Iautomationtraining Hub: New data

2026-03-14T20:18:06Z

New data

New page

{{Short description|Words in Hindi that substitute for a noun or noun phrase}}
{{Cleanup|reason=The first two sections contradict themselves over and over again about what cases Hindi has, and though the article is about pronouns the first titled section is about postpositions.|date=December 2022}}
The personal pronouns and possessives in [[Modern Standard Hindi]] of the [[Hindustani language]] displays a higher degree of [[inflection]] than other parts of speech. Personal pronouns have distinct forms according to whether they stand for a subject ([[Nominative case|nominative]]), a direct object ([[Accusative case|accusative]]), an indirect object ([[Dative case|dative]]), or a [[Reflexive pronoun|reflexive]] object. Pronouns further have special forms used with [[postpositions]].

The [[possessive pronoun]]s are the same as the [[possessive adjective]]s, but each is inflected to express the [[grammatical person]] of the possessor and the [[grammatical gender]] of the possessed.

Pronoun use displays considerable variation with [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] and [[dialect]], with particularly pronoun preference differences between the most colloquial varieties of Hindi.

== Postpositions ==
The function of case marking in Hindi is done exclusively by postpositions. The pronouns of Hindi can be declined into three cases, [[Nominative case|nominative]], [[Oblique case|oblique]] (and [[Ergative case|ergative]]), and [[Dative case|dative]]/[[Accusative case|accusative]]. The oblique and ergative case is used with the case marking postpositions to form the [[Ergative case|ergative]], [[Accusative case|accusative]]/[[Dative case|dative]], [[Instrumental case|instrumental]]/[[Ablative case|ablative]], [[Genitive case|genitive]], [[Inessive case|inessive]], [[Adessive case|adessive]], [[Terminative case|terminative]], and [[Semblative case|semblative]] cases. The postpositions are considered to be [[bound morphemes]] to the pronouns.<ref name="Schmidt2003p293">{{Harvcoltxt|Schmidt|2003|p=293}}</ref> The eight primary postpositions of Hindi are mentioned in the table below:
{| class="wikitable"
!Case Marker
!Postposition
!Explanation
!Example
!English
|-
!Ergative
|ने (ne)
|marks the subject of the sentence
|इसने (isne)
|he/she
|-
!Accusative
| rowspan="2" |को (ko)
|marks the receiver of an action
| rowspan="2" |इसको (isko)
|him/her
|-
!Dative
|marks the indirect object; can also mark the subject ([[quirky subject]])
|to him/her
|-
!Instrumental
| rowspan="2" |से (se)
|marks the object with/using which the action was done
| rowspan="2" |इससे (isse)
|with him/her
|-
!Ablative
|shows movement away from the object
|from him/her
|-
!Genitive
|का (kā)
|shows possession
|इसका (iskā)
|his/her(s)
|-
!Inessive
|में (mẽ)
|shows something is in/inside something
|इसमें (ismẽ)
|in him/her
|-
!Adessive
|पे / पर (pe / par)
|shows something is on/at something
|इसपे (ispe)
|on him/her
|-
!Terminative
|तक (tak)
|shows something is goes up to the object
|इसतक (istak)
|till him/her
|-
!Semblative
|सा (sā)
|shows resemblance
|इससा (issā)
|like him/her
|}
'''Note''':

* The pronoun इस (is) which is the oblique case of the nominative demonstrative pronoun यह (yah) can be translated as ''he'', ''she'', ''it'', and ''this''.
* ''The postpositions which end in the vowel '''ा''' (-ā) (which are the genitive and semblative postpositions) can further decline according to gender, number, and grammatical case of the noun it describes. The declension of postpositions follow the following declension by changing their end vowels:''
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension Pattern
! rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|ा
-ā
|े
-e
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |ी
-ī
|-
!Oblique
| colspan="2" |े
-e
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Genitive Marker
! rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|का
kā
|के
ke
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |की
kī
|-
!Oblique
| colspan="2" |के
ke
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Semblative Marker
! rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Nominative
|सा
sā
|से
se
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |सी
sī
|-
!Oblique
| colspan="2" |से
se
|}

