Pragyan (rover) - Revision history

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	{{Short description\|Indian lunar rover}}		{{Short description\|Indian lunar rover}}
	{{Italic title~~}}{{Split\|date=August 2023\|''Pragyan'' (''Chandrayaan-2'')\|''Pragyan'' (''Chandrayaan-3'')\|discuss=Talk:Pragyan (rover)#Need to split article~~}}		{{Italic title}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=September 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=September 2019}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2023}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2023}}

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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:44, 23 August 2023
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	{{About\|the ~~moon~~ rover\|other uses\|Pragyan (disambiguation){{!}}Pragyan}}		{{About\|the Moon rover\|other uses\|Pragyan (disambiguation){{!}}Pragyan}}
	{{Italic title}}		{{Italic title}}
	{{use Indian English\|date=September 2019}}		{{use Indian English\|date=September 2019}}
	{{short description\|Lunar rover ~~on Vikram lander that crashed in 2019~~}}		{{short description\|2023 Lunar rover}}
	{{Infobox spaceflight		{{Infobox spaceflight
	\| name = ''Pragyan''		\| name = ''Pragyan''
	\| image = ~~Pragyaan_Lunar_Rover_for_Chandrayaan~~-2.~~png~~		\| image = GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Pragyan rover mounted on the ramp of Vikram lander.jpg
	\| image_caption = ~~Illustration~~ of ~~Chandrayaan's rover ''Pragyan''~~		\| image_caption = Pragyan rover mounted on ramp of Vikram lander
	\| mission_type = [[Lunar rover]]		\| mission_type = [[Lunar rover]]
	\| operator = [[ISRO]]		\| operator = [[ISRO]]
	\| mission_duration = [[Chandrayaan-2\|CH2]]: 0 days (landing failure) [[Chandrayaan-3\|CH3]]: 14 days (planned)		\| mission_duration = [[Chandrayaan-2\|CH2]]: 0 days (landing failure) <br> [[Chandrayaan-3\|CH3]]: 14 days (planned)
	\| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]		\| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
	\| landing_mass = [[Chandrayaan-2\|CH2]]: 27 kg [[Chandrayaan-3\|CH3]]: 26 kg		\| landing_mass = [[Chandrayaan-2\|CH2]]: 27 kg [[Chandrayaan-3\|CH3]]: 26 kg
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	}}		}}
	\| programme = [[Chandrayaan Programme]]		\| programme = [[Chandrayaan Programme]]
	\| previous_mission = ~~[[Chandrayaan-1]]~~		\| previous_mission =
	}}		}}
			[[File:GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Pragyan rover mounted on the ramp of Vikram lander (cropped).jpg\|thumb\|Rover ''Pragyan'' mounted on the ramp of ''Vikram'' lander.]]
	'''''Pragyan''''' ({{lang-sa\|प्रज्ञान\|translit=prajñāna\|lit=wisdom}}<ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft">{{cite web \|title=Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft \|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft \|access-date=24 August 2019 \|quote=Chandrayaan 2's Rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to 'wisdom' in Sanskrit. \|archive-date=18 July 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718050818/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561\|title=A dictionary in Sanscrit and English\|last=Wilson\|first=Horace Hayman\|publisher=Education Press\|year=1832\|location=Calcutta\|page=561}}</ref> {{audio\|Pragyaan.ogg\|Pronunciation}}<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/17/AU482.pdf\|title=Chandrayaan - II\|last1=Elumalai\|first1=V.\|last2=Kharge\|first2=Mallikarjun\|date=7 Feb 2019\|website=PIB.nic.in\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207192144/http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/17/AU482.pdf\|archive-date=7 February 2019\|access-date=7 Feb 2019\|quote=Lander (Vikram) is undergoing final integration tests. Rover (Pragyan) has completed all tests and waiting for the Vikram readiness to undergo further tests.}}</ref><ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft"/>) was the [[Rover (space exploration)\|rover]] of [[Chandrayaan-2]] and is the rover for the [[Chandrayaan-3]] mission, two lunar missions developed by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO),<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-between-july-9-and-16-isro/articleshow/69132299.cms\|title=Isro: Chandrayaan-2 launch between July 9 and 16 \| India News - Times of India\|website=The Times of India\|date=May 2019 }}</ref> [[Chandrayaan-2]] launched on 22 July 2019. ''Pragyan'' was destroyed along with its lander, ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)\|Vikram]]'', when it crash-landed on the Moon on 6 September 2019 and never got the chance to deploy.<ref name="L Update"/><ref name="Hard landing TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro.] ''Times of India''. 8 September 2019.</ref> The launch of Chandrayaan-3 occurred on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST,<ref name="scheduled launch"/> and ~~is expected to land~~ on the Moon on 23 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2023-07-06 \|title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August \|language=en-IN \|work=The Hindu \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece \|access-date=2023-07-14 \|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>		'''''Pragyan''''' ({{lang-sa\|प्रज्ञान\|translit=prajñāna\|lit=wisdom}}<ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft">{{cite web \|title=Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft \|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft \|access-date=24 August 2019 \|quote=Chandrayaan 2's Rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to 'wisdom' in Sanskrit. \|archive-date=18 July 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718050818/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561\|title=A dictionary in Sanscrit and English\|last=Wilson\|first=Horace Hayman\|publisher=Education Press\|year=1832\|location=Calcutta\|page=561}}</ref> {{audio\|Pragyaan.ogg\|Pronunciation}}<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/17/AU482.pdf\|title=Chandrayaan - II\|last1=Elumalai\|first1=V.\|last2=Kharge\|first2=Mallikarjun\|date=7 Feb 2019\|website=PIB.nic.in\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207192144/http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/17/AU482.pdf\|archive-date=7 February 2019\|access-date=7 Feb 2019\|quote=Lander (Vikram) is undergoing final integration tests. Rover (Pragyan) has completed all tests and waiting for the Vikram readiness to undergo further tests.}}</ref><ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft"/>) was the [[Rover (space exploration)\|rover]] of [[Chandrayaan-2]] and is the rover for the [[Chandrayaan-3]] mission, two lunar missions developed by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO),<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-between-july-9-and-16-isro/articleshow/69132299.cms\|title=Isro: Chandrayaan-2 launch between July 9 and 16 \| India News - Times of India\|website=The Times of India\|date=May 2019 }}</ref> [[Chandrayaan-2]] launched on 22 July 2019. ''Pragyan'' was destroyed along with its lander, ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)\|Vikram]]'', when it crash-landed on the Moon on 6 September 2019 and never got the chance to deploy.<ref name="L Update"/><ref name="Hard landing TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro.] ''Times of India''. 8 September 2019.</ref> The launch of Chandrayaan-3 occurred on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST,<ref name="scheduled launch"/> and landed on the Moon on 23 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2023-07-06 \|title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August \|language=en-IN \|work=The Hindu \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece \|access-date=2023-07-14 \|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

