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{{Short description|Prison administration of India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}} Prisons, and their administration, is a state subject covered by item 4 under the [[State List]] in the Seventh Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]]. The management and administration of prisons falls exclusively in the domain of the [[State governments of India|State governments]], and is governed by the Prisons Act, 1894 and the Prison manuals of the respective state governments. Thus, the states have the primary role, responsibility and authority to change the current prison laws, rules and regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-6166.html |title=India - The Penal System |publisher=Country-data.com |access-date=4 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Government of India|Central Government]] provides assistance to the states to improve security in prisons, for the repair and renovation of old prisons, medical facilities, development of [[borstal school]]s, facilities to women offenders, [[Vocational education|vocational training]], modernization of prison industries, training to prison personnel, and for the creation of high security enclosures.

The [[Supreme Court of India]], in its judgements on various aspects of prison administration, has laid down 3 broad principles regarding imprisonment and custody. First, a person in prison does not become a [[Nonperson|non-person]]. Second, a person in prison is entitled to all human rights within the limitations of imprisonment. Third, there is no justification for aggravating the suffering already inherent in the process of [[incarceration]].

According to 2021 [[National Crime Records Bureau|NCRB]] data, Indian prison population had 77% undertrials, while only 22% convicts, with almost half of the undertrials in prison for more than 2 years.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |title=Bail, the rule: Far too many undertrials are kept in jail for too long |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/bail-the-rule-far-too-many-undertrials-are-kept-in-jail-for-too-long/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |work=[[The Times of India]] |ref=PrisonsStatistics2021}}</ref> Out of 5,54,000 prisoners, 4,27,000 were awaiting trial, out of which 24,033 undertrials were already in jail for three to five years. The occupancy rate of prisons was 130%.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=Eight out of ten Indian prisoners were awaiting trial in 2021, report shows |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1032736/eight-out-of-ten-indian-prisoners-were-awaiting-trial-in-2021-report-shows |access-date=2022-09-13 |work=[[Scroll.in]] }}</ref>

==Types of prisons==
[[File:CentralJail,Viyyur.JPG|thumb|Entrance to the [[Central Prison, Viyyur|Central Prison in Viyyur]], Thrissur district, Kerala.]]
[[File:PuzhalPrison.JPG|thumb|The [[Puzhal Central Prison|Central Prison in Puzhal]], Chennai.]]
[[File:Chennai Central jail.jpg|thumb|A section of the [[Chennai Central Prison|Madras Central Prison]] before demolition in 2009.]]
[[File:Central prison in Mandya.jpg|thumb|District prison in [[Mandya district]], [[Karnataka]].]]

Prison establishments in India exist at three levels—the taluka level, district level, and central (sometimes called zonal/range) level. The jails in these levels are called Sub Jails, District Jails, and Central Jails respectively. In general, the infrastructure, security, and prisoner facilities such as medical, educational and rehabilitation are progressively better from Sub jail to Central Jail.<ref name = "PrisonsStatistics2016">{{cite web |title=Prisons Statistics India 2016 |url=http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2016/TABLE-1.1.pdf |website=National Crime Records Bureau |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> The other types of jail establishments are Women Jails, [[Borstal School]]s, [[Open prison|Open Jails]] and Special Jails. The following table shows the number of jails and available capacity across India as on 31 December 2016.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type !! Number !! Available capacity
|-
| Central Jails || 137 || 165,750
|-
| District Jails || 394 || 147,003
|-
| Sub Jails || 732 || 45,569
|-
| Women Jails || 20 || 5,197
|-
| Borstal Schools || 20 || 1,630
|-
| Open Jails || 64 || 5,412
|-
| Special Jails || 42 || 10,145
|-
| Other Jails || 3 || 170
|-
! Total || 1,412<ref>{{cite web |title=Prisons Statistics India 2016 : Table–1.1 |url=http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2016/TABLE-1.1.pdf |website=National Crime Records Bureau |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> || 380,876<ref>{{cite web |title=Prisons Statistics India 2016 : Table–1.3 |url=http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2016/TABLE-1.3.pdf |website=National Crime Records Bureau |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>
|}

