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{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}

'''Prostitution in Kolkata''' (formerly Calcutta) is present in different forms. [[Prostitution]] may be [[brothel]]-based or non-brothel based as in the case of [[call girl]]s. Prostitution is legal in India.

==Prostitute population==
The total number of prostitutes in [[Kolkata]] is unknown. Some estimates state that there are more than 60,000 brothel-based women and girls in prostitution in Kolkata.<ref name="saribari1">{{cite web |url=http://www.saribari.com/getinvolved/learnmore.html |title=Facts on Human Trafficking |website=www.saribari.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719000143/http://www.saribari.com/getinvolved/learnmore.html |archive-date=19 July 2009 }}</ref><ref name="merinews1">[http://www.merinews.com/article/plight-of-prostitutes-in-kolkata/137536.shtml Plight of prostitutes in Kolkata]. Merinews.com. Retrieved on 23 October 2011.</ref>

The population of prostitutes in [[Sonagachi]] constitutes mainly of [[Nepal]]ese, [[Indian people|Indians]] and trafficked [[Bangladeshis]] women.<ref name="merinews1"/> Some sources estimate that are 30,000 Bangladeshi women in the brothels of Kolkata.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shahidullah|first1=Shahid M.|title=Crime, Criminal Justice, and the Evolving Science of Criminology in South Asia: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh|date=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137507501|page=230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLeRDgAAQBAJ&q=30%2C000+Bangladeshi+women+in+the+brothels+of+Kolkata.&pg=PA230|language=en}}</ref>

According to some sources the most common form of trafficking consists in offering false promises or some offer of help out of a dead-end or crisis situation, force is used later after the prostitutes have already been sold. "''Mashi''s (brothel owners/older sex workers) use friendship, sympathy, also veiled threats to convince the women that it is now in their best interest to conform and begin working."<ref name="saribari1"/>

==History of Prostitution==
{{see also|Prostitution in colonial India}}
A farcical short-drama book named ''Beshyaleela'' ( বেশ্যালীলা ) was printed in the middle of the year 1880 written by an anonymous writer ( অজ্ঞাতনামা ). It is not very familiar or much discussed book till now. In this drama, a good description can be found about the negative attitudes shown by the then existing 19th century educated Bengali ''Babu'' class of people towards the prostitutes and the prostitution. From the first half of the 19th century, centering on Sonagachhi, a huge organised prostitution area surrounding Cornwallis Street on the east, and Chitpur on the west were formed. Although many areas in Calcutta were inhabited by those prostitutes outside those areas also. On the south it was Kalighat to Khidirpur dock areas, in the middle-Calcutta it was Kalinga-Fenwick Bazar, on the far south in Kareya area many girls from different social-classes of Hindu-Muslim-Christian communities were engaged with this profession. More than that, there was no clear 'mark' or 'boundary-line' between the 'gentleman areas' and the 'prostitutes areas'. Many areas had scattered or mixed up population of those two kinds. Rather, many areas could be termed as 'half-gentleman' areas, where normal gentleman's families and various types of prostitutes co-existed side by side. From the middle of the 19th century, the British colonial administration, Christian Missionaries, and native English-knowing educated 'Victorian' Indian gentlemen started campaign against prostitutes. This was their part of the project of social 'sanitation' process for creating the so-called 'gentle-society'. Under the leadership of Mr. Kaliprasanna Singha, the 'Vidyotsahini Sabha' ( বিদ্যোৎসাহিনী সভা ) submitted one mass-petition in the Indian Legislative Council.

==Red-light districts==

===Bowbazar===
{{see also|Bowbazar}}
Bowbazar has a [[red-light district]] where about 12,000 [[prostitute]]s work.<ref name="YOUTH PARTNERSHIP PROJECT">{{cite web |author1=YOUTH PARTNERSHIP PROJECT SOUTH ASIA (YPP-SA) |title=VULNERABILITY OF CHILDREN LIVING IN THE RED LIGHT AREAS OF KOLKATA, INDIA |url=http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/YPP_Research_indial.pdf |publisher=[[End Child Prostitution and Trafficking]] |access-date=16 December 2018 |date=July 2010}}</ref> The surrounding areas are inhabited by slum dwellers, truckers and migrant labourers. The adjacent Tiretta Bazar area is mainly a loading{{spaced ndash}}unloading point with offices or [[warehouse|godowns]] of a large number of transport companies. The area is very unsanitary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cry.org/whatwedo/storiesofhopej.html |title=Jabala Jaag |access-date=16 August 2007 |publisher=CRY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208171354/http://www.cry.org/whatwedo/storiesofhopej.html |archive-date=8 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Garia===
There is a small red-light district in [[Garia]].<ref name="Madison Leigh Rose" /> There were plans to build a home for retired sex workers in the area.<ref name="Garia">{{cite web |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Himika |title=Garia home for aged sex workers - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/Garia-home-for-aged-sex-workers/articleshow/1333287.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=16 December 2018 |date=18 February 2002}}</ref>

