under British pressure it was forced to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1919.

== Provisional Government to Indian independence ==
[[Image:Mahendra Pratap and the German Mission.gif|thumb|right|200px|Mahedra Pratap, centre, at the head of [[Niedermayer-Hentig Mission|the Mission]] in Kabul, 1915 with the German and Turkish delegates. Seated to his right is Werner Otto von Hentig.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" width="98%"
! scope="col" |№
! scope="col" width="25%" |Name
(birth–death)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Photograph
! scope="col" |Elected
! scope="col" |Took office
! scope="col" |Left office
! scope="col" |Vice President
! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |Party
|-
! colspan="9" |Provisional Government of India
|-
!1
|[[Mahendra Pratap]]
|
|—
|1915
|1919
|[[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]]
|
|
|-
!2
|[[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]]
|
|—
|1919
|1919
|[[Mahendra Pratap]]
|
|
|}

==Background==
{{Main|Indo-German Conspiracy}}
During [[World War I]], Indian nationalists in [[Germany]] and [[United States]], as well as the Indian revolutionary underground and Pan-Islamists from India attempted to further the Indian cause with German finance and aid. The [[Berlin Committee|Berlin-Indian committee]] (which became the ''Indian Independence Committee'' after 1915) sent an Indo-German-Turkish mission to the Indo-Iranian border to encourage the tribes to strike against British interests.<ref>{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=514}}</ref> The Berlin committee was also at this time in touch with the Khairi brothers (Abdul Jabbar Khairi and Abdul Sattar Khairi), who had at the onset of the war, settled at [[Constantinople]] and later in 1917 proposed to the [[Kaiser]] a plan to lead tribes in [[Kashmir]] and [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] against British interests. Another group led by the [[Deobandi]] Maulana Ubaid Allah Sindhi and [[Mahmud al Hasan]] (principle of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]) had proceeded to Kabul in October 1915 with plans to initiate a Muslim insurrection in the [[tribal belt of India]]. For this purpose, Ubaid Allah was to propose that the [[Habibullah Khan|Amir of Afghanistan]] declares war against [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] while Mahmud al Hasan sought German and Turkish help. Hasan proceeded to [[Hijaz]]. Ubaid Allah, in the meantime, was able to establish friendly relations with Amir. At Kabul, Ubaid Allah, along with some students who had preceded him to make way to [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]] to join the [[Caliph]]'s "''[[Jihad]]''" against Britain, decided that the pan-Islamic cause was to be best served by focussing on the [[Indian Freedom Movement]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=515}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| author =
| publisher = Darul Uloom Deoband
| url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/english/introulema/principals2.htm
| title=Arbab-e-Ihtemam. p2
| accessdate=2007-11-13
}}</ref>

==The Mission to Kabul==
{{See also|Niedermayer-Hentig mission}}
Ubaid Allah's group was met by the Indo-German-Turkish mission to [[Kabul]] in December 1915. Led by [[Oskar von Niedermayer]] and nominally headed by [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]], it included in its members [[Werner Otto von Hentig]], the German diplomatic representative to Kabul, as well as, [[Maulavi Barkatullah|Barkatullah]], [[Champak Raman Pillai]] and other prominent nationalists from the Berlin group. The mission, along with bringing members of the Indian movement right to India's border, also brought messages from the [[Kaiser]], [[Enver Pasha]] and the displaced [[Khedive]] of [[Egypt]], [[Abbas II of Egypt|Abbas Hilmi]] expressing support for Pratap's mission and inviting the Amir to move against India<ref name=Sims-Williams120>{{Harvnb|Sims-Williams|1980|p=120}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Seidt|2001|p=1,3}}</ref> The mission's immediate aim was to rally the Amir against [[British India]]<ref name=Sims-Williams120/> and to obtain from the Afghan Government a right of free passage.<ref name="Ansari 1986 516">{{harvnb|Ansari|1986|p=516}}</ref>

Although the Amir refused to commit for or against the proposals at the time, it found support amongst the Amir's immediate and close political and religious advisory group, including his brother [[Nasrullah Khan (Afghanistan)|Nasrullah Khan]], his sons [[Inayatullah Khan]] and [[Amanullah Khan]], religious leaders and tribesmen.<ref name=Sims-Williams120/> It also found support in one of Afghanistan's then most influential newspaper, the ''Siraj al-Akhbar'', whose editor [[Mahmud Tarzi]] took [[Maulavi Barkatullah|Barkatullah]] as an officiating editor in early 1916. In a series of articles, Tarzi published a number of inflammatory articles by [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]], as well as publishing increasingly anti-British and pro-[[Central Powers|Central]] articles and propaganda. By May 1916 the tone in the paper was deemed serious enough for [[The Raj]] to intercept the copies.<ref name=Sims-Williams120/> A further effort resulted in the establishment in 1916 of the Provisional Government of India in Kabul.