===Central jail===
The criteria for a jail to be categorised as a Central Jail varies from state to state. However, the common feature observed throughout India is that prisoners sentenced to imprisonment for a long period (more than two years) are confined in the Central Jails, which have larger capacity in comparison to other jails. These jails also have rehabilitation facilities.<ref name = "PrisonsStatistics2016"/>

[[Delhi]] has the highest number of 16 Central Jails followed by [[Madhya Pradesh]] having 11, [[Maharashtra]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] with 9 each. [[Karnataka]] has 8 Central Jails, [[Gujarat]] has 4 Central Prisons.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2014/TABLE-1.2.pdf|title=Prison Statistics India 2014|website=ncrb.gov.in|access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref>

[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], [[Daman and Diu]] & [[Lakshadweep]] do not have any Central Jails.<ref name=":0" />

===District jail===
District jails serve as the main prisons in states and union territories where there are no Central Jails.
[[File:District old jail Bhopal.jpg|thumb|District old jail Bhopal]]
States which have considerable number of District Jails are [[Uttar Pradesh]](57), Madhya Pradesh(39), [[Bihar]](31), Maharashtra(28), Rajasthan(24), [[Assam]] (22), Karnataka (19), [[Jharkhand]] (17) and [[Haryana]] (16), [[Gujarat]] (11), [[Kerala]] (11), [[West Bengal]] (12), [[Chhattisgarh]] (11), [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] and [[Nagaland]] (10 each).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2015/PrisonStat2015.htm|title=Prison Statistics India 2015|website=ncrb.nic.in|access-date=2016-11-08}}</ref>

===Sub jail===
Sub jails are smaller institutions situated at a sub-divisional level in the States.

9 states have reported comparatively higher number of sub-jails revealing a well-organized prison set-up even at lower formation. These states are Maharashtra (100), [[Andhra Pradesh]] (99), Tamil Nadu (96), Madhya Pradesh (72), Karnataka (70), [[Odisha]] (73), Rajasthan (60), [[Telangana]] and [[West Bengal]] (33 each). Odisha had the highest capacity of inmates in various Sub-Jails.<ref name=":2" />

7 states or union territories have no sub-jails, namely Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana, [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]], [[Chandigarh]] and Delhi.<ref name=":2" />

===Open jail===
Open jails are minimum security prisons. Only convicted prisoners with good behavior satisfying certain norms prescribed in the prison rules are admitted in open jails. Minimum security is kept in such prisons and prisoners are engaged in agricultural activities.<ref name = "PrisonsStatistics2016"/> [[P. T. Chacko]] Home minister of Kerala Introduced First Open Jail In India Nettukaltheri Near Neyyar Trivandrum on 28 August 1962.{{citation needed}}

Seventeen states have functioning open jails in their jurisdiction. Rajasthan reported the highest number of 29 open jails. There are no open jails in any of the union territories at the end of 2015.<ref name=":2" />

===Special jail===
Special jails are maximum security prisons for the confinement of a particular class or particular classes of prisoners. Prisoners housed in special jails are generally been convicted of offences such as terrorism, violent crimes, habitual offenders, serious violations of prison discipline, and inmates showing tendencies towards violence and aggression.<ref name = "PrisonsStatistics2016"/>

Kerala has the highest number of special jails—16. Provision for keeping female prisoners in these special jails is available in Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, [[Gujarat]], Kerala, Assam, Karnataka and Maharashtra.<ref name=":2" />