== Personal pronouns ==
Hindi has [[personal pronoun]]s in the first and second [[Grammatical person|person]], but not the third person, where demonstratives are used instead. They are inflected for case and number (singular, and [[plural]]), but not for gender. Pronouns decline for four grammatical cases in Hindi: The nominative case, the accusative/dative case and two postpositional cases, the oblique and ergative cases. The second person pronouns have three levels of formality: intimate, familiar, and formal. As also done in many other Indo-European languages, the plural pronouns are used as singular polite or formal pronouns.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.koausa.org/iils/pdf/ModernHindiGrammar.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828190213/http://koausa.org/iils/pdf/ModernHindiGrammar.pdf |title=Modern Hindi Grammar|archivedate=August 28, 2017|website=www.koausa.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Spencer|first=Andrew|date=2020-08-20|title=CASE IN HINDI |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267724707}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Case
! colspan="2" |1st Person
! colspan="3" |2nd Person
|-
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! rowspan="2" |Plural
!Intimate
!Familiar
!Formal
|-
!Singular
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
! colspan="2" |Nominative
| rowspan="2" |मैं
{{tooltip|2=I|''mãĩ''}}
| rowspan="3" |हम
{{tooltip|2=we|''ham''}}
| rowspan="2" |तू
{{tooltip|2=you (intimate)|''tū''}}
| rowspan="3" |तुम
{{tooltip|2=you (familiar)|''tum''}}
| rowspan="3" |आप
{{tooltip|2=you (formal)|''āp''}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |Oblique
!Ergative
|-
!Regular
|मुझ
{{tooltip|2=me|''mujh''}}
|तुझ
{{tooltip|2=you (intimate)|''tujh''}}
|-
!Regular
''<small>(Emphatic)</small>''
|मुझी
{{tooltip|2=me|''mujhī''}}
| rowspan="2" |हमीं

{{tooltip|2=we|''hamī̃''}}
|तुझी
{{tooltip|2=you (intimate)|''tujhī''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुम्हीं

{{tooltip|2=you (familiar)|''tumhī̃''}}
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
!Ergative
''<small>(Emphatic)</small>''
|—
|—
|-
! colspan="2" |Accusative
| rowspan="2" |मुझे
{{tooltip|2=me/to me|''mujhe''}}
| rowspan="2" |हमें
{{tooltip|2=us / to us|''hamẽ''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुझे
{{tooltip|2=you / to you (intimate)|''tujhe''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुम्हें
{{tooltip|2=you / to you (familiar)|''tumhẽ''}}
| rowspan="2" |—
|-
! colspan="2" |Dative
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Postpositional Pronouns using the Oblique/Ergative Cases
! rowspan="3" |Case
! colspan="2" |1st Person
! colspan="3" |2nd Person
|-
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! rowspan="2" |Plural
!Intimate
!Familiar
!Formal
|-
!Singular
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
!Ergative
|मैंने
{{tooltip|2=I|''mãĩne''}}
|हमने
{{tooltip|2=we|''hamne''}}
|तूने
{{tooltip|2=you (intimate)|''tūne''}}
|तुमने
{{tooltip|2=you (familiar)|''tumne''}}
|आपने
{{tooltip|2=you (formal)|''āpne''}}
|-
!Accusative
| rowspan="2" |मुझको
{{tooltip|2=me/to me|''mujhko''}}
| rowspan="2" |हमको
{{tooltip|2=us / to us|''hamko''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुझको
{{tooltip|2=you / to you (intimate)|''tujhko''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुमको
{{tooltip|2=you / to you (familiar)|''tumko''}}
| rowspan="2" |आपको
{{tooltip|2=you (formal)|''āpko''}}
|-
!Dative
|-
!Instrumental
| rowspan="2" |मुझसे
{{tooltip|2=using me / with me / from me|''mujhse''}}
| rowspan="2" |हमसे
{{tooltip|2=using us / with us / from us|''hamse''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुझसे
{{tooltip|2=(using you / with you) / (from you) [intimate]|''tujhse''}}
| rowspan="2" |तुमसे
{{tooltip|2=(using you / with you) / (from you) [familiar]|''tumse''}}
| rowspan="2" |आपसे
{{tooltip|2=(using you / with you) / (from you) [formal]|''āpse''}}
|-
!Ablative
|-
!Genitive
|—
|—
|—
|—
|आपका
{{tooltip|2=your/yours/of you [formal] (masculine singular object)|''āpkā''}}
|-
!Inessive
|मुझमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside me|''mujhmẽ''}}
|हममें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside us|''hammẽ''}}
|तुझमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside you (intimate)|''tujhmẽ''}}
|तुममें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside you [familiar]|''tummẽ''}}
|आपमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside you [formal]|''āpmẽ''}}
|-
!Adessive
|मुझपे
{{tooltip|2=on/at me|''mujhpe''}}
|हमपे
{{tooltip|2=on/at us|''hampe''}}
|तुझपे
{{tooltip|2=on/at you [intimate]|''tujhpe''}}
|तुमपे
{{tooltip|2=on/at you [familiar]|''tumpe''}}
|आपपे
{{tooltip|2=in/inside you [formal]|''āppe''}}
|-
!Terminative
|मुझतक
{{tooltip|2=until/till me|''mujhtak''}}
|हमतक
{{tooltip|2=until/till us|''hamtak''}}
|तुझतक
{{tooltip|2=until/till you [intimate]|''tujhtak''}}
|तुमतक
{{tooltip|2=until/till you [familiar]|''tumtak''}}
|आपतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until you [formal]|''āptak''}}
|-
!Semblative
|मुझसा
{{tooltip|2=like me / similar to me|''mujhsā''}}
|हमसा
{{tooltip|2=like us / similar to us|''hamsā''}}
|तुझसा
{{tooltip|2=like you / similar to you [intimate]|''tujhsā''}}
|तुमसा
{{tooltip|2=like you / similar to you [familiar]|''tumsā''}}
|आपसा
{{tooltip|2=like you / similar to you [formal]|''āpsā''}}
|}
'''Note:'''

