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← Older revision		Revision as of 19:23, 14 August 2023
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	{{Sex}}		{{Sex}}
	{{Authority control}}		{{Authority control}}
	~~{{Portal bar\|India\|human sexuality\|Prostitution\|Sex work\|Feminism}}~~

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Prostitution In India}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Prostitution In India}}

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	== Organisation ==		== Organisation ==
	Government organisations like MDACS (Maharashtra District AIDS Control Society) have played a very prominent role in generating awareness on HIV/AIDS, through the assistance in providing free literature and organising street campaigns. There are several NGOs that work to prevent the spread of [[Sexually transmitted infections\|STI/STDs]] in the community. NACO (National AIDS Control Organisation), a government agency leads these NGOs.<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/new-breed-of-elite-call-girls-cater-to-indias-rich/73960-19.html New breed of elite call girls cater to India's rich] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429163014/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/new-breed-of-elite-call-girls-cater-to-indias-rich/73960-19.html \|date=29 April 2014 }} ''[[CNN-IBN]]'', 20 September 2008.</ref> The Durbar Mahila Sumanwua Committee is a sex-workers' union based in Sonagachi, Kolkata, which has 65,000 members. They advocate for labour rights for sex workers, and they also fight against trafficking. <ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://gaatw.org/members/asia/127-membership/asia/553-durbar-mahila-samanwaua-committee-dmsc\|title=DURBAR MAHILA SAMANWAUA COMMITTEE (DMSC) - the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW)}}</ref>		Government organisations like MDACS (Maharashtra District AIDS Control Society) have played a very prominent role in generating awareness on HIV/AIDS, through the assistance in providing free literature and organising street campaigns. There are several NGOs that work to prevent the spread of [[Sexually transmitted infections\|STI/STDs]] in the community. NACO (National AIDS Control Organisation), a government agency leads these NGOs.<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/new-breed-of-elite-call-girls-cater-to-indias-rich/73960-19.html New breed of elite call girls cater to India's rich] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429163014/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/new-breed-of-elite-call-girls-cater-to-indias-rich/73960-19.html \|date=29 April 2014 }} ''[[CNN-IBN]]'', 20 September 2008.</ref> The Durbar Mahila Sumanwua Committee is a sex-workers' union based in Sonagachi, Kolkata, which has 65,000 members. They advocate for labour rights for sex workers, and they also fight against trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://gaatw.org/members/asia/127-membership/asia/553-durbar-mahila-samanwaua-committee-dmsc\|title=DURBAR MAHILA SAMANWAUA COMMITTEE (DMSC) - the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW)}}</ref>

	=== Prevalence ===		=== Prevalence ===
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	[[Brothel]]s are illegal ''[[de jure]]'' but in practice are restricted to certain areas of any given town. Though the profession does not have official sanction, little effort is made to eradicate or impede it.		[[Brothel]]s are illegal ''[[de jure]]'' but in practice are restricted to certain areas of any given town. Though the profession does not have official sanction, little effort is made to eradicate or impede it.

	India's largest<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/crime/news/inside-the-streets-of-asia-s-largest-red-light-area-sonagachi--3758.html\|title=Inside the streets of Asia's largest red light area- 'Sonagachi' (view pics)\|date=26 May 2014\|website=India TV News\|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> and best-known [[red-light district]]s are [[Sonagachi]] in [[Kolkata]], [[Kempegowda Bus Station\|Majestic]] in [[Bangalore]], [[Reshampura]] in [[Gwalior]], [[Kamathipura]], [[Sonapur (Mumbai)\|Sonapur]] in [[Mumbai]] and [[G. B. Road]] in [[New Delhi]], that host thousands of sex workers.<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sex-tourism-incredible-indias-dark-side/73042-3.html Sex tourism, Incredible India's dark side] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429162154/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sex-tourism-incredible-indias-dark-side/73042-3.html \|date=29 April 2014 }} ''[[CNN-IBN]]''.</ref> Earlier, there were centres such as Naqqasa Bazaar in [[Saharanpur]], Chaturbhuj Sthan in [[Muzaffarpur]],<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/even-sex-workers-did-not-lag-behind-in-human-chain-formation/articleshow/56707589.cms\|title=Even sex workers did not lag behind in human chain formation\|newspaper=Times of India\|date=22 January 2017}}</ref> Lalpur, [[Maruadih]] in [[Varanasi]], Meerganj in [[Allahabad]], Kalinganj in [[Azamgarh]] and Kabadi bazar of [[Meerut]].		India's largest<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/crime/news/inside-the-streets-of-asia-s-largest-red-light-area-sonagachi--3758.html\|title=Inside the streets of Asia's largest red light area- 'Sonagachi' (view pics)\|date=26 May 2014\|website=India TV News\|access-date=28 November 2015}}</ref> and best-known [[red-light district]]s are [[Sonagachi]] in [[Kolkata]], [[Kempegowda Bus Station\|Majestic]] in [[Bangalore]], [[Reshampura]] in [[Gwalior]], [[Kamathipura]], [[Sonapur (Mumbai)\|Sonapur]] in [[Mumbai]] and [[G. B. Road]] in [[New Delhi]], that host thousands of sex workers.<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sex-tourism-incredible-indias-dark-side/73042-3.html Sex tourism, Incredible India's dark side] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429162154/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sex-tourism-incredible-indias-dark-side/73042-3.html \|date=29 April 2014 }} ''[[CNN-IBN]]''.</ref> Earlier, there were centres such as Naqqasa Bazaar in [[Saharanpur]], Chaturbhuj Sthan in [[Muzaffarpur]],<ref>{{cite news\|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/even-sex-workers-did-not-lag-behind-in-human-chain-formation/articleshow/56707589.cms\|title=Even sex workers did not lag behind in human chain formation\|newspaper=Times of India\|date=22 January 2017}}</ref> Lalpur, [[Maruadih]] in [[Varanasi]], Meerganj in [[Allahabad]], Kalinganj in [[Azamgarh]] and Kabadi bazar of [[Meerut]].