===Women’s jail===
Women's jails are prisons that exclusively house female prisoners. Women's jails may exist at the sub-divisional, district and central (zone/range) level. There were 20 Women's Jails across India with a total capacity of 5,197 and an occupancy rate of 60.1% as on 31 December 2016. Due to the limited capacity of Women's Jails, most female prisoners are housed at other types of jails. As on 31 December 2016, around 83.12% of all female prisoners in India were incarcerated at jails other than a Women's Jail. Maharashtra has 5 women's jails. Kerala and Tamil Nadu each have 3 women's jails.<ref name = "PrisonsStatistics2016"/>

Over the past five years, there has been an increasing trend in the number of women prisoners in India. The population statistics say women account for only 4.3% of all prisoners which is about 17,834 women.<ref>Figure 2f from: Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: E7720. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720. (n.d.). doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f</ref> According to a study in 2009, homicide was the single most common conviction offense for women in India.<ref>Cherukuri, S., Britton, D. M., & Subramaniam, M. (2009). Between Life and Death. ''Feminist Criminology,4''(3), 252-274. doi:10.1177/1557085109332352</ref>

===Borstal School===
[[Borstal School]]s are a type of [[Youth detention center|youth detention centre]] and are used exclusively for the imprisonment of [[Minor (law)|minors]] or juveniles. The primary objective of Borstal Schools is to ensure care, welfare and rehabilitation of [[Juvenile delinquency|young offenders]] in an environment suitable for children and keep them away from contaminating atmosphere of the prison. The juveniles in conflict with law detained in Borstal Schools are provided various vocational training and education with the help of trained teachers.<ref name = "PrisonsStatistics2016"/> The emphasis is given on the education, training and moral influence conducive for their reformation and prevention of crime.

Nine States namely, [[Himachal Pradesh]], Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Telangana have borstal schools in their respective jurisdictions.<ref name=":0" /> Tamil Nadu had the highest capacity for keeping 678 inmates.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2014/TABLE-2.6.pdf|title=Prison Statistics India|website=National Crime Records Bureau|access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref> Himachal Pradesh and Kerala are the only states that have the capacity to lodge female inmates in 2 of their Borstal Schools.<ref name=":1" /> There are no borstal schools in any of the UTs at the end of 2015.

===Other jails===
Jails that do not fall into the categories discussed above, fall under the category of Other Jails. Three states—Karnataka, Kerala and Maharashtra—have 1 other jail each in their jurisdiction. No other state or union territory has any other jail at the end of 2016.<ref name = "PrisonsStatistics2016"/>

The capacity of inmates (both male and female) reported by these three States in such jails was highest in Karnataka (250) followed by Kerala (142), Goa (45) and Maharashtra (28).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2014/TABLE-2.9.pdf|title=Prison Statistics India 2014|website=National Crime Records Bureau|access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref>

==Budget==
All states and union territories in India had a combined sanctioned budget of {{INRConvert|7692|c}} in 2021-22, an increase of 13% over the previous fiscal, for prison related expenditure. Uttar Pradesh alone accounted for {{INRConvert|12.72|b}} of the total budget.<ref>https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/psi_table_and_chapter_report/Chapter%2012%20-%202021.pdf</ref>

Prison expenditure is broadly categorised as Plan Expenditure and Non-Plan Expenditure. Expenditure on specific planned activities under the [[Five-Year plans of India|Five Year Plan]] is termed as Plan Expenditure. Expenditure made for meeting day-to-day expenses and running establishments like payment of salaries, wages, rent, etc. come under the Non-Plan Expenditure. Non-Plan Expenditure may also include activities for development of existing infrastructure and bringing about improvements in the prisons.