* In the eastern dialects of Hindi, the pronoun हम {{tooltip|2=we|''ham''}} is used as both the first person singular and plural pronoun.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Snell|Weightman|1989|p=106}}</ref> When plurality is to be implied then words such as लोग {{tooltip|2=people|''log''}} (people), सब {{tooltip|2=all|''sab''}} (all) are added after the pronoun.
* True genitive pronouns exist for the personal pronouns (except आप {{tooltip|2=you (formal)|''āp''}}) and they cannot be constructed from the oblique cases, they are discussed in the 'Possessive Pronouns' section below.
*The emphasised oblique case for the pronoun आप (āp) is constructed periphrastically using the exclusive emphatic particle ही (hī) which is आप ही (āp hī). Although pronounced the same as आफी (āphī), it is never written like that.

== Demonstrative, interrogative, and relative pronouns ==
Just like [[Sanskrit pronouns and determiners|Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]] does not have true third person pronouns, but its [[demonstrative]]s play their role when they stand independently of a substantive.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|title=A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd|year=2003|isbn=81-208-0508-9|location=New Delhi|pages=264–265}}</ref> The demonstrative pronouns just like the personal pronouns can be declined into the nominative, ergative, accusative/dative and the oblique case.<ref name=":1" />

The relative and the interrogative pronouns can be constructed for the non-nominative cases by just changing the first consonant of the demonstrative pronouns to ज (j) and क (k) respectively.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Case
! colspan="4" |Demonstrative
! colspan="2" |Interrogative
! colspan="2" |Relative
|-
! colspan="2" |Proximal
! colspan="2" |Non-proximal
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! rowspan="2" |Plural
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! rowspan="2" |Plural
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! rowspan="3" |Nominative
!Literary
|यह
{{tooltip|2=this|''yah''}}
|ये
{{tooltip|2=these|''ye''}}
|वह
{{tooltip|2=that|''vah''}}
|वे
{{tooltip|2=those|''ve''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |क्या,कौन
{{tooltip|2=what?|''kyā''}}, {{tooltip|2=who?|''kaun''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |जो
{{tooltip|2=what/who|''jo''}}
|-
!Colloquial
| colspan="2" |ये
{{tooltip|2=this/these|''ye''}}
| colspan="2" |वो
{{tooltip|2=that/those|''vo''}}
|-
!Emphatic
| colspan="2" |यही
{{tooltip|2=this|''yahī''}}
| colspan="2" |वही
{{tooltip|2=that|''vahī''}}
|—
|—
| colspan="2" |(जो भी)
({{tooltip|2=whatever/whoever|''jo bhī''}})
|-
! colspan="2" |Accusative
| rowspan="2" |इसे
{{tooltip|2=this/to this|''ise''}}
| rowspan="2" |इन्हें
{{tooltip|2=these/to these|''inhẽ''}}
| rowspan="2" |उसे
{{tooltip|2=that/to that|''use''}}
| rowspan="2" |उन्हें
{{tooltip|2=those/to those|''unhẽ''}}
| rowspan="2" |किसे
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom? (singular)|''kise''}}
| rowspan="2" |किन्हें
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom (plural)|''kinhẽ''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिसे
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom (singular)|''jise''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिन्हें
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom (plural)|''jinhẽ''}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Dative
|-
! rowspan="3" |Oblique
!Regular
| rowspan="2" |इस
{{tooltip|2=this|''is''}}
|इन
{{tooltip|2=that|''in''}}
| rowspan="2" |उस
{{tooltip|2=that|''us''}}
|उन
{{tooltip|2=those|''un''}}
| rowspan="2" |किस
{{tooltip|2=whom/who (singular)|''kis''}}
|किन
{{tooltip|2=who/whom? (plural)|''kin''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिस
{{tooltip|2=who (singular)|''jis''}}
|जिन
{{tooltip|2=who/whom (plural)|''jin''}}
|-
!Ergative
|इन्हों
{{tooltip|2=these|''inhõ''}}
|उन्हों
{{tooltip|2=those|''unhõ''}}
|किन्हों
{{tooltip|2=who?|''kinhõ''}}
|जिन्हों
{{tooltip|2=who|''jinhõ''}}
|-
!Emphatic
|इसी

