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{{Short description|Tiger conservation programme in India (1973-present)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
'''Project Tiger''' is a [[tiger conservation]] programme launched in April 1973 by the [[Government of India]] during [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]]'s tenure. The project aims at ensuring a viable population of the [[Bengal tiger]] in its natural habitats, protecting it from extinction, and preserving areas of biological importance as a natural heritage that represent the diversity of [[ecosystem]]s across the tiger's range in the country. The project's task force visualised these [[Tiger reserves in India|tiger reserves]] as breeding nuclei, from which surplus animals would migrate to adjacent forests. Funds and commitment were mustered to support the intensive program of habitat protection and rehabilitation under the project.<ref name="panwar1987">{{cite book |author=Panwar, H. S. |year=1987 |chapter=Project Tiger: The reserves, the tigers, and their future |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdC-wfyZwZEC&pg=PA110 |pages=110–117 |title=Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species |editor1-last=Tilson, R. L. |editor2-last=Sel, U. S. |publisher=Minnesota Zoological Garden, IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Group, IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |location=Park Ridge, N.J. |isbn=9780815511335}}</ref>
During the tiger census of 2006, a new methodology was used extrapolating site-specific densities of tigers, their co-predators and prey derived from [[camera trap]] and sign surveys using [[GIS]]. Based on the result of these surveys, the total tiger population was estimated at 1,411 individuals ranging from 1,165 to 1,657 adult and sub-adult tigers of more than 1.5 years of age.<ref name="jhala2008">{{cite book |title=Status of the Tigers, Co-predators, and Prey in India |author=Jhala, Y. V. |author-link=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala |author2=Gopal, R. |author3=Qureshi, Q. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority, Govt. of India, New Delhi; Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun |year=2008 |series=TR 08/001 |url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/status_of_tigers_in_india_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602124630/http://projecttiger.nic.in/whtsnew/status_of_tigers_in_india_2008.pdf |archive-date=2 June 2013}}</ref> Owing to the project, the number of tigers increased to 2,603–3,346 individuals by 2018.<ref name=Jhala2019>{{cite report |author=Jhala, Y. V. |author2=Qureshi, Q. |author3=Nayak, A. K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2020 |title=Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India 2018 |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority, Government of India, Wildlife Institute of India |location=New Delhi, Dehradun |url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Tiger-Status-Report-2018_For-Web_compressed_compressed.pdf}}</ref>

==Objectives==
[[File:Tiger Yawning Mudumalai Mar21 DSC01305.jpg|thumb|Bengal tiger in [[Mudumalai National Park]]]]
Project Tiger's main aims are to:
*Reduce factors that lead to the depletion, of tiger habitats and to mitigate them by suitable management. The damages done to the habitat shall be rectified to facilitate the recovery of the ecosystem to the maximum possible extent.
*Ensure a viable tiger population for economic, scientific, cultural, aesthetic and ecological values.

The monitoring system [[M-STrIPES]] was developed to assist patrol and protect tiger habitats. It maps patrol routes and allows forest guards to enter sightings, events and changes when patrolling. It generates protocols based on these data, so that management decisions can be adapted.<ref>{{cite web |title="MSTrIPES": Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive Protection & Ecological Status |publisher=India Environment Portal |year=2010 |url=http://admin.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/mstripes-ppt.pdf |work=National Tiger Conservation Authority, Wildlife Institute of India, Zoological Society of London}}</ref>

==Management and population ==
[[File:State_wise_Bengal_Tiger_Population_India,_2019.jpg|thumb|523x523px|State wise Bengal Tiger Population India, 2019]]
Project Tiger was administered by the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]. The overall administration of the project is monitored by a steering committee, which is headed by a director. A field director is appointed for each reserve, who is assisted by a group of field and technical personnel.

* [[Shivalik hills|Shivalik]]-[[Terai]] Conservation Unit
* North-East Conservation Unit
* [[Sunderbans]] Conservation Unit
* [[Western Ghats]] Conservation Unit
* [[Eastern Ghats]] Conservation Unit
* Central India Conservation Unit
* [[Sariska Tiger Reserve|Sariska]] Conservation Unit
* [[Kaziranga National Park|Kaziranga]] Conservation Unit

The various tiger reserves were created in the country based on the 'core-buffer' strategy:

* Core area: the core areas are free of all human activities. It has the legal status of a national park or wildlife sanctuary. It is kept free of biotic disturbances and forestry operations like a collection of minor forest produce, grazing, and other human disturbances are not allowed within.
* Buffer areas: the buffer areas are subjected to 'conservation-oriented land use'. They comprise forest and non-forest land. It is a multi-purpose use area with twin objectives of providing habitat supplement to spillover population of wild animals from the core conservation unit and providing site-specific co-developmental inputs to surrounding villages for relieving their impact on the core area.

The important thrust areas for the Plan period are:
*Stepped-up protection/networking surveillance.
*Voluntary relocation of people from core/critical tiger habitat to provide inviolate space for tiger.
*Use of information technology in wildlife crime prevention.
*Addressing human-wildlife conflicts.
*Capacity building of frontier personnel.
*Developing a national repository of camera trap tiger photographs with IDs.
*Strengthening the regional offices of the NTCA.
*Declaring and consolidating new tiger reserves.
*Foresting awareness for eliciting new tiger reserves.
*Foresting Research.