===Kalighat===
{{see also|Kalighat}}
In south Kolkata, there is a red light district in the neighbourhood of [[Kalighat]]. Located around the banks of the [[Adi Ganga]] canal, an estimated 1,000 to 1,500 prostitutes live and work there.<ref name="porterfolio">{{cite web |last1=Gill |first1=Harsimran |title=Living in the Shadows |url=http://porterfolio.net/uploads/article/file/6273/Al_Jazeera__Living_in_the_Shadows.pdf |access-date=4 August 2018}}</ref> Kolkata has emerged as a hub for the trafficking of girls, who often arrive from [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Burma]]. From Kolkata they are often sold again to brothels in Mumbai (Bombay) or Chennai (Madras). Some will go on to the [[Middle East]], Africa and Europe.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4055143.stm | work=BBC News | first=Matthew | last=Grant | title=Girl-trafficking hampers Aids fight | date=30 November 2004}}</ref> Many of the women in Sonnagachi were forcedly taken away from their homes; some were tricked and others sold into prostitution by their friends and families; most of them are illiterate.<ref>[http://across.co.nz/CalcuttaSexSlaves.html Prostitutes Calcutta Sex Slaves]. Across.co.nz (7 November 2005). Retrieved on 2011-10-23.</ref>

===Kidderpore===
The red-light district in [[Kidderpore]] is the third largest in Kolkata.<ref name="Madison Leigh Rose">{{cite web |last1=Rose |first1=Madison Leigh |title=Red Light City: Sex Workers' Experiences of the City of Joy |url=https://madisonleighrose.wordpress.com/2012/08/27/red-light-city-sex-workers-experiences-of-the-city-of-joy/ |website=Madison Leigh Rose |access-date=16 December 2018 |language=en |date=27 August 2012}}</ref> [[NGO]] ''Apne Aap'' has a support centre in the area and has made two films about life in Kidderpore's red-light district: ''Kali'' and ''Shaadi Ka Shart Shauchalaya''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghose |first1=Chandreyee |title=When dreams find voice, it's time to say fatafati |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/when-dreams-find-voice-it-s-time-to-say-fatafati/cid/1486119 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |access-date=16 December 2018 |language=en |date=27 November 2015}}</ref>

===Lebu Bagan===
There is a small, little known red-light district in north Kolkata called Lebu Bagan. About 100 prostitutes work there in four streets.<ref name="porterfolio" />

===Sonagachi===
{{See also|Sonagachi}}
The largest [[red-light district]] in Kolkata, is Sonagachi, it is also the largest red-light district in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/as-songachi-changes-colours-visitors-drawn-by-art-not-lust/articleshow/64811133.cms|title=As Songachi changes colours, visitors drawn by art, not lust}}</ref> The area came to be known as Sona Gachi from a Sufi saint Sona Ghazi whose tomb (mazaar) is located in the locality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF2003/Briski/Briski.html|title=Prostitutes and AIDS in India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015110455/http://aliciapatterson.org/APF2003/Briski/Briski.html |archive-date=15 October 2007 |publisher=[[Alicia Patterson Foundation]]}}</ref> It is an area with several hundred multi-storey brothels, and around 10,000 sex workers.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4055143.stm Girl-trafficking hampers Aids fight] BBC news. 30 November 2004</ref> Sonagachi is located in North-Kolkata near the intersection of [[Chittaranjan Avenue]] Sova Bazar and Beadon Street, just north of the [[Marble Palace (Kolkata)|Marble Palace]]. Previously there were many Bengali prostitutes in Sonagachi. But now-a-days Rajasthani and Khamia-Nepalese prostitutes have gained in number. According to class-division, the red-light areas of Kolkata are also divided into four different classes: poor-class, lower-class, middle-class, and rich-class. For example, The red-light area which once existed opposite to the diagonal angle of Khanna Cinema Hall was of 'poor-class'. When they contacted customers, they asked them "''Khat-e na Chot-e''" ? Which means, "Do you want to sleep in wooden cot or on jute-sheet spread over the floor?" As customers wished, the fee varied according to their choice. The lower-class and middle-class of prostitute areas were scattered around Haarkaata Gully and near Chetla/Kalighat bridge.