	==Overview==		==Overview==
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	==Crash landing==		==Crash landing==
	The ''Vikram'' lander, carrying the ''Pragyan'' rover, separated from the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter on 7 September 2019 and was scheduled to land on the Moon at around 1:50 a.m. IST. The initial descent was considered within mission parameters, passing critical braking procedures as planned. The descent and soft-landing was to be done by the on-board computers on ''Vikram'', with mission control unable to make corrections.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/chandrayaan-2-heres-everything-about-isro-moon-landing-its-vikram-lander/1697029/ Chandrayaan 2: Here's everything about ISRO Moon-landing its Vikram lander.] ''Financial Express''. Ribhu Mishra, 7 September 2019.</ref>		The ''Vikram'' lander, carrying the ''Pragyan'' rover, separated from the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter on 7 September 2019 and was scheduled to land on the Moon at around 1:50 a.m. IST. The initial descent was considered within mission parameters, passing critical braking procedures as planned. The descent and soft-landing was to be done by the on-board computers on ''Vikram'', with mission control unable to make corrections and thus it impacted the lunar surface.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/chandrayaan-2-heres-everything-about-isro-moon-landing-its-vikram-lander/1697029/ Chandrayaan 2: Here's everything about ISRO Moon-landing its Vikram lander.] ''Financial Express''. Ribhu Mishra, 7 September 2019.</ref>