==Formation of Provisional Government==
Although hopes of the Amir's support were more or less non-existent, the Provisional Government of India was formed in early 1916 to emphasise the seriousness of intention and purpose. The government had [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]] as [[President (government title)|President]], [[Maulavi Barkatullah|Barkatullah]] as [[Prime Minister]] and Sibnath Banerjee [https://www.istampgallery.com/sibnath-banerjee/],Ubaid al Sindhi as the Ministers for India, [[Maulavi Bashir]] as War Minister and [[Champakaran Pillai]] as Foreign Minister. It attempted to obtain support from [[Tsar]]ist [[Russia]], [[Republican China#Republican China.2C 1911-1949|Republican China]], [[Japan]]. Support was also obtained from [[Galib Pasha]], proclaiming ''Jihad'' against Britain.<ref name="Ansari 1986 516"/>

Following the [[February Revolution]] in [[Russia]] in 1917, Pratap's Government is known to have corresponded with the nascent Soviet Government. In 1918, Mahendra Pratap had met [[Trotsky]] in [[Petrograd]] before meeting the Kaiser in Berlin, urging both to mobilise against British India.<ref name="Hughes 2002 474">{{Harvnb|Hughes|2002|p=474}}</ref> Under pressure from the British, Afghan cooperation was withdrawn and the mission closed down. However, the [[Niedermayer-Hentig Mission|mission]], and the offers and liaisons of the German mission at the time had profound impact on the political and social situation in the country, starting a process of political change that ended with the assassination of Habibullah in 1919 and the transfer of power to Nasrullah and subsequently Amanullah and precipitating the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] that led to Afghan Independence.<ref name="Hughes 2002 474"/>

They attempted to establish relations with foreign powers.” (Ker, p305). In Kabul, the ''Siraj-ul-Akhbar'' in its issue of 4 May 1916 published [[Raja Mahendra Pratap]]’s version of the Mission and its objective. He mentioned : “…His Imperial Majesty the Kaiser himself granted me an audience. Subsequently, having set right the problem of India and Asia with the Imperial German Government, and having received the necessary credentials, I started towards the East. I had interviews with the Khedive of Egypt and with the Princes and Ministers of Turkey, as well as with the renowned Enver Pasha and His Imperial Majesty the Holy Khalif, Sultan-ul-Muazzim. I settled the problem of India and the East with the Imperial Ottoman Government, and received the necessary credentials from them as well. German and Turkish officers and Maulvi Barakatullah Sahib were went with me to help me; they are still with me.”
Under pressure from the British, the Afghan Government withdrew its help. The Mission was closed down.

==Impact==
It has been suggested by a number of historians that the threat posed by the [[Indo-German Conspiracy]] itself was the key spurring political progression in India. Especially, the presence of Pratap's enterprise in Afghanistan, next to India, and the perceived threats of [[Bolshevik Russia]] together with the overtures of Pratap's provisional government seeking Bolshevik help were judged significant threats to stability in British India.<ref name=Tinker92>{{Harvnb|Tinker|1968|p=92}}</ref>

While the [[Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms]] in 1917 initiated the first rounds of political reform in the Indian subcontinent, a "Sedition Committee" called the [[Rowlatt committee]] (chaired by Sydney Rowlatt, an English judge) was instituted in 1918 which evaluated the links between Germany, the Berlin Committee, Pratap's enterprise (termed German agents in Afghanistan) and the militant movement in India, especially in [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] and [[Bengal]]. The committee did not find any evidence of Bolshevik involvement, but concluded that the German link was definite. On the recommendations of the committee, the [[Rowlatt act]], an extension of the [[Defence of India act of 1915]], was enforced in response to the threat in Punjab and Bengal.<ref name=Tinker92/>

In Afghanistan itself, the mission was the catalyst to a rapid radical and progressive political process and reform movement that is culminated in the assassinations of the Emir [[Habibullah Khan]] in 1919 and his succession by [[Amanullah Khan]] that subsequently precipitated the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Ansari
| given1 = K.H.
| year = 1986
| title = Pan-Islam and the Making of the Early Indian Muslim Socialist. Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3. (1986), pp. 509–537
| url =
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| ISSN =
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Seidt
| given1 = Hans-Ulrich
| year = 2001
| title = From Palestine to the Caucasus-Oskar Niedermayer and Germany's Middle Eastern Strategy in 1918. German Studies Review, Vol. 24, No. 1. (Feb., 2001), pp. 1-18
| url =
| publisher = German Studies Association
| ISSN = 0149-7952
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Sims-Williams
| given1 = Ursula
| year = 1980
| title = The Afghan Newspaper Siraj al-Akhbar. Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies), Vol. 7, No. 2. (1980), pp. 118–122
| url =
| publisher = London, Taylor & Francis Ltd
| ISSN = 0305-6139
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Hughes
| given1 = Thomas L
| year = 2002
| title = The German Mission to Afghanistan, 1915–1916. German Studies Review, Vol. 25, No. 3. (Oct., 2002), pp. 447-476.
| url =
| publisher = German Studies Association
| issn = 0149-7952
}}.
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Tinker
| given1 = Hugh
| year = 1968
| title = India in the First World War and after. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1918-19: From War to Peace. (Oct., 1968), pp. 89–107
| url =
| publisher = Sage Publications
| issn = 0022-0094
}}.
{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{Indian independence movement}}

[[Category:Provisional governments|India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–India relations]]
[[Category:Afghanistan–Pakistan relations]]