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			{{short description\|Overview of protected areas in India}}
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	==Conservation and community reserves==		==Conservation and community reserves==
	{{main\|Conservation reserves and community reserves of India}}		{{main\|Conservation reserves and community reserves of India}}
	'''Conservation reserves''' and '''community reserves''' in [[India]] are terms denoting [[protected areas of India]] which typically act as buffer zones to or connectors and migration corridors between established [[National parks of India\|national parks]], [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India\|wildlife sanctuaries]] and [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India\|reserved and protected forests]] of India. Such areas are designated as conservation areas if they are uninhabited and completely owned by the [[Government of India]] but used for subsistence by communities, and community areas if part of the lands are privately owned. Administration of such reserves would be through local people and local agencies like the ''gram [[panchayat]]'', as in the case of communal forests. (See [[Communal forests of India]])		'''Conservation reserves''' and '''community reserves''' in [[India]] are terms denoting protected areas of India which typically act as buffer zones to or connectors and migration corridors between established [[National parks of India\|national parks]], [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India\|wildlife sanctuaries]] and [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India\|reserved and protected forests]] of India. Such areas are designated as conservation areas if they are uninhabited and completely owned by the [[Government of India]] but used for subsistence by communities, and community areas if part of the lands are privately owned. Administration of such reserves would be through local people and local agencies like the ''gram [[panchayat]]'', as in the case of communal forests. (See [[Communal forests of India]])

	==Village and panchayat Forests==		==Village and panchayat Forests==
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	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

			==Further reading==
	*{{Cite web \|url=http://www.wcmc.org.uk/igcmc/parks/un93.html \|title=United Nations List of National Parks and Protected Areas: India (1993) \|access-date=17 November 2005 \|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011125100208/http%3A//www.wcmc.org.uk/igcmc/parks/un93.html \|archive-date=25 November 2001 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all }}		*{{Cite web \|url=http://www.wcmc.org.uk/igcmc/parks/un93.html \|title=United Nations List of National Parks and Protected Areas: India (1993) \|access-date=17 November 2005 \|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011125100208/http%3A//www.wcmc.org.uk/igcmc/parks/un93.html \|archive-date=25 November 2001 \|url-status=dead \|df=dmy-all }}
	*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030319014110/http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm Ministry of Forests and Environment Protected Areas website]		*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030319014110/http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm Ministry of Forests and Environment Protected Areas website]

47.15.200.29 at 11:31, 18 August 2021

2021-08-18T11:31:15Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Wildlife of India}}

There are four categories of protected areas in India, constituted under the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]]. Tiger reserves consist of areas under national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. There are 52 tiger reserves in India. As of May 2012, the protected areas of India cover {{convert|156700|sqkm}}, roughly 4.95% of the total surface area.

==Classification==
{{Further|IUCN protected area categories}}

India has the following kinds of [[protected area]]s, in the sense of the word designated by [[IUCN]]:
* [[National park|National parks]]
* [[Wildlife sanctuary|Wildlife sanctuaries]]
* [[Biosphere Reserves|Biosphere reserves]]
* [[Reserve forest|Reserved and protected forests]]
* [[Conservation reserves and community reserves of India|Conservation reserves and community reserves]]
* [[Private protected area]]s
* [[Conservation Areas|Conservation areas]]

== National parks ==
{{main|National parks of India}}
'''National parks in India''' are [[IUCN]] category II [[protected area]]s. India's first [[national park]] was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, now known as [[Jim Corbett National Park]], [[Uttarakhand]]. By 1970, India only had five national parks. In 1972, India enacted the [[Wildlife Protection Act]] and [[Project Tiger]] in 1973 to safeguard the habitats of [[conservation reliant species]].

==Wildlife sanctuaries==
{{main|Wildlife sanctuaries of India}}
Wildlife sanctuaries of India are classified as [[IUCN protected area categories#Category IV – Habitat/Species Management Area|IUCN Category IV protected areas]]. Between 1936 and 2016, 551 wildlife sanctuaries were established in the country that cover {{convert|118918|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} as of 2020.<ref name=PAN>{{cite web |title=Protected Area Network |date=2017 |url=http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx |author=Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change, Government of India |publisher=ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas |access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> Among these, the 51 tiger reserves are governed by [[Project Tiger]], and are of special significance for the conservation of the [[Bengal tiger]].

==Biosphere reserves==
{{main|Biosphere reserves of India}}
The Indian government has established 18 biosphere reserves<ref name="MOEF 2011">{{cite web |url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/biosphere.pdf |title=Biosphere Reserves in India |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |date=2019 |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> (categories roughly correspondingly to [[IUCN]] Category V [[Protected areas]]) to protect larger areas of natural habitat than a typical [[national park]] or [[animal sanctuary]], and that often include one or more national parks or reserves, along with buffer zones that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to the [[flora]] and [[fauna]] of the protected region, but also to the human communities who inhabit these regions, and their ways of life.