Expenditure on prison inmates is categorised as Food, Clothing, Medical, Vocational/Educational facilities, Welfare and Other
expenses. Food expenses account for 65% of the total expenditure on prison inmates.<ref name = "PrisonsStatistics2016"/>

==Prison population==
===Demographics===
The [[National Crime Records Bureau]] data from 2019 shows that [[Muslims]], [[Dalits]] and Tribal prisoners in India are disproportionate to their share in the Indian population. Muslims are 14.2% of the Indian population, but 16.6% convicts, 18.7% undertrials and 35.8% detenues in Indian prisons are Muslims. [[Dalits]] form 16.6% of the population, while 21.7% of convicted inmates, 21% undertrials and 18.15% detenues in Indian prisons are Dalits. Scheduled Tribes form 8% of the population, but they form 13.6% of convicts in Indian jails, while 10.5% of undertrials and 5.68% of detenues in prison.<ref>{{cite news |title=NCRB data shows Muslims, Dalits, Tribal population in prisons disproportionate to their numbers outside |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/ncrb-data-shows-muslims-dalits-tribal-population-in-prisons-disproportionate-to-their-numbers-outside-8775161.html |access-date=2022-08-31 |work=[[Firstpost]] }}</ref> Among these, Muslims had more undertrials than convicts.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwary |first1=Deeptiman |title=NCRB data: Higher share of Dalits, tribals, Muslims in prison than numbers outside |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ncrb-data-higher-share-of-dalits-tribals-muslims-in-prison-than-numbers-outside-6575446/ |access-date=2022-09-01 |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref>

There were {{formatnum:433003}} prisoners in jails across India as on 31 December 2016. Males at {{formatnum:414505}} make up 95.73% of prisoners while females at 18,498 represent 4.27%. Most prisoners are between 30–50 years old (44.0%), followed by age group of 18–30 years (43.1%), and above 50 years (13.0%). Forty-one inmates were between the ages of 16 and 18 years as on 31 December 2016. There were 1,649 female prisoners with 1,942 children as on the same date.<ref name = "PrisonsStatistics2016"/> The education/literacy profile of prisoners as on 31 December 2016 was below [[Matriculation in India|matriculation]] (42%), [[illiterate]] (28.4%), above matriculation but below [[graduation]] (21%), graduated secondary school (5.9%), [[Postgraduate education|post graduates]] (1.8%), and technical diploma/degree holders (1%).<ref name = "PrisonsStatistics2016"/>

The majority of prisoners are housed in a jail from their home state. Around 91.1% of prisoners belonged to the state in which the prison is located, while 7.5% hailed from other states, and 1.5% were foreign citizens. The number of foreign prisoners in India was 6,370 as on 31 December 2016, a decrease of 5.4% from the previous year. Among convicted foreign prisoners, the highest number are from Bangladesh (75.7%, 1,792 convicts) followed by Nepal (8.9%, 211 convicts) and Myanmar (4.3%, 101 convicts).<ref name = "PrisonsStatistics2016"/>

The following table gives the population and occupancy rate of prisons in India annually:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Year !! colspan="3"| No. of Inmates !! rowspan="2"| Occupancy Rate{{efn|Occupancy Rate means number of inmates staying in jails against the authorized capacity for 100 inmates.}}
|-
! Male||Female||Total
|-
| 2009 || || || || 122.8%
|-
| 2010 || || || || 115.1%
|-
| 2011 || 356,902 || 16,024 || 372,926 || 112.1%
|-
| 2012 || 368,184 || 16,951 || 385,135 || 112.2%
|-
| 2013<ref>{{cite web|title=Prisons in India Statistics 2013|url=http://ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2013/Snapshots-2013.pdf|work=National Crime Records Bureau|publisher=ncrb.nic.in}}</ref> || 393,804 || 18,188 || 411,992 || 118.4%
|-
| 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2014/TABLE-2.1.pdf|title=Prison Statistics India 2014|work=National Crime Records Bureau|access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref> || 400,855 || 17,681 || 418,536 || 117.4%
|-
| 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=Capacity of Jails, Inmate Population and Occupancy Rate at the end of 2015
|url=http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2015/TABLE-2.1.pdf|work=National Crime Records Bureau|publisher=ncrb.gov.in|access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> || 401,789 || 17,834 || 419,623 || 114.4%
|-
| 2016|| 414,505 || 18,498 || 433,003 || 113.7%<ref name="PrisonsStatistics2016" />
|-
| 2017|| || || 450,696 || 115.1%
|-
| 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/PSI-2018.pdf|title=Prison Statistics India 2018|work=National Crime Records Bureau}}</ref>|| 446,842 || 19,242 || 466,084 || 117.6%
|}

