Project Valiant - Revision history

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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|India\|Rocketry}}~~
	*[[SS-45 Missile]]		*[[SS-45 Missile]]

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	== Development ==		== Development ==
	Both projects were overseen by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation\|Defense Research & Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) of India, which had begun in 1958 with a specialization in anti-tank missiles but expanded in subsequent years.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html \|title=Missile Facilities, Defense Research & Development Laboratory \|author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] \|publisher=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] \|access-date=2009-07-17 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413035750/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html \|archive-date=April 13, 2009 }}</ref> Project Valiant was intended to be an intercontinental ballistic missile utilizing 30-ton engines to achieve a range variously reported as {{convert\|1500\|km\|mi}} and {{convert\|8000\|km\|mi}}.<ref>{{cite book \| title = South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China \| first = Lowell \| last = Dittmer \| publisher = M.E. Sharpe \| year = 2005 \| isbn = 0-7656-1419-7 \| page = 54}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2512 \| title = Sagarika: A Feather in India's Defense Hat \| date = 8 March 2008 \| publisher = [[Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies]] \| last = Khan \| first = M. Shamsur Rabb \| access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref><ref name=IDR>{{cite journal \| title = Strategic Missiles \| last = Vishwakarma \| first = Arun S. \| journal = Indian Defence Review \| volume = 22.1 \| url = http://www.indiandefencereview.com/articles/04-06-07/Strategic-Missiles.html \| access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref> The secret project was initially funded with a few hundred thousand rupees after the presentation of a feasibility report in April 1971, but in June 1972, DRDL received 160 million rupees to fund both projects. The money came with a veil of secrecy; the [[Union Cabinet of India\|Union Cabinet]] had publicly declined the funding request, but [[Prime Minister of India\|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] had granted it secretly through her discretionary powers.<ref name=Chron/> In turn, DRDL took pains to disguise the purpose of the funds so that their real work would not be immediately apparent. That year, the DRDL began to expand rapidly, increasing its workforce from 400 to 2,500 people over a two-year period in an effort to meet staffing needs of both the Valiant and Devil projects.<ref name=Chron>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2020.html \|title=Missile Chronology, 1971-1979 \|date=July 2003 \|author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] Nuclear Threat Initiative \|access-date=2009-07-17 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106181639/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2020.html \|archive-date=January 6, 2009 }}</ref>		Both projects were overseen by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation\|Defense Research & Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) of India, which had begun in 1958 with a specialization in anti-tank missiles but expanded in subsequent years.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html \|title=Missile Facilities, Defense Research & Development Laboratory \|author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] \|publisher=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] \|access-date=2009-07-17 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413035750/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html \|archive-date=April 13, 2009 }}</ref> Project Valiant was intended to be an intercontinental ballistic missile utilizing 30-ton engines to achieve a range variously reported as {{convert\|1500\|km\|mi}} and {{convert\|8000\|km\|mi}}.<ref>{{cite book \| title = South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China \| first = Lowell \| last = Dittmer \| publisher = M.E. Sharpe \| year = 2005 \| isbn = 0-7656-1419-7 \| page = 54}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2512 \| title = Sagarika: A Feather in India's Defense Hat \| date = 8 March 2008 \| publisher = [[Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies]] \| last = Khan \| first = M. Shamsur Rabb \| access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref><ref name=IDR>{{cite journal \| title = Strategic Missiles \| last = Vishwakarma \| first = Arun S. \| journal = Indian Defence Review \| volume = 22 \| issue = 1 \| url = http://www.indiandefencereview.com/articles/04-06-07/Strategic-Missiles.html \| access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref> The secret project was initially funded with a few hundred thousand rupees after the presentation of a feasibility report in April 1971, but in June 1972, DRDL received 160 million rupees to fund both projects. The money came with a veil of secrecy; the [[Union Cabinet of India\|Union Cabinet]] had publicly declined the funding request, but [[Prime Minister of India\|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] had granted it secretly through her discretionary powers.<ref name=Chron/> In turn, DRDL took pains to disguise the purpose of the funds so that their real work would not be immediately apparent. That year, the DRDL began to expand rapidly, increasing its workforce from 400 to 2,500 people over a two-year period in an effort to meet staffing needs of both the Valiant and Devil projects.<ref name=Chron>{{cite web\|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2020.html \|title=Missile Chronology, 1971-1979 \|date=July 2003 \|author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] Nuclear Threat Initiative \|access-date=2009-07-17 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106181639/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2020.html \|archive-date=January 6, 2009 }}</ref>