==Reserved and protected forests==
{{main|Reserved forests and protected forests of India}}
[[Reserve forest|Reserved forests]] and [[protected forest]] ([[IUCN protected area categories#Category IV .E2.80.94 Habitat.2FSpecies Management Area|IUCN Category IV]] or [[IUCN protected area categories#Category VI .E2.80.93 Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources|VI]], depending on protection accorded): These are forested lands where logging, hunting, grazing and other activities may be permitted on a sustainable basis to members of certain communities. In reserved forests, explicit permission is required for such activities. In protected forests, such activities are allowed unless explicitly prohibited. Thus, in general reserved forests enjoy a higher degree of protection with respect to protected forests.

==Conservation and community reserves==
{{main|Conservation reserves and community reserves of India}}
'''Conservation reserves''' and '''community reserves''' in [[India]] are terms denoting [[protected areas of India]] which typically act as buffer zones to or connectors and migration corridors between established [[National parks of India|national parks]], [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuaries]] and [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|reserved and protected forests]] of India. Such areas are designated as conservation areas if they are uninhabited and completely owned by the [[Government of India]] but used for subsistence by communities, and community areas if part of the lands are privately owned. Administration of such reserves would be through local people and local agencies like the ''gram [[panchayat]]'', as in the case of communal forests. (See [[Communal forests of India]])

==Village and panchayat Forests==
{{main|Communal forests of India}}
A "Common Important Forest" in [[India]] is a forest governed by local communities in a way compatible with [[sustainable development]]. Such forests are typically called '''village forests''' or '''panchayat forests''', reflecting the fact that the administration and resource use of the forest occurs at the village and [[panchayat]] (an elected rural body) levels. Hamlets, villages and communities of villages may actually administer such a forest.<ref>Sinha, Himadri, [http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00001101/00/Himadrri_Sinh.pdf [https://www.getelectionresult.com Forest and People: Understanding the Institutional Governance, Social Identity, and People's Participation in Indian Forest Management]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610023201/http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00001101/00/Himadrri_Sinh.pdf |date=2007-06-10 }}, Presented at "Politics of the Commons: Articulating Development and Strengthening Local Practices", Chiang Mai, Thailand, July 11–14, 2003</ref> Such community forests are usually administered by a locally elected body, usually called the ''Forest Protection Committee'', ''Village Forest Committee'' or the ''Village Forest Institution''. Such committees are known as ''Van Panchayat''s in the [[Kumaon Division]] of [[Uttarakhand]], ''Forest Co-operative Societies'' in [[Himachal Pradesh]] and ''Van Samrakshan Samiti''s in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Legislation pertaining to communal forests vary from state to state, but typically the state government retains some administrative control over matters like staff appointment, and penalization of offenders. Such forests typically conform to the [[IUCN#Protected Area Management Categories|IUCN Category VI Protected Areas]], but protection may be enforced by the local communities or the government depending on local legislation.
[[Maharashtra]] is the state with the most forest land while [[Haryana]] has the least.

== Private protected areas ==
{{main|Private protected areas of India}}
'''Private protected areas of India''' refer to [[protected area]]s inside [[India]] whose land rights are owned by an individual or a corporation / organization, and where the habitat and resident species are offered some kind of protection from exploitative activities like hunting, logging, etc. The [[Government of India]] did not provide any legal or physical protection to such entities, but in an important amendment introduced by the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 | Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act of 2002]], has agreed to protect communally owned areas of ecological value.

==Conservation areas==
'''Conservation Areas''' in [[India]] refer to well-demarcated large geographical entities with an established conservation plan, and were part of a joint Indo-US project on "landscape management and protection". The project ran from 1996 to 2002. These areas are home to many [[Conservation reliant species]].

==See also==
* [[List of zoos in India]]
* [[List of types of formally designated forests]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.wcmc.org.uk/igcmc/parks/un93.html |title=United Nations List of National Parks and Protected Areas: India (1993) |access-date=17 November 2005 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011125100208/http%3A//www.wcmc.org.uk/igcmc/parks/un93.html |archive-date=25 November 2001 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030319014110/http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm Ministry of Forests and Environment Protected Areas website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090410134300/http://www.envfor.nic.in/divisions/ic/wssd/doc2/ch10.html Ministry of Forests and Environment-Report Ch10 Biodiversity]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101222012410/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/species_database.html SPECIES CHECKLIST: Species Diversity in India]; ENVIS Centre: Wildlife & Protected Areas (Secondary Database); [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091227234702/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/database.html ENVIS Centre: Wildlife & Protected Areas (Secondary Database)]; [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII)

{{Geography of India}}
{{Asia topic|Protected areas of}}

[[Category:Protected areas of India| ]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Maharashtra]]

Protected areas of India - Revision history

UpdateBot: robot: Update article

47.15.200.29 at 11:31, 18 August 2021