	The lander's trajectory began to deviate at about {{convert\|2.1\|km\|mi ft}} above the surface.<ref>[https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-found-by-chandrayaan-2-orbiter.html India Just Found Its Lost Vikram Lander on the Moon, Still No Signal.] Tariq Malik ,''Space''. 8 September 2019.</ref> The final [[telemetry]] readings during ISRO's live-stream show that ''Vikram''{{'s}} final vertical velocity was {{cvt\|58\|m/s\|km/h}} from 330 meters above the surface which, according to the MIT ''Technology Review'', is "quite fast for a lunar landing."<ref name='Patel MIT'>{{cite web\|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614280/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/\|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 lander likely crashed into the moon's surface.\|author=Neel V. Patel\|website=MIT Technology Review\|date=6 September 2019\|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> Initial reports suggesting a crash,<ref name='Apparent crash'>[https://www.space.com/india-moon-mission-not-over-chandrayaan-2.html India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash.] Mike Wall, ''Space''. 7 September 2019. Quote: "India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash."</ref><ref name="planetary landing">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/vikram-apparently-crash-lands.html\|title=India's Vikram Spacecraft Apparently Crash-Lands on Moon\|website=www.planetary.org\|language=en\|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> have been confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan, stating that the lander location had been found, and "it must had been a hard landing".<ref name="Hard landing TOI"/><ref name="landerspotted">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lander-vikram-located-k-sivan20190908141242/\|title=Lander Vikram located: K Sivan\|website=www.aninews.in\|language=en\|access-date=2019-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-2-lander-moon.html \| title = India Says It Has Located Chandrayaan-2 Lander on Moon's Surface \| first = Kai \| last= Schultz \| date = 8 September 2019 \| access-date = 8 September 2019 \| work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> The [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] took images of the crash site, showing that the lander and the Pragyan rover inside the lander had been destroyed by the impact, creating an impact site and debris field spanning kilometres.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/indias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface\|title=India's crashed Vikram moon lander spotted on lunar surface \|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] \|date=December 3, 2019\|website=the Guardian}}</ref>		The lander's trajectory began to deviate at about {{convert\|2.1\|km\|mi ft}} above the surface.<ref>[https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-found-by-chandrayaan-2-orbiter.html India Just Found Its Lost Vikram Lander on the Moon, Still No Signal.] Tariq Malik ,''Space''. 8 September 2019.</ref> The final [[telemetry]] readings during ISRO's live-stream show that ''Vikram''{{'s}} final vertical velocity was {{cvt\|58\|m/s\|km/h}} from 330 meters above the surface which, according to the MIT ''Technology Review'', is "quite fast for a lunar landing."<ref name='Patel MIT'>{{cite web\|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614280/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/\|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 lander likely crashed into the moon's surface.\|author=Neel V. Patel\|website=MIT Technology Review\|date=6 September 2019\|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> Initial reports suggesting a crash,<ref name='Apparent crash'>[https://www.space.com/india-moon-mission-not-over-chandrayaan-2.html India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash.] Mike Wall, ''Space''. 7 September 2019. Quote: "India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash."</ref><ref name="planetary landing">{{Cite web\|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/vikram-apparently-crash-lands.html\|title=India's Vikram Spacecraft Apparently Crash-Lands on Moon\|website=www.planetary.org\|language=en\|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> have been confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan, stating that the lander location had been found, and "it must had been a hard landing".<ref name="Hard landing TOI"/><ref name="landerspotted">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lander-vikram-located-k-sivan20190908141242/\|title=Lander Vikram located: K Sivan\|website=www.aninews.in\|language=en\|access-date=2019-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-2-lander-moon.html \| title = India Says It Has Located Chandrayaan-2 Lander on Moon's Surface \| first = Kai \| last= Schultz \| date = 8 September 2019 \| access-date = 8 September 2019 \| work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> The [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] took images of the crash site, showing that the lander and the ''Pragyan'' rover inside the lander had been destroyed by the impact, creating an impact site and debris field spanning kilometres.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/indias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface\|title=India's crashed Vikram moon lander spotted on lunar surface \|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] \|date=December 3, 2019\|website=the Guardian}}</ref>

	The orbiter part of the mission, with eight scientific instruments, remains operational and will continue its seven-year mission to study the Moon.		The orbiter part of the mission, with eight scientific instruments, remains operational and will continue its seven-year mission to study the Moon.