{{tooltip|2=this|''isī''}}
|इन्हीं
{{tooltip|2=that|''inhī̃''}}
|उसी

{{tooltip|2=that|''usī''}}
|उन्हीं
{{tooltip|2=those|''unhī̃''}}
|किसी

{{tooltip|2=whom/who (singular)|''kisī''}}
|किन्हीं
{{tooltip|2=who/whom? (plural)|''kinhī̃''}}
|—
|—
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Postpositional Pronouns using the Oblique & Ergative Cases
! rowspan="3" |Case
! colspan="4" |Demonstrative
! colspan="2" |Interrogative
! colspan="2" |Relative
|-
! colspan="2" |Proximal
! colspan="2" |Non-proximal
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! rowspan="2" |Plural
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! rowspan="2" |Plural
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!Ergative
|इसने
{{tooltip|2=this|''isne''}}
|इन्होंने
{{tooltip|2=they|''inhõne''}}
|उसने
{{tooltip|2=that|''usne''}}
|उन्होंने
{{tooltip|2=those|''unhõne''}}
|किसने
{{tooltip|2=who?|''kisne''}}
|किन्होंने
{{tooltip|2=who?|''kinhõne''}}
|जिसने
{{tooltip|2=who (singular)|''jisne''}}
|जिन्होंने
{{tooltip|2=who (plural)|''jinhõne''}}
|-
!Accusative
| rowspan="2" |इसको
{{tooltip|2=this/to this|''isko''}}
| rowspan="2" |इनको
{{tooltip|2=these/to these|''inko''}}
| rowspan="2" |उसको
{{tooltip|2=that/to that|''usko''}}
| rowspan="2" |उनको
{{tooltip|2=those/to those|''unko''}}
| rowspan="2" |किसको
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom? (singular)|''kisko''}}
| rowspan="2" |किनको
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom? (plural)|''kinko''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिसको
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom (singular)|''jisko''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिनको
{{tooltip|2=whom/to whom (plural)|''jinko''}}
|-
!Dative
|-
!Instrumental
| rowspan="2" |इससे
{{tooltip|2=using this/from this|''isse''}}
| rowspan="2" |इनसे
{{tooltip|2=using these/from these|''inse''}}
| rowspan="2" |उससे
{{tooltip|2=using that/from that|''usse''}}
| rowspan="2" |उनसे
{{tooltip|2=using them/from them|''unse''}}
| rowspan="2" |किससे
{{tooltip|2=using what(whom)? / from what(whom)? [singular]|''kisse''}}
| rowspan="2" |किनसे
{{tooltip|2=using what(whom)? / from what(whom)? [plural]|''kinse''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिससे
{{tooltip|2=using what(whom) / from what(whom) [singular]|''jisse''}}
| rowspan="2" |जिनसे
{{tooltip|2=using what(whom) / from what(whom) [plural]|''kinse''}}
|-
!Ablative
|-
!Genitive
|इसका
{{tooltip|2=of this|''iskā''}}
|इनका
{{tooltip|2=of these|''inkā''}}
|उसका
{{tooltip|2=of that|''uskā''}}
|उनका
{{tooltip|2=of those|''unkā''}}
|किसका
{{tooltip|2=whose? (singular)|''kiskā''}}
|किनका
{{tooltip|2=whose? (plural)|''kinkā''}}
|जिसका
{{tooltip|2=whose (singular)|''jiskā''}}
|जिनका
{{tooltip|2=whose (plural)|''jinkā''}}
|-
!Inessive
|इसमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside this|''ismẽ''}}
|इनमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside these|''inmẽ''}}
|उसमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside that|''usmẽ''}}
|उनमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside those|''unmẽ''}}
|किसमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside what/which? (singular)|''kismẽ''}}
|किनमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside what/which? (plural)|''kinmẽ''}}
|जिसमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside which (singular)|''jismẽ''}}
|जिनमें
{{tooltip|2=in/inside which (plural)|''jinmẽ''}}
|-
!Adessive
|इसपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on this|''ispe''}}
|इनपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on these|''inpe''}}
|उसपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on that|''uspe''}}
|उनपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on those|''unpe''}}
|किसपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on whom? (singular)|''kispe''}}
|किनपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on whom? (plural)|''kinpe''}}
|जिसपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on whom (singular)|''jispe''}}
|जिनपे
{{tooltip|2=at/on whom (plural)|''jinpe''}}
|-
!Terminative
|इसतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until this|''istak''}}
|इनतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until these|''intak''}}
|उसतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until that|''ustak''}}
|उनतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until those|''untak''}}
|किसतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until whom? (singular)|''kistak''}}
|किनतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until whom? (plural)|''kintak''}}
|जिसतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until whom (singular)|''jistak''}}
|जिनतक
{{tooltip|2=till/until whom (plural)|''jintak''}}
|-
!Semblative
|इससा
{{tooltip|2=similar to this/like this|''issa''}}
|इनसा
{{tooltip|2=similar to these/like these|''insa''}}
|उससा
{{tooltip|2=similar to that/like that|''ussa''}}
|उनसा
{{tooltip|2=similar to those/like those|''unsa''}}
|किससा
{{tooltip|2=similar to what/whom? (singular)|''kissa''}}
|किनसा
{{tooltip|2=similar to what/whom? (plural)|''kinsa''}}
|जिससा
{{tooltip|2=similar to what/whom (singular)|''jissa''}}
|जिनसा
{{tooltip|2=similar to what/whom (plural)|''jinsa''}}
|}
'''Notes:'''

* The ergative case is predominantly used with animate nouns.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Hoop|first1=H.|title=Ergative Case-marking in Hindi|date=2007-12-04|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226198692|volume=72|pages=63–78|access-date=2020-08-20|last2=Narasimhan|first2=Bhuvana}}</ref>
* कौन {{tooltip|2=who?|''kaun''}} is the animate interrogative and क्या {{tooltip|2=what?|''kyā''}} is the inanimate interrogative.
* जो is used as both the animate and inanimate relative pronoun.
* The genitive and semblative postpositions decline to agree with the number, gender, and case of the object it possesses or describes respectively.