===Types of prisoners===
A "criminal prisoner" is defined as any prisoner duly committed to custody under the writ, warrant or order of any court or authority exercising criminal jurisdiction, or by order of a court-martial. All other prisoners are considered "civil prisoners". Prison inmates lodged in Indian jails are categorised as [[convict]]s, undertrials and {{not a typo|detenues}}. A convict is a "criminal prisoner under sentence of a Court or Court-martial". An undertrial is a person who has been committed to judicial custody and against whom a criminal trial has been initiated by a competent authority (trial is in process and not yet disposed off). A {{not a typo|detenue}} is any person detained in prison on the orders of the competent authority under the relevant preventive laws.<ref name = "PrisonsStatistics2016"/> As on 31 December 2021, 77% of prisoners were undertrials and 22% of the prisoners were convicts in India, with almost half of the undertrials were in prison for more than 2 years.<ref name="The Times of India"/>

===Types of offences===
Among convicts, the highest number of inmates are serving sentences for convictions of murder (51.86%), rape (7.66%), offences under the NDPS Act (5.73%), attempted murder (5.30%), dowry deaths (3.88%), and theft (2.84%) as on 31 December 2016. The overwhelming majority of convicts, around 87.82%, are convicted of offences under the Indian Penal Code, while 12.05% are convicted under special and local laws. Among undertrials, the highest number of inmates are being held under charges of murder (22.14%), rape (8.71%), attempted murder (8.03%), theft (8.94%), offences under the NDPS Act (5.88%), and dowry deaths (4.43%) as on 31 December 2016. Around 80.73% of undertrials are charged with offences under the Indian Penal Code, while 19.25% are charged with violating special and local laws.<ref name = "PrisonsStatistics2016"/> About 2.8% of convicts admitted to jails across India in 2016 were repeat offenders.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prisons Statistics India 2016 : Table–5.5 |url=http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2016/TABLE-5.5.pdf |website=National Crime Records Bureau |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>

===Duration of sentences===
The following table shows number and percentage of convict prisoners by the duration of their sentences as on 31 December 2016.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Sentence''' || [[Death row]] || [[Life term]] || 10–13 years || 7–9 years || 5–6 years || 2–4 years || 1–2 years || 6–12 months || < 6 months
|-
| '''Number of convicts''' || 339 || 73,975 || 20,157 || 11,447 || 7,874 || 7,098 || 5,366 || 3,746 || 5,681<ref>{{cite web |title=Prisons Statistics India 2016 : Table–6.1A |url=http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2016/TABLE-6.1A.pdf |website=National Crime Records Bureau |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| '''% of convicts'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Prisons Statistics India 2016 : Table–6.1B |url=http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2016/TABLE-6.1B.pdf |website=National Crime Records Bureau |access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> || 0.2 || 54.5 || 14.9 || 8.4 || 5.8 || 5.2 || 4.0 || 2.8 || 4.2
|}

=== Prison conditions ===
Prison condition in India are bad and unhealthy as they are “frequently life threatening” and do not meet international standards. Prisons were severely overcrowded with an occupancy rate of 114%.<ref>v</ref> Prison lacks so much funding that in some areas occupancy level is as high as 277%;<ref>Bhandari, V. (2016). Pretrial detention in India: An examination of the causes and possible solutions. Asian Journal of Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Crime, Law and Deviance in Asia,11(2), 83-110.</ref> almost three times the permitted capacity.

