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Students and artists created art and graphite paintings on the walls and roads of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] campus in [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]], following the [[2019 Jamia Millia Islamia attack]] by [[Delhi Police]] in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=G. |date=2019-12-20 |title=Thousands of students march in solidarity with JMI and AMU students, and to oppose CAA |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/when-they-rise-thousands-of-students-march-in-solidarity-with-jmi-and-amu-students-and-to-oppose-caa/article30358200.ece |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The [[protest art]] spread into the neighborhood of [[Shaheen Bagh]] and [[Shaheen Bagh protest|their protests]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gayeti |title=Meet the artists resisting India's new citizenship law |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/1/29/meet-the-artists-resisting-indias-new-citizenship-law |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Soniya |date=2020-02-16 |title=Shaheen Bagh and the new wave of protest art that's sweeping across India |url=https://theprint.in/feature/shaheen-bagh-and-the-new-wave-of-protest-art-thats-sweeping-across-india/364944/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> and continued to be created until January and February 2020.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karki |first=Meghal |date=2023-05-12 |title=The changing cityscape of Delhi: A study of the protest art and the site at Jamia Millia Islamia and Shaheen Bagh |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00131857.2022.2073221 |journal=Educational Philosophy and Theory |language=en |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=731–742 |doi=10.1080/00131857.2022.2073221 |s2cid=248874575 |issn=0013-1857|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Shivam |date=2020-01-04 |title=Weeks after campus was stormed, Jamia is fighting back — with some street art |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/jamia-street-art-citizenship-amendment-act-protest-caa-nrc-violence6198695/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ara |first=Ismat |date=February 15, 2020 |title='Walls Are the Publishers of the Poor': How Women Sketch the Language of Resistance |url=https://thewire.in/women/walls-are-the-publishers-of-the-poor-how-women-sketch-the-language-of-resistance |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

In addition to visual art, protesters utilized literature, theatre, and music.<ref name=":1" /> The protest art, and protests as a whole, were also characterized by the widespread mobilization of women and women artists.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:First painting on 13st Dec 2019. Graphite on Jamia wall -2.jpg|thumb|A fine art student making art inside the campus on 13 December 2019.]]

== Background ==
{{Main|2019 Jamia Millia Islamia attack}}
On Friday, 13 December 2019, the [[Delhi Police|Delhi police]] led a ''[[Baton charge|lathi-charge]]'' on the students who agitated against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]] (CAA) bill. The violent attack by the police sparked agitation among the students.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=correspondent |first2=Hannah Ellis-Petersen South Asia |date=2019-12-13 |title=Violent clashes continue in India over new citizenship bill |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/13/violent-clashes-continue-in-delhi-over-new-citizenship-bill |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2019-12-13 |title=Jamia students baton-charged by Delhi Police during march to protest Citizenship Act, 50 detained |url=https://scroll.in/latest/946751/jamia-millia-students-baton-charged-by-delhi-police-during-march-to-protest-citizenship-act |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Graffiti and murals ==
On 13 December, the day of the attack, a post-graduate student from Fine Arts started painting on the walls to show her resistance against the police action on students.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Walls Are the Publishers of the Poor': How Women Sketch the Language of Resistance |url=https://thewire.in/women/walls-are-the-publishers-of-the-poor-how-women-sketch-the-language-of-resistance |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=The Wire}}</ref> Other artist and students followed suit, with both graffiti and murals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandy |first=Asmita |date=2020-02-22 |title=The Revolution Will be Painted: Jamia Resists With Graffiti |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/short-doqs/meet-jamia-graffiti-artists-students-caa-protest-painting-on-walls |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saraswati |first=Bhumika |date=2020-01-20 |title=How street art plays a role in the Jamia resistance |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/how-street-art-plays-a-role-in-the-jamia-resistance/article30605787.ece |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
After the 15 December incident, the image and video of a group of female students wearing hijabs standing up to Delhi police went viral.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-18 |title=The hijab-clad students who stood up to Delhi police |language=en-US |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.comarticle/idUSKBN1YM1WK/ |access-date=2023-11-27}}</ref> This visual, of a student wearing a hijab pointing at the police, demanding that they stop beating students, became the basis of art and symbolic expression of this protest.<ref name=":2" />

Students called for art, and artists responded, with the walls of the campus from the stadium to gate no. 4 becoming covered with graffiti.