== Possessive pronouns ==
The [[possessive pronoun]]s are the same as the [[possessive adjective]]s, but each is inflected to express the [[grammatical person]] of the possessor and the [[grammatical gender]] of the possessed. Unlike the personal pronouns (except for आप), there are no true possessive pronoun forms for the demonstrative pronouns. So, the demonstrative, interrogative, and relative possessive pronouns are formed using oblique case with the postposition का (kā).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=N. Koul|first=Omkar|title=Modern Hindi Grammar|publisher=McNeil Technologies, Inc.|year=2008|isbn=978-1-931546-06-5|location=United States of America|pages=75–81}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Person
! rowspan="3" |Nominative
! colspan="6" |Genitive
|-
! colspan="3" |Masculine
! colspan="3" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Oblique
!Singular
!Plural
!Oblique
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |1st Person
|मैं
{{tooltip|2=I|''mãĩ''}}
|मेरा
{{tooltip|2=my/mine (masculine singular object)|''merā''}}
| colspan="2" |मेरे
{{tooltip|2=my/mine (masculine plural object)|''mere''}}
| colspan="3" |मेरी
{{tooltip|2=my/mine (feminine object)|''merī''}}
|-
|हम
{{tooltip|2=we|''ham''}}
|हमारा
{{tooltip|2=our/ours (masculine singular object)|''hamārā''}}
| colspan="2" |हमारे
{{tooltip|2=our/ours (masculine plural object)|''hamāre''}}
| colspan="3" |हमारी
{{tooltip|2=our/ours (feminine object)|''hamārī''}}
|-
! rowspan="3" |2nd Person
!Intimate
|तू
{{tooltip|2=you (intimate)|''tū''}}
|तेरा
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [intimate] (masculine singular object)|''terā''}}
| colspan="2" |तेरे
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [intimate] (masculine plural object)|''tere''}}
| colspan="3" |तेरी
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [intimate] (feminine object)|''terī''}}
|-
!Familiar
|तुम
{{tooltip|2=you (neutral)|''tum''}}
|तुम्हारा
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [neutral] (masculine singular object)|''tumhārā''}}
| colspan="2" |तुम्हारे
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [familiar] (masculine plural object)|''tumhāre''}}
| colspan="3" |तुम्हारी
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [familiar] (feminine object)|''tumhārī''}}
|-
!Formal
|आप
{{tooltip|2=you (formal)|''āp''}}
|आपका
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [formal] (masculine singular object)|''āpkā''}}
| colspan="2" |आपके
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [formal] (masculine plural object)|''āpke''}}
| colspan="3" |आपकी
{{tooltip|2=your/yours [formal] (feminine object)|''āpkī''}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |Person
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Nominative
! colspan="6" |Genitive
|-
! colspan="3" |Masculine
! colspan="3" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Oblique
!Singular
!Plural
!Oblique
|-
! rowspan="4" |Demonstrative
! rowspan="2" |Proximal
!Singular
|यह
{{tooltip|2=this|''yah''}}
| rowspan="2" |ये
{{tooltip|2=this/these|''ye''}}
|इसका
{{tooltip|2=of this|''iskā''}}
| colspan="2" |इसके
{{tooltip|2=of this|''iske''}}
| colspan="3" |इसकी
{{tooltip|2=of this|''iskī''}}
|-
!Plural
|ये
{{tooltip|2=these|''ye''}}
|इनका
{{tooltip|2=of these|''inkā''}}
| colspan="2" |इनके
{{tooltip|2=of these|''inke''}}
| colspan="3" |इनकी
{{tooltip|2=of these|''inkī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Distal
!Singular
|वह
{{tooltip|2=that|''vah''}}
| rowspan="2" |वो
{{tooltip|2=that/those|''vo''}}
|उसका
{{tooltip|2=of that|''uskā''}}
| colspan="2" |उसके
{{tooltip|2=of that|''uske''}}
| colspan="3" |उसकी
{{tooltip|2=of that|''uskī''}}
|-
!Plural
|वे
{{tooltip|2=those|''ve''}}
|उनका
{{tooltip|2=of those|''unkā''}}
| colspan="2" |उनके
{{tooltip|2=of those|''unke''}}
| colspan="3" |उनकी
{{tooltip|2=of those|''unkī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Interrogative
! colspan="2" |Singular
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |कौन, क्या
{{tooltip|2=who?|''kaun''}}, {{tooltip|2=what?|''kyā''}}

|किसका
{{tooltip|2=whose? (singular)|''kiskā''}}
| colspan="2" |किसके
{{tooltip|2=whose? (singular)|''kiske''}}
| colspan="3" |किसकी
{{tooltip|2=whose? (singular)|''kiskī''}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Plural
|किनका
{{tooltip|2=whose? (plural)|''kinkā''}}
| colspan="2" |किनके
{{tooltip|2=whose? (plural)|''kinke''}}
| colspan="3" |किनकी
{{tooltip|2=whose? (plural)|''kinkī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Relative
! colspan="2" |Singular
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |जो, सो
{{tooltip|2=what, who, that (animate and inanimate)|''jo''}}, {{tooltip|2=what, that (inanimate)|''so''}}
|जिसका
{{tooltip|2=whose (singular)|''jiskā''}}
| colspan="2" |जिसके
{{tooltip|2=whose (singular)|''jiske''}}
| colspan="3" |जिसकी
{{tooltip|2=whose (singular)|''jiskī''}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Plural
|जिनका
{{tooltip|2=whose (plural)|''jinkā''}}
| colspan="2" |जिनके
{{tooltip|2=whose (plural)|''jinke''}}
| colspan="3" |जिनकी
{{tooltip|2=whose (plural)|''jinkī''}}
|}

