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{{Short description|Leader of an organization}}
{{Infobox Occupation
| name = President
| official_names = President

| type = [[Employment]]
| activity_sector = [[Business]]
| competencies = Leadership, financial skills
| formation =
| related_occupation = [[chief executive officer|CEO]], [[executive officer]], [[vice president]], managing director, representative director, [[chief operating officer|COO]], [[general manager]], [[chairman]], vice-chairman
}}

A '''president''' is a leader of an organization, company, community, club, trade union, university or other group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schoolofunityandconnectness.teachable.com/p/faqs|title=Example of Presidential Jobs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://schoolofunityandconnectness.teachable.com/p/administrating|title=Example of President and Leaders}}</ref> The relationship between a president and a [[chief executive officer]] varies, depending on the structure of the specific organization. In a similar vein to a [[chief operating officer]], the title of corporate president as a separate position (as opposed to being combined with a "[[Corporate title#Senior management|C-suite]]" designation, such as "president and chief executive officer" or "president and chief operating officer") is also loosely defined; the president is usually the legally recognized highest rank of corporate officer, ranking above the various [[Vice president#In business|vice presidents]] (including senior vice president and executive vice president), but on its own generally considered subordinate, in practice, to the CEO. The powers of a president vary widely across organizations and such powers come from specific authorization in the bylaws like ''[[Robert's Rules of Order]]'' (e.g. the president can make an "executive decision" only if the bylaws allow for it).<ref>{{Cite book|title = [[Robert's Rules of Order]] Newly Revised|last = Robert|first = Henry M.|publisher = Da Capo Press|year = 2011|isbn = 978-0-306-82020-5|location = Philadelphia, PA|pages = 456|edition = 11th|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

== History ==
Originally, the term ''president'' was used to designate someone who presided over a meeting, and was used in the same way that ''foreman'' or ''overseer'' is used now (the term is still used in that sense today).<ref>{{cite web|title='President' Once Meant Little More Than 'Foreman'|author=Guy Raz|date=December 14, 2013|work=npr.org|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=250990126|access-date=December 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/president?s=t|title = President|access-date = 2015-12-19|publisher = Dictionary.com|quote = a person who presides.}}</ref> It has now also come to mean "chief officer" in terms of administrative or executive duties.

== Powers and authority ==
[[File:AGM Annual General Meeting of a typical small (141 member) volunteer organisation.jpg|thumb|President presiding over the AGM of a small volunteer organization. President sitting at the left of table in the background.]]
The powers of the president vary widely across organizations. In some organizations the president has the authority to hire staff and make financial decisions, while in others the president only makes recommendations to a [[board of directors]], and still others the president has no executive powers and is mainly a [[spokesperson]] for the organization. The amount of power given to the president depends on the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 456}}</ref>

In addition to administrative or executive duties in organizations, a president has the duties of presiding over meetings.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 449}}</ref> Such duties at meetings include:
* calling the meeting to order
* determining if a [[quorum]] is present
* announcing the items on the [[order of business]] or [[Agenda (meeting)|agenda]] as they come up
* [[Recognition (parliamentary procedure)|recognition]] of members to have the [[Floor (legislative)|floor]]
* enforcing the rules of the group
* putting all questions ([[Motion (parliamentary procedure)|motions]]) to a vote
* adjourning the meeting

While presiding, a president remains impartial and does not interrupt speakers if a speaker has the floor and is following the rules of the group.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 44}}: "The presiding officer must never interrupt a speaker simply because he knows more about the matter than the speaker does."</ref> In committees or small boards, the president votes along with the other members. However, in assemblies or larger boards, the president should vote only when it can affect the result.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#1|title = Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 1)|access-date = 2015-12-19|website = The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site|publisher = The Robert's Rules Association}}</ref> At a meeting, the president only has one vote (i.e. the president cannot vote twice and cannot override the decision of the group unless the organization has specifically given the president such authority).<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 406}}</ref>

== Disciplinary procedures ==
If the president exceeds the given authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform the duties, the president may face disciplinary procedures. Such procedures may include [[censure]], suspension, or [[Declare the chair vacant|removal from office]]. The rules of the particular organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures and the extent that they can be done.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#20|title = Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 20)|access-date = 2015-12-24|website = The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site|publisher = The Robert's Rules Association}}</ref> Usually, whoever appointed or elected the president has the power to discipline this officer.

== President-elect ==
{{See also|-elect}}
Some organizations may have a position of President-elect in addition to the position of President. Generally the membership of the organization elects a president-elect and when the term of the president-elect is complete, that person automatically becomes president.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 457}}</ref>

== Immediate past president ==
Some organizations may have a position of immediate past president in addition to the position of president.<ref>{{Cite web|title = What is the Immediate Past President? - Association of Information Technology Professionals|url = https://www.aitp.org/news/123604/|website = www.aitp.org|access-date = 2016-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = President-Elect/President/Immediate Past President|url = http://www.asha.org/About/governance/BOD/President/|website = www.asha.org|access-date = 2016-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = President-elect, President or Immediate Past President Position Description|url = http://www.eatrightpro.org/resource/leadership/nominations-and-elections/national-leadership-positions/president-elect-or-president-position-description|website = www.eatrightpro.org|access-date = 2016-01-30}}</ref> In those organizations, when the term of the president is complete, that person automatically fills the position of immediate past president. The organization can have such a position only if the bylaws provide it.<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 572}}</ref> The duties of such a position would also have to be provided in the bylaws.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title= Riding Shotgun: The Role of the COO |last= Bennett |first= Nathan |author2= Stephen A. Miles |author2-link= Stephen A. Miles |year= 2006 |publisher= Stanford University Press |location= Stanford, California |isbn= 0-8047-5166-8 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/ridingshotgunrol00benn }}
* {{Cite book|title = Spotlight on You the President|last = National Association of Parliamentarians|first = Education Committee|publisher = National Association of Parliamentarians|year = 1993|isbn = 1-884048-15-3|location = Independence, MO}}

{{Corporate titles}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Business occupations]]
[[Category:Management occupations]]
[[Category:Corporate governance]]
[[Category:Corporate titles|*]]

President (corporate title) - Revision history

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