CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

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Removed empty portal template using script

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:22, 14 August 2023
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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|India\|Rocketry}}~~
	*[[IGMDP]]		*[[IGMDP]]
	*[[Project Valiant]]		*[[Project Valiant]]

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← Older revision		Revision as of 22:03, 4 November 2022
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	==See also==		==See also==
			{{Portal\|India\|Rocketry}}
	*[[IGMDP]]		*[[IGMDP]]
	*[[Project Valiant]]		*[[Project Valiant]]
	*[[SS-45 Missile]]

	==References==		==References==

2405:201:4013:F03C:5438:79A5:6D27:1CE2 at 10:00, 24 December 2021

2021-12-24T10:00:34Z

New page

'''Project Devil''' was one of two early [[Liquid-fuel rocket|liquid-fueled missile]] projects developed by India, along with [[Project Valiant]], in the 1970s. The goal of Project Devil was to produce a short-range [[surface-to-surface missile]]. Although discontinued in 1980 without achieving full success, Project Devil led to the later development of the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]] missile in the 1980s.

== Development ==
Both projects were overseen by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defense Research & Development Laboratory]] (DRDL) of [[India]], which had begun in 1958 with a specialization in anti-tank missiles but expanded in subsequent years.<ref name=NTI>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html |title=Missile Facilities, Defense Research & Development Laboratory |author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=2009-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413035750/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1769_1975.html |archive-date=April 13, 2009 }}</ref> Project Devil was intended to be a short-range surface-to-air missile utilizing 3-ton engines.<ref>{{cite book | title = South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China | first = Lowell | last = Dittmer | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-7656-1419-7 | page = 54}}</ref> The model for Project Devil was the [[SA-2 Guideline]], a [[Soviet Union]] missile which the DRDL intended to reverse engineer.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2512 | title = Sagarika: A Feather in India's Defense Hat | date = 8 March 2008 | publisher = [[Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies]] | last = Khan | first = M. Shamsur Rabb | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref>

Project Devil was officially launched under V.S. Narayanan, who became director of the DRDL in January 1972.<ref name=Chron>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2020.html |title=Missile Chronology, 1971-1979 |date=July 2003 |author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=2009-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106181639/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2020.html |archive-date=January 6, 2009 }}</ref> In June 1972, DRDL received 160 million [[rupee]]s to fund both Project Devil and Project Valiant, though it came with a veil of secrecy; the [[Union Cabinet of India|Union Cabinet]] had publicly declined the funding request, but [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] had granted it secretly through her discretionary powers.<ref name=Chron/> In turn, DRDL took pains to disguise the purpose of the funds so that their real work would not be immediately apparent. Project Devil specifically was given a budget of 50 million [[rupee]]s to use within a three-year period. DLDR spent nearly half of the budget on importing equipment and supplies; it also subcontracted some of its labor, hiring the [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] and [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] to cast a 350 kg magnesium liquid-fuel engine frame and a solid-booster rocket respectively. DRDL also began to expand rapidly, increasing its workforce from 400 to 2,500 people in a two-year period in an effort to meet staffing needs of both the projects.<ref name="Chron"/>

However, internal disputes soon disrupted the DRDL, as the leader of the Valiant project believed Narayanan was disproportionately invested in Project Devil, and external interest in both programs waned, particularly as the SA-2 model for the Devil project had not performed well in combat.<ref name=Chron/> In 1974, Project Valiant was terminated and Devil re-conceived as a project to gather information on technology rather than an effort to produce an actual missile.<ref name=Chron/> In January 1975, the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] was appointed to run an external review of Project Devil and in March 1975 found it had been successful in several areas, if not in liquid propulsion, and should be permitted to continue. It ran for several more years before being completely discontinued in 1980, by which point DRDL had produced several components for Devil, including two [[solid rocket booster]]s with high-strength steel casings and a [[specific impulse]] of 200 seconds, and a second stage three-ton liquid-propellant engine fueled by G-fuel (a combination of Xylidiene and Tri-ethylamine), [[Oxidizing agent|oxidized]] by [[red fuming nitric acid]].<ref name=NTI/><ref name=Chron/> Narayanan, who disagreed with the decision, resigned his post at DRDL and was replaced by S. L. Bansal.<ref name=Chron2>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2021.html |title=Missile Chronology, 1980-1985 |date=July 2003 |author=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, [[Monterey Institute of International Studies]] Nuclear Threat Initiative |access-date=2009-07-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414051234/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/Missile/1931_2021.html |archive-date=April 14, 2010 }}</ref> Devil components were subsequently modified and utilized as components in other systems.

== Aftermath ==
According to a 2006 article by [[Praful Bidwai]] in ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'', Project Valiant "totally failed", while its sister project was a partial success.<ref>{{cite news | last = Bidwai | first= Praful | date = July 17, 2006 | work = [[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] | volume = 5 | number = 760 | url = http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/07/17/d607171502138.htm | title = After the Agni-III crash | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref> Though neither reached fruition, the projects were important precursors to the Prithvi missile developed in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.time4education.com/briefcase/Articles-from-MBAMag/National/Defence%20Forces%20of%20India%20-%20Part%20III.pdf | title = Defence Forces of India (Part III) | date = August 2005 | publisher = time4education.com | access-date = 2009-07-17}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[IGMDP]]
*[[Project Valiant]]
*[[SS-45 Missile]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

[[Category:Ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]

Project Devil - Revision history

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2405:201:E021:4982:994F:6B9:1BD3:F794: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

2405:201:4013:F03C:5438:79A5:6D27:1CE2 at 10:00, 24 December 2021