===Labour===
Only convicts sentenced to "rigorous imprisonment" have to undertake [[Penal labour|work]] during their prison term. A 2011 ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' article reported that 99% of convicts that receive such sentences rarely undertake work because most prisons in India do not have sufficient demand for prison labour.<ref>{{cite web |title=How rigorous is rigorous imprisonment? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/how-rigorous-is-rigorous-imprisonment/story-iI9IUQGLwcZsoGckuIb3IL.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 May 2019 |language=en }}</ref> A 2020 report found that labour within the prisons of many states was assigned on the basis of caste since most prison manuals are still based on The Prisons Act of 1894.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thewire.in/caste/india-prisons-caste-labour-segregation |title=From Segregation to Labour, Manu's Caste Law Governs the Indian Prison System |last=Shantha |first=Sukanya }}</ref>

===Occupancy rate===
One of the primary reasons for the overcrowding of prisons is the pendency of court cases. As on March 31, 2016, more than 3 crore cases are pending in various courts, and two of every three prison inmates in the country are under trials. The 4,19,623 prisoners of 2015, for example, included 2,82,076 under trials, or 67%, according to NCRB data.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/overcrowding-in-jails-prisos-reforms-tihar-jails-police-ncrb-5130869/|title=Jails at 14 per cent over capacity, two in three prisoners undertrials|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en-US}}</ref> Some other causes for big pre-trial population are corruption, role of police, prosecutors, and judiciary. Indian police system is heavily understaffed and underpaid.<ref>• Bhandari, V. (2016). Pretrial detention in India: An examination of the causes and possible solutions. Asian Journal of Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Crime, Law and Deviance in Asia,11(2), 83-110.</ref> It contributes to high detainees population since there are less officials for accused prisoners to accompany them to court. So, their date for hearing keeps getting pushed back. Prosecutors in India are also substantially burdened. There are many vacant assistant posts, but no incentive has been made to fill those posts to fast track the process. Judiciary department also contributes to such extensiveness of pre-trial detainees. There is a back log of 30 million cases in India. With so many cases to handle, the number of judges in India is comparatively very low.<ref name="Bhandari, V. 2016">• Bhandari, V. (2016). Pretrial detention in India: An examination of the causes and possible solutions. Asian Journal of Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Crime, Law and Deviance in Asia,11(2), 83-110.</ref> There are only 10.5 judges on average per every million people.<ref name="Bhandari, V. 2016"/> Many of the pre- trial detainees are poor and underprivileged.<ref name="Derek P. Jinks 2001">• Derek P. Jinks. (2001). The Anatomy of an Institutionalized Emergency: Preventive Detention and Personal Liberty in India. 22 Mich.J. Int'lL, 311.</ref> Even though for some of them bail is approved, they still cannot get out because they do not have the money or resources to payout the bail. Many of detainees are also uneducated and completely unaware of their rights. About 71% of pre-trial detainees are illiterate and do not even have a high school diploma.<ref name="Derek P. Jinks 2001"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Capital punishment in India]]
* [[National Crime Records Bureau]]

'''Prison officers ranks:'''
*[[Inspector General of Prisons]]
*[[Deputy Inspector General of Prisons]]
*[[AIG Prisons|Assistant Inspector General of Prisons]]
*[[Superintendent of Jail]]

'''Related:'''
* [[Crime in India]]
* [[Law enforcement in India]]

'''List:'''
* [[List of prisons in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2014/PrisonStat2014rev1.htm
*http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/PSI/Prison2014/ContTab.htm

{{India topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Prisons in Asia}}

[[Category:Prisons in India| ]]

Prisons in India - Revision history

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2A01:E0A:271:8D90:FCA8:4DB:4759:512E: Just completed a comprehensive guide.

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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|India}}~~
	* [[Capital punishment in India]]		* [[Capital punishment in India]]
	* [[National Crime Records Bureau]]		* [[National Crime Records Bureau]]