imported>Monkbot: Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 2 templates: hyphenate params (2×);

2020-12-29T00:22:20Z

Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 2 templates: hyphenate params (2×);

New page

{{Italics title|string=Pratima}}
{{Jainism}}
In [[Jainism]], '''''Pratima''''' ({{lang-sa|प्रतिमा}}) is a step or a stage marking the spiritual rise of a [[Śrāvaka (Jainism)|lay person]] (''shravak''). There are eleven such steps called ''pratima''.<ref>Shravakachar Sangrah, Five Volumes, Hiralal Jain Shastri, Jain Sanskruti Samrakshak Sangh Solapur, 1988</ref> After passing the eleven steps, one is no longer a ''sravaka'', but a ''muni'' ([[Jain monasticism|monk]]).

Rules prescribed for laymen are divided into twelve ''vrata'' (vows) and eleven ''pratimas'' (steps){{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1917|p=77}} and are described in several codes of conduct ([[Ratnakaranda|''shravakacharas'']]).<ref>Jaina yoga: a survey of the mediaeval śrāvakācāras By R. Williams</ref>

The ''pratimas'' are mentioned in several ancient texts like [[Ratnakaranda Shravakachara]] (2nd century A.D.).<ref>Upasakdashang aur uska Shravakachar, Subhash Kothari, Agam Ahimsa Samta Evam Prakrit Sansthan, Udaipur 1988</ref>

== Twelve vows ==

The twelve vows are:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Head
! Vow
! Meaning
|- style="background:#FFF;"
|rowspan="5"|'''Five vows'''<br />
|1. [[Ahimsa in Jainism|ahiṃsā]]
| Not to hurt any living being by actions and thoughts
|- style="background:#FFF;"
|2. [[satya]]
| Not to lie or speak what is not commendable.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=61}}
|- style="background:#FFF;"
|3. [[asteya]]
| Not to take anything if not given.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=68}}
|- style="background:#FFF;"
|4. [[brahmacharya]]
| Chastity / Celibacy in action, words and thoughts
|- style="background:#FFF;"
|5. [[Aparigraha]] ([[Non-possession]])
| Detachment from material property.
|- style="background:#ADFF2F;"
|rowspan="3"|'''Guņa vratas'''{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=88}}<br />
|6. ''digvrata''
| Restriction on movement with regard to directions.
|- style="background:#ADFF2F;"
|7. ''bhogopabhogaparimana''
| Vow of limiting consumable and non-consumable things
|- style="background:#ADFF2F;"
|8. ''anartha-dandaviramana''
| Refraining from harmful occupations and activities (purposeless sins).
|- style="background:#FF0;"
|rowspan="4"|'''Śikşā vratas'''{{sfn|Tukol|1976|p=5}}{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=88}}<br />
|9. ''[[Sāmāyika|samayika]]''
| Vow to meditate and concentrate periodically.
|- style="background:#FF0;"
|10. ''desavrata''
| Limiting movement to certain places for a fixed period of time.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=90}}
|- style="background:#FF0;"
|11. ''upvas''
| Fasting at regular intervals.
|- style="background:#FF0;"
|12. ''atihti samvibhag''
| Vow of offering food to the ascetic and needy people
|}

== Eleven ''Pratima'' ==
The eleven stages (''pratima'') are:{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1917|p=83}}
#Darshan Pratima (Right perspective): The worship of the true God (i.e., tirthanhara,) guru (preceptor) and shastra (Scripture), and the avoidance of gambling, meat-eating, drinking (wine), adultery, hunting, thieving and debauchery.
#Vrat Pratima: The keeping of the twelve vows and the vow to observe [[sallekhana]] (at the end of one's life)
#Samayak Pratima (Periodic meditation): Engaging in meditation or worship on a regular basis.
#Proshadhopvas Pratima (periodic fasting): fasting four times in a month.
#Sachitta Tyaga Pratima: not eating vegetables having the capacity to grow again.
#Ratribhukti Tyaga Pratima (or Diva Maithun Tyaga Pratima): Giving up eating during the night or coitus during the day.
#Brahmacharya Pratima (celibacy): abstaining from sex or related activity.
#Arambha Tyaga Pratima (giving up occupations): refraining from any activity to earn a living.
#Parigraha Tyaga Pratima (giving up possessions): detachment from most possessions.
#Anurnati Tyaga Pratima (giving up right to give permissions): refraining from giving orders or expressing consents in the family.
#Uddishta Tyaga Pratima: The complete renunciation of the householder’s life, retiring into a forest and adopting the rules laid down for the guidance of monks.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1917|p=84}}

Ashadhara in his Sagara-Dharmammrata (13th century) has groups the 11 steps into three ranks.

*Grahin (jaghanya: first to sixth pratima)
*Varnin (madhyama: seventh to ninth pratima): At this point the householder is termed a [[Varni]].
*Bhikshuka (uttama: tenth and eleventh pratima): At this point a person depends on others for daily survival.

Those who have ascended to the eleventh pratima are termed [[Kshullaka]] (with two articles of clothing) and [[Jain Muni|Ailaka]] (with only one piece of cloth) in the [[Digambara]] tradition. The eleventh pratima is termed Shramanabhuta Pratima (being almost like a Shramana) in the [[Svetambara]] tradition. The next step is that of a full [[Jain muni|Jain Muni]].

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
*{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EscwAQAAMAAJ|title=The Practical Path|author1=Jain|first1=Champat Rai|author-link=Champat Rai Jain|year=1917|publisher=The Central Jaina Publishing House}}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |author-link=Vijay K. Jain |title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC |date=2012 |publisher=[[Vikalp Printers]] |isbn=978-81-903639-4-5 |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2012}} }}

{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain philosophical concepts]]

Pratima (Jainism) - Revision history

imported>Monkbot: Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 2 templates: hyphenate params (2×);