For each tiger reserve, management plans were drawn up based on the following principles:

* Elimination of all forms of human exploitation and biotic disturbance from the core area and rationalization of activities in the [[buffer zone]]
* Restricting the habitat management only to repair the damages done to the [[ecosystem]] by human and other interferences to facilitate recovery of the ecosystem to its natural state
* Monitoring the faunal and floral changes over time and carrying out research about wildlife

[[Image:Sunderbans 049.jpg|thumb|200px|Tiger pug marks at [[Sunderbans Tiger Reserve]], West Bengal]]

By the late 1980s, the initial nine reserves covering an area of {{convert|9115|km2|sqmi|abbr=off|sp=us}} had been increased to 15 reserves covering an area of {{convert|24700|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. More than 1100 tigers were estimated to inhabit the reserves by 1984.<ref name="panwar1987"/> By 1997, 23 tiger reserves encompassed an area of {{convert|33000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, but the fate of tiger habitat outside the reserves was precarious, due to pressure on habitat, incessant [[poaching]] and large-scale development projects such as dams, industry, and mines.<ref>Thapar, V. (1999). ''The tragedy of the Indian tiger: starting from scratch''. In: Seidensticker, J., Christie, S., Jackson, P. (eds.) ''Riding the Tiger. Tiger Conservation in human-dominated landscapes.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. hardback {{ISBN|0-521-64057-1}}, paperback {{ISBN|0-521-64835-1}}. pp. 296–306.</ref>

Wireless communication systems and outstation patrol camps have been developed within the tiger reserves, due to which poaching has declined considerably. Fire protection is effectively done by suitable preventive and control measures. Voluntary Village relocation has been done in many reserves, especially from the core area. Livestock grazing has been controlled to a great extent in the tiger reserves. Various compensatory developmental works have improved the water regime and the ground and field level vegetation, thereby increasing the animal density. Research data about vegetation changes are also available from many reserves. Plans include the use of advanced information and communication technology in wildlife protection and crime management in tiger reserves, GIS-based digitized database development, and devising a new tiger habitat and population evaluation system.

==Controversies and problems==
Project Tiger's efforts were hampered by [[poaching]], as well as debacles and irregularities in [[Sariska Tiger Reserve|Sariska]] and Namdapha, both of which were reported extensively in the Indian media.<ref>Ajay Suri (13 June 2019) [https://web.archive.org/web/20201121022935/https://www.firstpost.com/india/rajasthans-sariska-may-become-tiger-less-again-fear-experts-as-male-relocated-to-reserve-dies-forest-department-sends-sos-to-ntca-6809781.html ''Rajasthan's Sariska may become tiger-less again'']. Firstpost</ref><ref>Rahul Karmakar (24 February 2020) [https://web.archive.org/web/20200607131525/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/highway-threatens-tiger-territory-in-arunachal-pradesh/article30896798.ece ''Highway threatens tiger territory in Arunachal Pradesh'']. The Hindu </ref><ref>Northeast Now (12 March 2020) [https://web.archive.org/web/20201201032712/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/arunachal-pradesh/arunachal-namdapha-national-park-facing-rampant-deforestation.html ''Namdapha National Park facing rampant deforestation'']. </ref> The [[Forest Rights Act]] passed by the Indian government in 2006 recognizes the rights of some forest dwelling communities in forest areas. This has led to controversy over implications of such recognition for tiger conservation. Some have argued that this is problematic as it will increase conflict and opportunities for poaching; some also assert that "tigers and humans cannot co-exist".<ref>Buncombe, A. (31 October 2007) [https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-face-of-a-doomed-species-398373.html ''The face of a doomed species'']. The Independent</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NO8xdKRW5EC&pg=PA118|title=An Environmental History of Postcolonial North India: The Himalayan Tarai in Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal|last=Strahorn|first=Eric A.|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=9781433105807|pages=118|language=en}}</ref> Others argue that this is a limited perspective that overlooks the reality of human-tiger coexistence and the abuse of power by authorities, evicting local people and making them pariahs in their own traditional lands rather than allowing them a proper role in decision-making, in the tiger crisis. The latter position was supported by the Government of India's Tiger Task Force, and is also taken by some forest dwellers' organizations.<ref>Government of India (2005) [http://projecttiger.nic.in/TTF2005/index.html ''Tiger Task Force Report''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327203407/http://projecttiger.nic.in/TTF2005/index.html |date=27 March 2009 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.forestrightsact.com/tiger-conservation/item/4-tiger-conservation-a-disaster-in-the-making Campaign for Survival and Dignity ''Tiger Conservation: A Disaster in the Making''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020220/http://www.forestrightsact.com/tiger-conservation/item/4-tiger-conservation-a-disaster-in-the-making |date=11 July 2011 }}. forestrightsact.com</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian states by tiger population]]
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
* [[Tiger poaching in India]]
* [[Tiger reserves of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://projecttiger.nic.in/ Project Tiger official website]
* [https://www.peoplenotpoaching.org/ People Not Poaching: The Communities and IWT Learning Platform]

{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}

[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]
[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Tigers in India]]
[[Category:1973 in India]]
[[Category:Conservation projects]]

Project Tiger - Revision history

Ras: cleanup article for consistency and fixed typos

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