Graffiti was added to the roads in and around the university's campus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Archana |first=KC |date=2020-01-03 |title=Art In The Time Of Protests: Jamia Students Are Now Painting Roads With Anti CAA & NRC Graffiti |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/human-interest/art-in-the-time-of-protests-jamia-students-are-now-painting-roads-with-anti-caa-nrc-graffiti-503538.html |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> The road art included caricatures of the Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]], and the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]], [[Amit Shah]], alongside slogans such as ''"you can't impose 144, on our speech, freedom and truth,"'' ''"jiyo aur jeene do"'' (live and let live), "''#No CAA, #No [[National Register of Citizens|NRC]]''," and "''mera desh, mera samvidhan''" (my country, my constitution).<ref name=":0" /> Other slogans such as "z''inda qaume panch aaal tak intazar nahi karti''<nowiki/>'," further expressed anti-dictatorship and anti-authoritarian sentiments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Photos: Students Fight Back During Jamia's Year of Rebellion |url=https://thewire.in/rights/jamia-millia-students-protests-2019 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=The Wire}}</ref>
Other individuals portrayed in the protest art included [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. B.R Ambedkar]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Maulana Azad|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]] and [[Zakir Husain|Dr Zakir Hussain]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-04 |title=Weeks after campus was stormed, Jamia is fighting back — with some street art |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/jamia-street-art-citizenship-amendment-act-protest-caa-nrc-violence6198695/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Many of the artists shared their art anonymously or under pseudonyms, out of fears for their safety.<ref name=":2" />

=== Removal of graffiti ===
In March 2020, when the Delhi government announced a complete lockdown as a precautionary measure to prevent the spread of coronavirus, the students called off the protest,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Fatima |date=2020-03-24 |title=Art installations at Shaheen Bagh, Jamia removed by Delhi Police, graffiti painted white |url=https://theprint.in/india/art-installations-at-shaheen-bagh-jamia-removed-by-delhi-police-graffiti-painted-white/387086/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> after which the Delhi police began to remove the graffiti from the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] campus and [[Shaheen Bagh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-03-24 |title=Police Remove Jamia Graffiti, Twitter Reminds Them of 'Priorities' |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/jamia-graffiti-art-shaheen-bagh-anti-caa-protest-removed-reactions |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Literature ==
[[File:Murals on Jamia's Wall - 3.jpg|alt=Jamia Millia Islamia Protest|thumb|221x221px|Faiz Ahmad Faiz's couplet on Jamia's wall during the Anti-CAA protest.]]
During the 100-day long protest, resistance literature became the language of protest, such as [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]]'s ''[[Hum Dekhenge|<nowiki/>'Hum Dekhenge]]','' [[Habib Jalib]]'s ''<nowiki/>'Dastoor''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-01 |title=Habib Jalib, his Dastoor — Why the people's poet and his verse are inspiring India's youth |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/habib-jalib-his-dastoor-why-the-peoples-poet-and-his-verse-are-inspiring-indias-youth-6194746/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and [[Rahat Indori]]'s ''"Kisi k baap ka Hindustan thodi hai"'' couplet.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-12 |title=Poetry and songs have become the soul of the nation-wide protests against the new citizenship law |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/singing-about-the-dark-times-protest-poetry-songs-citizenship-law-jamia-jnu-6208245/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Pash|Avtar Singh Pash]] and [[Dushyant Kumar]]'s resistance poetry were also painted on the campus walls of Jamia Millia Islamia.

== Songs ==
Songs are always the bearer of protest and play a role in spreading the conscience about the issue among the common man. It is generally situational and associated with the cause and movements.<ref>"To protest is to verbalize a dissatisfaction with the status quo," Elizabeth J. Kizer, "Protest Song Lyrics as Rhetoric," ''Popular Music and Society'' IX, No. 1 (1983): 3.</ref> In this agitation, many poets and musician came out with their own version of resistance songs.<ref name=":4" /> Few became popular among the people like ''Hum Kagaz Nahi Dikhayenge'' by [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-22 |title='Hum Kaagaz Nahi Dikhayenge': Varun Grover's anti-NRC poem wins support online |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/hum-kaagaz-nahi-dikhayenge-varun-grovers-anti-nrc-poem-6179815/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and '<nowiki/>''Sab Yaad Rakha Jayega''' by Amir Aziz.<ref>{{Cite web |last=बोस |first=मेघनाद |date=2020-02-20 |title='तुम मांगते हो मेरे होने के कागजात, मेरी हस्ती का सबूत दिया जाएगा' |url=https://hindi.thequint.com/videos/feature/aamir-aziz-poetry-sab-kuch-yaad-rakha-jayega |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=TheQuint |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
* [[Shaheen Bagh protest]]
* [[Protest art]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:2019 in art]]
[[Category:2020 in art]]
[[Category:December 2019 in India]]
[[Category:January 2020 in India]]
[[Category:Graffiti in India]]
[[Category:Murals in India]]
[[Category:Political art]]

Protest art at Jamia Millia Islamia - Revision history

Jamesharrey: adding some details added tags