	=== Underage prostitution ===		=== Underage prostitution ===
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	In 2009 the Supreme Court ruled that prostitution should be legalised and convened a panel to consider amending the law.<ref name=Economist/> In 2011 the Supreme Court held that "right to live with dignity" is a Constitutional right and issued an order relating to "creating conditions conducive for sex workers to work with dignity". The court directed the Central Government, [[States and union territories of India\|States and Union Territories]] to carry out a survey to determine the number of sex workers in the country willing to be rehabilitated.		In 2009 the Supreme Court ruled that prostitution should be legalised and convened a panel to consider amending the law.<ref name=Economist/> In 2011 the Supreme Court held that "right to live with dignity" is a Constitutional right and issued an order relating to "creating conditions conducive for sex workers to work with dignity". The court directed the Central Government, [[States and union territories of India\|States and Union Territories]] to carry out a survey to determine the number of sex workers in the country willing to be rehabilitated.

	However, in 2012 the Central Government made a plea to the Supreme Court arguing that sex workers should not be allowed to pursue their trade under the constitutional "right to live with dignity". Government counsel contended that any such endorsement by the court would be [[ultra vires]] of ITPA, which totally bans prostitution. Opposing counsel submitted that the Act only prohibited brothel activities and punitive action against pimps. The Supreme Court agreed to examine the plea.<ref>{{cite news\| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sex-workers-cannot-operate-in-any-manner-centre-tells-sc/973572/0\| title= Sex workers cannot operate in any manner, Centre tells SC\| date= 12 July 2012}}</ref>		However, in 2012 the Central Government made a plea to the Supreme Court arguing that sex workers should not be allowed to pursue their trade under the constitutional "right to live with dignity". Government counsel contended that any such endorsement by the court would be [[ultra vires]] of ITPA, which totally bans prostitution. Opposing counsel submitted that the Act only prohibited brothel activities and punitive action against pimps. The Supreme Court agreed to examine the plea.<ref>{{cite news\| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sex-workers-cannot-operate-in-any-manner-centre-tells-sc/973572/0\| title= Sex workers cannot operate in any manner, Centre tells SC\| date= 12 July 2012}}</ref>

	== Reasons for entry ==		== Reasons for entry ==
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	Prostitution has been a theme in [[Indian literature]] and arts for centuries. ''[[Mrichakatika]]'', a ten-act [[Sanskrit drama\|Sanskrit play]], was written by [[Śudraka\|Śhudraka]] in the 2nd century BC, and tells the story of a famous courtesan, [[Vasantasena\|Vasantsena]]. It was made into ''[[Utsav]]'', a 1984 [[Hindi]] film. [[Amrapali]] (Ambapali), the legendary [[nagarvadhu]], or royal courtesan of the Kingdom of [[Vaishali (ancient city)\|Vaishali]], famously became an [[arhat\|enlightened]] Buddhist monk later in her life - a story retold in a Hindi film, ''[[Amrapali (film)\|Amrapali]]'' (1966).<ref>{{IMDb title\|0060104\|Amprali}}.</ref>		Prostitution has been a theme in [[Indian literature]] and arts for centuries. ''[[Mrichakatika]]'', a ten-act [[Sanskrit drama\|Sanskrit play]], was written by [[Śudraka\|Śhudraka]] in the 2nd century BC, and tells the story of a famous courtesan, [[Vasantasena\|Vasantsena]]. It was made into ''[[Utsav]]'', a 1984 [[Hindi]] film. [[Amrapali]] (Ambapali), the legendary [[nagarvadhu]], or royal courtesan of the Kingdom of [[Vaishali (ancient city)\|Vaishali]], famously became an [[arhat\|enlightened]] Buddhist monk later in her life - a story retold in a Hindi film, ''[[Amrapali (film)\|Amrapali]]'' (1966).<ref>{{IMDb title\|0060104\|Amprali}}.</ref>