The areas near Elliot Road could not be exactly referred as a 'prostitute area'. Mainly Anglo-Indian citizens lived there. Prostitutes who also lived there in different houses, they used to do their business in ''Kothhas'' or ''Kuthhis'' (small empty rooms for prostitution purpose only) scattered over the area. The Bengali customers generally never visited those ''Kuthhis''. In Sonagachhi, few houses can be seen marked with the lines, "ইহা ভদ্রলোকের বাড়ী" which means, "This is a gentleman's house". People who are not involved in any way with prostitution business and do other good jobs, and lived in their family-owned houses for many years, but who have not been able to move out of the area due to financial or other reasons, they have marked their houses as such so that they are not disturbed by customers or any other persons in any way.

There are some difference between the character of Sonagachhi and Soho of London or Pigul of France. The character of race courses and red light areas of different cities of the world are almost same. But the character of Sonagachhi is a little bit different. Prostitution in Kolkata is illegal like many other big cities of the world. Though it is flourishing right in front of the nose of the administration.

Several [[non-government organization]]s and government organizations operate here for the prevention of [[sexually transmitted diseases]] (STD) including [[AIDS]]. Sonagachi project is a prostitute's cooperative that operates in the area and empowers sex workers to insist on [[condom]] use; a relatively low percentage of prostitutes in this district (5.17% of the 13,000 prostitutes in Sonagachi) are estimated to be HIV positive.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-sonagachi-keeping-hiv-away-a-daily-battl/550109/ In Sonagachi, keeping HIV away a daily battle]. Indian Express (2 December 2009). Retrieved on 2011-10-23.</ref> However, these efforts are hindered by [[human trafficking]]: refusal of clients to wear condom, and women controlled by third parties are forced to oblige.

According to some sources, prostitutes from Sonagachi who test HIV positive are not told about the results, and live with the disease without knowing about it "because the [[DMSC]] is worried that HIV positive women will be ostracized."<ref name="tomvater1">[http://www.tomvater.com/india/welcome-to-sonagachi-%E2%80%93-calcutta%E2%80%99s-largest-brothel-area-is-thriving/ Welcome to Sonagachi – Calcutta's largest brothel area is thriving]. Tom Vater (12 May 2004). Retrieved on 2011-10-23.</ref> Some prostitutes in Sonagachi have stated that "the clients, at least three quarters of them" refuse to use condoms and "If we force them to use the condom, they will just go next door. There are so many women working here, and in the end, everyone is prepared to work without protection for fear of losing trade."<ref name="tomvater1"/>

===Tollygunge===
Tollygunge is a small red-light district located near [[Prince Anwar Shah Road]].<ref name="YOUTH PARTNERSHIP PROJECT" />

==Street prostitution==
Street prostitutes work in Esplanade Crossing,<ref name="Rickshaw pullers">{{cite web |title=Rickshaw pullers |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/212182/16/16_chapter%2011.pdf |website=Shodhganga |access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref> opposite of cinema ‘Metro’ and in the street between Elite Cinema Hall and Regal Cinema Hall, Jagat Cinema near [[Sealdah]] station and under Sealdah flyover,<ref name="Rickshaw pullers" /> and another place is Ultadanga flyover and railway foot over bridge, [[Kalighat]]<ref name="Rickshaw pullers" /> and [[Garia]].<ref name="Garia" /> Also a very small level high class escort service operates here, mostly college student or housewives or executives. Generally they use hotels booked by client or the flat of their [[pimp]].

