https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=ProrogationProrogation - Revision history2026-11-14T14:19:08ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prorogation&diff=388368&oldid=prevViki: Added a new entry to the platform.2022-01-14T19:34:29Z<p>Added a new entry to the platform.</p>
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'''Prorogation''' in the [[Westminster system]] of government is the action of proroguing, or interrupting, a [[parliament]], or the discontinuance of meetings for a given period of time, without a [[dissolution of parliament]]. The term is also used for the period of such a discontinuance between two [[legislative sessions]] of a [[legislative body]].<br />
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==Ancient Rome==<br />
{{Main|Prorogatio}}<br />
In the [[Roman Constitution|constitution]] of [[ancient Rome]], ''[[prorogatio]]'' was the extension of a commander's ''imperium'' beyond the one-year term of his [[Roman magistrates|magistracy]], usually that of [[Roman consul|consul]] or [[praetor]]. Prorogatio developed as a legal procedure in response to Roman [[expansionism]] and [[militarization]].<ref>[[Andrew Lintott]], ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic'' (Oxford University Press, 1999.), p. 113 ff. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yaFPohP2lB8C&dq=%22In+the+early+Republic+the+need+for+extra+military+commanders%22&pg=PA113 online.]</ref><br />
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This usage is unrelated to the modern parliamentary term.<br />
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==Australia==<br />
{{Main|Section 5 of the Constitution of Australia}}<br />
In [[Australia]], prorogation is the end of a session in the [[Australian Parliament]] pursuant to [[section 5 of the Constitution of Australia]].<br />
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==Canada==<br />
{{Main|Prorogation in Canada}}<br />
Prorogation is the end of a session in the [[Parliament of Canada]].<br />
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==New Zealand==<br />
{{Main|New Zealand Parliament#Term}}<br />
Prorogation is the end of a session in the [[New Zealand Parliament]] pursuant to the [[Constitution Act 1986]]. The ability of the speaker to recall parliament during an [[adjournment]] has rendered prorogation almost obsolete, and the procedure was last used in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter 10 Summoning, Proroguing and Dissolving Parliament |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/parliamentary-practice-in-new-zealand/chapter-10-summoning-proroguing-and-dissolving-parliament/ |website=www.parliament.nz |publisher=New Zealand Parliament |access-date=23 May 2022 |language=en-NZ }}</ref><br />
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==Northern Ireland==<br />
{{Main|House of Commons of Northern Ireland#Procedure}}<br />
Prorogation in [[Northern Ireland]] was the end of a session in the [[Parliament of Northern Ireland]] (1921–1972).<br />
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==United Kingdom==<br />
{{Main|Prorogation in the United Kingdom}}<br />
{{See also|Prorogation Act 1867|2019 British prorogation controversy}}<br />
Prorogation is the formal ending of a Parliamentary session in the [[UK Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/occasions/prorogation/|title=Prorogation|website=UK Parliament|language=en|access-date=2017-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/aug/28/protests-sparked-by-boris-johnsons-plan-to-suspend-parliament|title='Stop the coup': Protests across UK over Johnson's suspension of parliament|last1=Mohdin|first1=Aamaa|work=The Guardian|last2=Wolfe-Robinson|first2=Maya|last3=Kalukembi|first3=Marvel}}</ref><br />
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== United States ==<br />
{{See also|Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Convening_and_adjourning_of_Congress|label 1=Article II, Section 3, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution|Federalist No. 69}}<br />
Under [[Article Two of the United States Constitution|Article II]], Section 3 of the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] the [[President of the United States]] technically has the authority to adjourn<ref>The terms "prorogue" and "prorogation" are not found in the text of the Constitution.</ref> the [[United States Congress]] "to such Time as he shall think proper" when it is unable to agree on a time of [[adjournment]]. However, this is a procedural ability that has so far never been used. The members of the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]] agreed to limit executive authority in order to prevent autocracy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/the-american-founders-made-sure-the-president-could-never-suspend-congress-122703|title=The American Founders made sure the president could never suspend Congress|last=Gould|first=Eliga|website=The Conversation|language=en|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref> In ''[[Federalist No. 69]]'', [[Alexander Hamilton]] differentiated the President's authority to prorogue Congress from the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|King of Great Britain]]'s ability to [[Dissolution of the Parliament of the United Kingdom|dissolve Parliament]].<br />
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On April 15, 2020, while Congress was in [[Recess (break)#Common recess activities|recess]] due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]] but still holding [[Pro forma#United States|''pro forma'' sessions]], President [[Donald Trump]] threatened to use the presidential prerogative powers to [[Adjournment#United States Congress|adjourn]] both the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]] in order to make [[recess appointment]]s for positions such as [[Director of National Intelligence]] and the [[Federal Reserve Board of Governors]], citing what he argued was [[obstructionism]] and extreme [[Partisan (politics)|partisanship]] from the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-force-press-briefing-26/|title=Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing|language=en-US|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|work=[[whitehouse.gov]]|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> However, constitutional law experts and politicians have argued that President Trump did not have the constitutional authority to do so under those conditions, as both houses had agreed on a date of adjournment, and President Trump's argument that the President can force Congress to adjourn was widely condemned by both Republicans and Democrats.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/493044-trump-threatens-to-adjourn-both-chambers-of-congress|title=Trump threatens to adjourn both chambers of Congress|last=Zilbermints|first=Regina|website=The Hill|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-15/trump-says-he-has-constitutional-authority-to-adjourn-congress|title=Trump Claims Untested Power to Adjourn Congress in Nominee Fight|last1=Parker|first1=Mario|last2=Sink|first2=Justin|website=[[Bloomberg News]] |agency=Bloomberg News|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-threatens-to-adjourn-congress-to-get-his-nominees-through/2020/04/15/e3bfc4c6-7f6a-11ea-9040-68981f488eed_story.html|title=Trump threatens to adjourn Congress to get his nominees but likely would be impeded by Senate rules|author=Itkowitz, Colby|author2=DeBonis, Mike|access-date=2020-04-16|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/banana-republic-trump-threatens-to-unilaterally-suspend-congress-20200416-p54kaq.html|title='Banana republic': Trump threatens to unilaterally suspend Congress|last=Knott|first=Matthew|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/trump-adjournment-constitution/610171/|title=Trump Is Threatening to Subvert the Constitution|last=Schmidt|first=Neal K. Katyal, Thomas P.|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/04/recess-appointments-president-trump-empty-threat-congressional-adjournment/|title=The President's Empty Threat on Recess Appointments|website=National Review|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-22}}</ref> In order to prorogue Congress, the Senate would have to set a different date of adjournment than the House of Representatives. Although President Trump called on the Senate to set a new adjournment date, [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Majority Leader]] [[Mitch McConnell]] indicated that he would not alter the planned adjournment date of January 3, 2021, and any motion to alter the date would require the approval of [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Minority Leader]] [[Chuck Schumer]] and the Democratic members of the Senate through the [[Standing Rules of the United States Senate|Senate Standing Rules]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/news/mcconnell-dismisses-trumps-call-to-adjourn-congress-to-make-federal-appointments/|title=McConnell Dismisses Trump's Call to Adjourn Congress to Make Federal Appointments|website=National Review|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
*{{wikt-inline|prorogation}}<br />
*{{wikt-inline|prorogue}}<br />
* [[Royal prerogative]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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[[Category:Parliamentary procedure]]</div>Viki