	The [[tawaif]], or elite [[courtesan]] in the [[Mughal era]], has been a theme of a number of films, including ''[[Pakeezah]]'' (1972), ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)\|Umrao Jaan]]'' (1981), [[Tawaif (film)\|''Tawaif'']] (1985), and ''[[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)\|Umrao Jaan]]'' (2006). Other movies depicting lives of prostitutes and dancing girls are ''[[Sharaabi]]'' (1984), ''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1972), ''[[Mausam (1975 film)\|Mausam]]'' (1975) ''[[Mandi (film)\|Mandi]]'' (1983), ''[[Devdas]]'' (2002), ''[[Chandni Bar]]'' (2001), ''[[Chameli (film)\|Chameli]]'' (2003), ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]], Sadak'' (2007), [[Dev.D\|''Dev D'']] (2009), ''[[B.A. Pass]]'' (2013), [[Thira (film)\|''Thira'']] (2013) and ''[[Begum Jaan]]'' (2017).		The [[tawaif]], or elite [[courtesan]] in the [[Mughal era]], has been a theme of a number of films, including ''[[Pakeezah]]'' (1972), ''[[Umrao Jaan (1981 film)\|Umrao Jaan]]'' (1981), [[Tawaif (film)\|''Tawaif'']] (1985), ''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]'' (1996) and ''[[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)\|Umrao Jaan]]'' (2006). Other movies depicting lives of prostitutes and dancing girls are ''[[Sharaabi]]'' (1984), ''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1972), ''[[Mausam (1975 film)\|Mausam]]'' (1975) ''[[Mandi (film)\|Mandi]]'' (1983), ''[[Devdas]]'' (2002), ''[[Chandni Bar]]'' (2001), ''[[Chameli (film)\|Chameli]]'' (2003), ''[[Laaga Chunari Mein Daag]], Sadak'' (2007), [[Dev.D\|''Dev D'']] (2009), ''[[B.A. Pass]]'' (2013), [[Thira (film)\|''Thira'']] (2013) and ''[[Begum Jaan]]'' (2017).