[[Male prostitutes]] often pick up clients in the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]], particularly in front of the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Aditya |last2=Gupta |first2=Jayanta |title=C'mon baby, light my fire |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cmon-baby-light-my-fire/articleshow/8275240.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=16 December 2018 |date=20 September 2001}}</ref>

==Call girl==
Call girls operate independently and through [[pimps]] or escort agencies. Prostitution is operated from many beauty parlours and [[massage parlors]] in the city.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/29kolkata.htm Kolkata cop's wife in prostitution racket] Rediff.com</ref><ref name=" TELEGRAPHCALLGIRL">{{cite news |title=New girls on the block|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070401/asp/calcutta/story_7359586.asp | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph |first1=Nabamita |last1=Mitra |first2=Chandreyee |last2=Chatterjee |first3=Sanjoy |last3=Chattopadhyaya |date=1 April 2007}} ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' – 1 April 2007</ref> Pimps (commonly called agents) in [[nightclub]]s, [[Public house|pubs]], star hotels and floorboys acting as agents generally keep catalogues with pictures of the call girls.<ref name=" TELEGRAPHCALLGIRL"/> The girls operate in places like flats, hotels, etc.<ref name=" NLM Gateway">{{cite web|title=Hidden sex trade -callgirls of kolkatta |website=[[United States National Library of Medicine]] Gateway |url=http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/102256441.html |access-date=10 March 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429061725/http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/102256441.html |archive-date=29 April 2007 }}</ref> Generally the call girls go to the rooms in star hotels. However, when the client cannot provide a place of convenience, the agents provide one and the place is generally decided on before.<ref name=" TELEGRAPHCALLGIRL"/>

Call girls in Kolkata may come from middle class, upper middle class and upper-class families. They may be executives, housewives, college students or actresses.<ref name=" TELEGRAPHCALLGIRL"/><ref name=" NLM Gateway"/>

The [[Kolkata Police]] have connections with many call girls working as their informers. Many criminals like to spend time with the girls. Hence some call girls are used by the police to get information about suspected criminals.<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060512/asp/calcutta/story_6197678.asp Call girl aide to catch criminals- 230 escorts brought into the detective department fold] ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' – 12 May 2006</ref>

[[Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee]] (DMSC), which runs the Sonagachi project and several similar projects in [[West Bengal]], lobbies for the recognition of sex workers' rights and full legalization.<ref>[http://www.durbar.org durbar.org], homepage of the [[Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee]]
</ref> DMSC hosted India's first national convention of sex workers on 14 November 1997, in Kolkata, entitled 'Sex Work is Real Work: We Demand Workers Rights'.<ref>[http://www.nswp.org/rights/dmsc/indiaconf.html Sex work is real work: We demand workers rights] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212230342/http://www.nswp.org/rights/dmsc/indiaconf.html |date=12 December 2006 }}, announcement of the 1997 sex worker convention</ref>

==In popular culture==
''[[Born into Brothels]]'', a 2004 American documentary film about the children of prostitutes in Sonagachi, won the [[Academy Award for Documentary Feature]] in 2004.<ref name="NY Times">{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/299929/Born-Into-Brothels/details |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228114417/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/299929/Born-Into-Brothels/details |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2007 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher=[[Baseline (database)|Baseline]] & [[All Movie Guide]] |date=2007 |title=NY Times: Born into Brothels |access-date=23 November 2008}}</ref>

The documentary entitled ''Tales of The Night Fairies'' by Prof. Shohini Ghosh and Dr. Sabeena Ghadioke from Asia's leading Media institute [[AJK, Mass Communication Research Centre]], is about the Sonagachi area. It has won the Jeevika Award for the best documentary feature on livelihood in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ajkmcrc.org/faculty/shohini%20_gosh.asp |title=Welcome to AJK Mass Communication Research Centre |publisher=Ajkmcrc.org |date= |access-date=12 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304083532/http://ajkmcrc.org/faculty/shohini%20_gosh.asp |archive-date=4 March 2012 }}</ref>

Popular actor [[Kamal Haasan]]'s movie ''[[Mahanadi (film)|Mahanadhi]]'' has a storyline based on the Sonagachi. The film won three awards at the [[41st National Film Awards]]. It received the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] and [[H. Sridhar]] and K. M. Surya Narayan received the [[National Film Award for Best Audiography]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |publisher=Iffi.nic.in |date= |access-date=2 December 2013|archive-date=23 January 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180123051732/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf }}</ref> It also won [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]] for Best Film.

The Malayalam Film [[Calcutta News (film)|Calcutta News]] depicts the story of women being trafficked and forced to become sex worker in Sonagachi.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/9460.html|title= review of the film Calcutta News}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Prostitution in India]]
* [[All Bengal Women's Union]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Prostitution in India}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{West Bengal topics}}

[[Category:Kolkata]]
[[Category:Prostitution in India]]

Prostitution in Kolkata - Revision history

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