* The possessive pronouns and the genitive postposition का (kā) decline to agree with the number, gender, and case of the possessed object.
* In colloquial usage जो (jo) functions as both animate and inanimate relative pronoun. सो (so) (inanimate relative pronoun) also sometimes used but in a limited manner.

== Reflexive pronouns ==
There are a number of words in Hindi that function as [[reflexive pronoun]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-04-20|title=Reflexive Pronouns|url=https://hindilanguage.info/hindi-grammar/pronouns/reflexive-pronouns/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=hindilanguage.info|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The indeclinable ''स्वयं'' ''(svayam)'' can indicate reflexivity pertaining to [[Grammatical subject|subjects]] of any person or number, and—since subjects in Hindi can appear in the nominative, or dative cases<ref name=":3">Bhatt, Rajesh (2003). Experiencer subjects. Handout from MIT course “Structure of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages”.</ref>—it can have the sense of any of these two cases.

* ख़ुद (khud) and स्वयं (svayam) are indeclinable reflexive pronouns.
* अपना (apnā) is a declinable reflexive pronoun.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! rowspan="3" |Declinable
! colspan="2" |Nominative
|अपना
{{tooltip|2=one's own (singular object)|''apnā''}}
|अपने
{{tooltip|2=one's own (plural object)|''apne''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |अपनी
{{tooltip|2=one's own (singular/plural object)|''apnī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Oblique
!with noun
| colspan="2" |अपने
{{tooltip|2=one's own (singular object)|''apne''}}
|-
!sans noun
|अपने
{{tooltip|2=one's own (singular object)|''apne''}}
|अपनों
{{tooltip|2=one's own (plural object)|''apnõ''}}
|अपनी
{{tooltip|2=one's own (singular object)|''apnī''}}
|अप्नियों
{{tooltip|2=one's own (singular object)|''apniyõ''}}
|-
! rowspan="4" |Undeclinable
! colspan="2" |Nominative
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" |ख़ुद
{{tooltip|2=oneself (singular/plural object)|''khud''}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Oblique
|-
! colspan="2" |Nominative
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" |स्वयं
{{tooltip|2=oneself (singular/plural object)|''svayam''}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Oblique
|}

== Indefinite pronouns ==
There are two indefinite pronouns in Hindi: कोई {{tooltip|2=someone|''koī''}} (someone, somebody) and कुछ {{tooltip|2=something|''kuch''}} (something). कुछ {{tooltip|2=something|''kuch''}} is also used as an adjective (numeral and quantitative) and as an adverb meaning ‘some, a few, a little, partly.’ Similarly, कोई {{tooltip|2=someone|''koī''}} can be used as an adverb in the sense of ‘some, about.’ When it is used with the semblative postposition सा {{tooltip|2=semblative postposition|''sā''}} the pronoun कोई सा {{tooltip|2=of some kind / some / something|''koī sā''}} (of some kind, some, something) is formed. The indefinite pronouns of Hindi are mentioned in the table below:<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Case
!Animate
!Inanimate
!Animate
!Inanimate
!Animate
!Inanimate
|-
! colspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="2" |Plural (some)
! colspan="2" |Plural (several)
|-
! colspan="2" |Nominative
|कोई
{{tooltip|2=someone, somebody|''koī''}}
| colspan="3" |कुछ

{{tooltip|2=something|''kuch''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |कई
{{tooltip|2=many/several (people/things)|''kaī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Oblique
!with noun
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |किसी
{{tooltip|2=someone/something|''kisī''}}
| colspan="2" |कुछ
{{tooltip|2=some (people/things)|''kuch''}}
|-
!sans noun
|किन्हीं
{{tooltip|2=some (people)|''kinhī̃''}}
|कुछों
{{tooltip|2=some (people/things)|''kuchõ''}}
| colspan="2" |कइयों
{{tooltip|2=many/several (people/things)|''kaīyõ''}}
|}
'''Note:''' ''The animate plural forms are also used as formal animate singular forms.''