	Various fictional films have featured the subject of prostitution in India, including ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008),<ref>{{Cite web\|title='Slumdog Millionaire' actress hopes to empower women through her art\|url=https://www.13wmaz.com/article/news/local/slumdog-millionaire-actress-hopes-to-empower-women-through-her-art/93-518401396\|last=Butler\|first=Nicole\|date=13 February 2018\|website=WMAZ-TV\|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> ''[[Chaarfutiya Chhokare]]'' (2014), ''[[Manoranjan]]'' (1974), ''[[Soothradharan]]'' (2001)'', [[Calcutta News (film)\|Calcutta News]]'' (2008), ''[[Lakshmi (2014 film)\|Lakshmi]]'' (2014)'',''<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Kamath\|first=Sudhish\|date=14 December 2013\|title=A fictional account of a true story\|language=en-IN\|work=The Hindu\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-fictional-account-of-a-true-story/article11641545.ece\|access-date=24 May 2020\|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> among others.		Various fictional films have featured the subject of prostitution in India, including ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008),<ref>{{Cite web\|title='Slumdog Millionaire' actress hopes to empower women through her art\|url=https://www.13wmaz.com/article/news/local/slumdog-millionaire-actress-hopes-to-empower-women-through-her-art/93-518401396\|last=Butler\|first=Nicole\|date=13 February 2018\|website=WMAZ-TV\|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> ''[[Chaarfutiya Chhokare]]'' (2014), ''[[Manoranjan]]'' (1974), ''[[Soothradharan]]'' (2001)'', [[Calcutta News (film)\|Calcutta News]]'' (2008), ''[[Lakshmi (2014 film)\|Lakshmi]]'' (2014)'',''<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Kamath\|first=Sudhish\|date=14 December 2013\|title=A fictional account of a true story\|language=en-IN\|work=The Hindu\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A-fictional-account-of-a-true-story/article11641545.ece\|access-date=24 May 2020\|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> among others.
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	Delhi-based woman film maker Shohini Ghosh made a documentary film "Tales of the Night Fairies" in 2002, interviewing five sex workers who are activists of the DMSC sex-worker union in Kolkata. DMSC fights against trafficking and advocates for labour rights for sex-workers.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ystke5m8now/\|title = Tales of the Night Fairies\|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>		Delhi-based woman film maker Shohini Ghosh made a documentary film "Tales of the Night Fairies" in 2002, interviewing five sex workers who are activists of the DMSC sex-worker union in Kolkata. DMSC fights against trafficking and advocates for labour rights for sex-workers.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ystke5m8now/\|title = Tales of the Night Fairies\|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
	{{div col\|colwidth=30em}}		{{div col\|colwidth=30em}}
	* [[Born into Brothels]]		* [[Born into Brothels]]
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	* {{cite journal \|last1=Shah \|first1=Svati P. \|title=Brothels and Big Screen Rescues \|journal=Interventions \|date=1 December 2013 \|volume=15 \|issue=4 \|pages=549–566 \|doi=10.1080/1369801X.2013.849425 \|s2cid=142882920 \|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369801X.2013.849425 \|issn=1369-801X}}		* {{cite journal \|last1=Shah \|first1=Svati P. \|title=Brothels and Big Screen Rescues \|journal=Interventions \|date=1 December 2013 \|volume=15 \|issue=4 \|pages=549–566 \|doi=10.1080/1369801X.2013.849425 \|s2cid=142882920 \|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369801X.2013.849425 \|issn=1369-801X}}
	* {{cite book\|title=Defining Girlhood in India: A Transnational History of Sexual Maturity Laws\|author=Tambe, A.\|isbn=978-0-252-05158-6\|lccn=2019025066\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXOuDwAAQBAJ\|year=2019\|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]}}		* {{cite book\|title=Defining Girlhood in India: A Transnational History of Sexual Maturity Laws\|author=Tambe, A.\|isbn=978-0-252-05158-6\|lccn=2019025066\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXOuDwAAQBAJ\|year=2019\|publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]}}
	* {{cite book\|title=At Risk: Indian Sexual Politics and the Global AIDS Crisis\|author=Vijayakumar, G.\|isbn=978-1-503-62806-9\|lccn=2020050234\|series=Globalization in Everyday Life\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWM4EAAAQBAJ\|year=2021\|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] }}		* {{cite book\|title=At Risk: Indian Sexual Politics and the Global AIDS Crisis\|author=Vijayakumar, G.\|isbn=978-1-503-62806-9\|lccn=2020050234\|series=Globalization in Everyday Life\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWM4EAAAQBAJ\|year=2021\|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] }}
	* {{cite book \|last=Wright \|first=Andrea \|editor-last1=Ferdoush \|editor-first1=Md Azmeary \|editor-last2=Jones \|editor-first2=Reece \|title=Borders and Mobility in South Asia and Beyond \|date=2018 \|publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] \|isbn=978-90-485-3522-4 \|url= \|language=en\|chapter='The Immoral Traffic in Women': Regulating Indian Emigration to the Persian Gulf\|doi=10.2307/j.ctv513ckq.10\|pages=145–166\|s2cid=244538097 }}		* {{cite book \|last=Wright \|first=Andrea \|editor-last1=Ferdoush \|editor-first1=Md Azmeary \|editor-last2=Jones \|editor-first2=Reece \|title=Borders and Mobility in South Asia and Beyond \|date=2018 \|publisher=[[Amsterdam University Press]] \|isbn=978-90-485-3522-4 \|url= \|language=en\|chapter='The Immoral Traffic in Women': Regulating Indian Emigration to the Persian Gulf\|doi=10.2307/j.ctv513ckq.10\|pages=145–166\|s2cid=244538097 }}
	* {{cite book\|title=Global Perspectives on Prostitution and Sex Trafficking: Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Oceania\|isbn=978-0-739-13277-7\|lccn=2010043820\|series=Global Perspectives on Prostitution and Sex Trafficking\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0uRsGnTMnwC\|year=2011\|publisher=[[Lexington Books]] }}		* {{cite book\|title=Global Perspectives on Prostitution and Sex Trafficking: Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Oceania\|isbn=978-0-739-13277-7\|lccn=2010043820\|series=Global Perspectives on Prostitution and Sex Trafficking\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0uRsGnTMnwC\|year=2011\|publisher=[[Lexington Books]] }}

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