	The Valiant missile was anticipated to weigh 85 tons and to use three liquid fuel stages.<ref name=IDR/> In 1972, the lab began to work on designing and developing various components for the Valiant,<ref name=Chron/> and the project reached the phase of ground testing on 10 May 1974.<ref name=IDR/> However, internal disputes disrupted the DRDL, as the leader of the Valiant project believed the DRDL's director was disproportionately invested in Project Devil, and external interest in both programs waned.<ref name=Chron/> That same year, the Union Cabinet asked the director of the DRDL to evaluate whether civilian uses could be found at the [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) for Valiant's liquid-fuel engine.<ref name=Chron/> The ISRO declined, and since the Valiant project was not progressing satisfactorily and it was not well-managed, the project was terminated.<ref name=IDR/><ref name=Chron/>		The Valiant missile was anticipated to weigh 85 tons and to use three liquid fuel stages.<ref name=IDR/> In 1972, the lab began to work on designing and developing various components for the Valiant,<ref name=Chron/> and the project reached the phase of ground testing on 10 May 1974.<ref name=IDR/> However, internal disputes disrupted the DRDL, as the leader of the Valiant project believed the DRDL's director was disproportionately invested in Project Devil, and external interest in both programs waned.<ref name=Chron/> That same year, the Union Cabinet asked the director of the DRDL to evaluate whether civilian uses could be found at the [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) for Valiant's liquid-fuel engine.<ref name=Chron/> The ISRO declined, and since the Valiant project was not progressing satisfactorily and it was not well-managed, the project was terminated.<ref name=IDR/><ref name=Chron/>
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	==See also==		==See also==
			{{Portal\|India\|Rocketry}}
	*[[SS-45 Missile]]		*[[SS-45 Missile]]

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'''Project Valiant''' was one of two early [[Liquid-fuel rocket|liquid-fueled missile]] projects developed by India, along with [[Project Devil]] in the 1970s. The goal of Project Valiant was to produce an [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]. Although discontinued in 1974 without achieving success, Project Valiant, like Project Devil, led to the later development of the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]] missile in the 1980s.

== Development ==
Both projects were overseen by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defense Research & Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) of India, which had begun in 1958 with a specialization in anti-tank missiles but expanded in subsequent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html |title=Missile Facilities, Defense Research & Development Laboratory |author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] |publisher=[[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] |access-date=2009-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413035750/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html |archive-date=April 13, 2009 }}</ref> Project Valiant was intended to be an intercontinental ballistic missile utilizing 30-ton engines to achieve a range variously reported as {{convert|1500|km|mi}} and {{convert|8000|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite book | title = South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China | first = Lowell | last = Dittmer | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-7656-1419-7 | page = 54}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2512 | title = Sagarika: A Feather in India's Defense Hat | date = 8 March 2008 | publisher = [[Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies]] | last = Khan | first = M. Shamsur Rabb | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref><ref name=IDR>{{cite journal | title = Strategic Missiles | last = Vishwakarma | first = Arun S. | journal = Indian Defence Review | volume = 22.1 | url = http://www.indiandefencereview.com/articles/04-06-07/Strategic-Missiles.html | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref> The secret project was initially funded with a few hundred thousand rupees after the presentation of a feasibility report in April 1971, but in June 1972, DRDL received 160 million rupees to fund both projects. The money came with a veil of secrecy; the [[Union Cabinet of India|Union Cabinet]] had publicly declined the funding request, but [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] had granted it secretly through her discretionary powers.<ref name=Chron/> In turn, DRDL took pains to disguise the purpose of the funds so that their real work would not be immediately apparent. That year, the DRDL began to expand rapidly, increasing its workforce from 400 to 2,500 people over a two-year period in an effort to meet staffing needs of both the Valiant and Devil projects.<ref name=Chron>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2020.html |title=Missile Chronology, 1971-1979 |date=July 2003 |author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=2009-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106181639/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2020.html |archive-date=January 6, 2009 }}</ref>

The Valiant missile was anticipated to weigh 85 tons and to use three liquid fuel stages.<ref name=IDR/> In 1972, the lab began to work on designing and developing various components for the Valiant,<ref name=Chron/> and the project reached the phase of ground testing on 10 May 1974.<ref name=IDR/> However, internal disputes disrupted the DRDL, as the leader of the Valiant project believed the DRDL's director was disproportionately invested in Project Devil, and external interest in both programs waned.<ref name=Chron/> That same year, the Union Cabinet asked the director of the DRDL to evaluate whether civilian uses could be found at the [[Indian Space Research Organization]] (ISRO) for Valiant's liquid-fuel engine.<ref name=Chron/> The ISRO declined, and since the Valiant project was not progressing satisfactorily and it was not well-managed, the project was terminated.<ref name=IDR/><ref name=Chron/>

== Aftermath ==
According to a 2006 article by [[Praful Bidwai]] in ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'', Project Valiant "totally failed", while its sister project was a partial success.<ref>{{cite news | last = Bidwai | first= Praful | date = July 17, 2006 | work = [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] | volume = 5 | number = 760 | url = http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/07/17/d607171502138.htm | title = After the Agni-III crash | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref> Though neither reached fruition, the projects were important precursors to the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]] missile developed in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.time4education.com/briefcase/Articles-from-MBAMag/National/Defence%20Forces%20of%20India%20-%20Part%20III.pdf | title = Defence Forces of India (Part III) | date = August 2005 | publisher = [[Triumphant Institute of Management Education]] | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[SS-45 Missile]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090704020626/http://frontierindia.net/liquid-propulsion-engine-development-drdo frontierindia.net Valiant engine ]

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear missiles of India]]