== Adverbial pronouns ==
Adverbial pronouns of Hindi and the declension pattern of the declinable pronouns are mentioned in the table below:<ref name=":2" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Interrogative
! rowspan="2" |Relative
! colspan="2" |Demonstrative
|-
!Proximal
!Non-proximal
|-
! rowspan="4" |Undeclinable
!Time
|कब
{{tooltip|2=when?|''kab''}}
|जब
{{tooltip|2=when|''jab''}}
|अब
{{tooltip|2=now|''ab''}}
|तब
{{tooltip|2=then|''tab''}}
|-
!Direction
|किधर
{{tooltip|2=whither? where? where to?|''kidhar''}}
|जिधर
{{tooltip|2=whither/to where/where|''jidhar''}}
|इधर
{{tooltip|2=hither/to here/here|''idhar''}}
|उधर
{{tooltip|2=thither/to there/there|''udhar''}}
|-
!Place
|कहाँ
{{tooltip|2=where?|''kahā̃''}}
|जहाँ
{{tooltip|2=where|''jahā̃''}}
|यहाँ
{{tooltip|2=here|''yahā̃''}}
|वहाँ
{{tooltip|2=there|''vahā̃''}}
|-
!Manner
|कैसे
{{tooltip|2=how?, in what manner?|''kaise''}}
|जैसे
{{tooltip|2=like how|''jaise''}}
|ऐसे
{{tooltip|2=like this|''aise''}}
|वैसे
{{tooltip|2=like that|''vaise''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Declinable
!Quantity
|कितना
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitnā''}}
|जितना
{{tooltip|2=as much/many|''jitnā''}}
|इतना
{{tooltip|2=this much/many|''itnā''}}
|उतना
{{tooltip|2=that much/many|''utnā''}}
|-
!Quality
|कैसा
{{tooltip|2=how? (quality)|''kaisā''}}
|जैसा
{{tooltip|2=like how (quality)|''jaisā''}}
|ऐसा
{{tooltip|2=like this (quality)|''aisā''}}
|वैसा
{{tooltip|2=like that (quality)|''vaisā''}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension Pattern
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! colspan="2" |Nominative
|ा
{{tooltip|2=आ|''-ā''}}
|े
{{tooltip|2=ए|''-e''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |ी
{{tooltip|2=ई|''-ī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Oblique
!with noun
| colspan="2" |े

{{tooltip|2=ए|''-e''}}
|-
!sans noun
|े
{{tooltip|2=ए|''-e''}}
|ों
{{tooltip|2=ओं|''-õ''}}
|ी
{{tooltip|2=ई|''-ī''}}
|ियों
{{tooltip|2=इयों |''-iyõ''}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension for कितना (kitnā) [how much?]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="2" |Masculine
! colspan="2" |Feminine
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! colspan="2" |Nominative
|कितना
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitnā''}}
|कितने
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitne''}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |कितनी
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitnī''}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |Oblique
!with noun
| colspan="2" |कितने
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitne''}}
|-
!sans noun
|कितने
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitne''}}
|कितनों
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitnõ''}}
|कितनी
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitnī''}}
|कितनियों
{{tooltip|2=how much/many?|''kitniyõ''}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last =Schmidt|first=Hans|editor=John Lynch|year= 2003|chapter= Temathesis in Rotuman|title=Issues in Austronesian Historical Phonology|publisher= Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies|pages = 175–207|chapter-url=http://www.rotuma.net/os/Temathesis%20in%20Rotuman.pdf|isbn=978-0-85883-503-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Michael C.|year=2003|chapter=Hindi|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT311 |editor1-last=Cardona|editor1-first=George|editor2-last=Jain|editor2-first=Dhanesh|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5|pages=250–285}}
*{{cite book|last1=Snell|first1=Rupert|last2=Weightman|first2=Simon|year=1989|title=Teach Yourself Hindi|publisher=McGraw-Hill|edition=2003|isbn=978-0-07-142012-9|title-link=Teach Yourself}}

[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Pronouns by language]]

Pronouns in Hindi - Revision history

Iautomationtraining Hub: New data