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-07T05:16:33Z

Created a new article

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{{About|the moon rover|other uses|Pragyan (disambiguation){{!}}Pragyan}}
{{Italic title}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{short description|Lunar rover on Vikram lander that crashed in 2019}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ''Pragyan''
| image = Pragyaan_Lunar_Rover_for_Chandrayaan-2.png
| image_caption = Illustration of Chandrayaan's rover ''Pragyan''
| mission_type = [[Lunar rover]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| mission_duration = [[Chandrayaan-2|CH2]]: 0 days (landing failure) [[Chandrayaan-3|CH3]]: 14 days (planned)
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
| landing_mass = [[Chandrayaan-2|CH2]]: 27 kg [[Chandrayaan-3|CH3]]: 26 kg
| dimensions = {{convert|0.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} × {{convert|0.75|m|ft|abbr=on}} × {{convert|0.85|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| power = 50 W from [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]]
| launch_date = [[Chandrayaan-2|CH2]]: {{start-date|22 July 2019}} 14:43:12 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], (09:13:12 [[UTC]]) [[Chandrayaan-3|CH3]]: {{start-date|14 July 2023}} 14:35 IST, (9:05 UTC)<ref name="scheduled launch">{{Cite news|title=ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details|date=2023-07-06 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
| launch_rocket = [[LVM3]] M1, [[LVM3]] M4
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second launch pad]]
| deployment_from = [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'' lander]]
| deployment_date = [[Chandrayaan-2|CH2]]: Intended: 7 September 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/live-media-coverage-of-landing-of-chandrayaan-2-lunar-surface|title=Live media coverage of the landing of Chandrayaan-2 on lunar surface - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-02|archive-date=2019-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902212259/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/live-media-coverage-of-landing-of-chandrayaan-2-lunar-surface|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/> Result: Never deployed from destroyed lander.<ref name='L Update'>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan - 2 Latest Update|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|date = September 7, 2019|access-date = September 11, 2019|website = isro.gov.in|archive-date = September 8, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|url-status = dead}}</ref> [[Chandrayaan-3|CH3]]: 23 August 2023<ref name="Landing date">{{Cite web|title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on July 14; August 23-24 preferred landing dates |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/indias-moon-mission-chandrayaan-3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-at-2-35pm/articleshow/101547465.cms |date=6 July 2023 |website=THE TIMES OF INDIA}}</ref>
| launch_contractor = [[ISRO]]
| last_contact =
| declared =
| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = rover
|object = Lunar
|arrival_date = 6 September 2019, 20:00-21:00 UTC<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan-2 update: Fifth Lunar Orbit Maneuver|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|date = September 1, 2019|access-date = September 1, 2019|publisher = [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]|archive-date = September 3, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190903075526/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/01-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-update-fifth-lunar-orbit-maneuver|url-status = dead}}</ref>
|location = Attempted: 70.90267°S 22.78110°E <ref name="Amitabh2018">{{cite conference |url=https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2018/pdf/1975.pdf |title=Potential Landing Sites for Chandrayaan-2 Lander in Southern Hemisphere of Moon |conference=49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 19–23 March 2018. The Woodlands, Texas. |first1=S. |last1=Amitabh |first2=T. P. |last2=Srinivasan |first3=K. |last3=Suresh |date=2018 |bibcode=2018LPI....49.1975A |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822054335/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2018/pdf/1975.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> (Intended) <br /> Crash landing at least 500m away from planned site. (Actual)
|distance = {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} (intended)
}}
| programme = [[Chandrayaan Programme]]
| previous_mission = [[Chandrayaan-1]]
}}

'''''Pragyan''''' ({{lang-sa|प्रज्ञान|translit=prajñāna|lit=wisdom}}<ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft |access-date=24 August 2019 |quote=Chandrayaan 2's Rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to 'wisdom' in Sanskrit. |archive-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718050818/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561|title=A dictionary in Sanscrit and English|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman|publisher=Education Press|year=1832|location=Calcutta|page=561}}</ref> {{audio|Pragyaan.ogg|Pronunciation}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/17/AU482.pdf|title=Chandrayaan - II|last1=Elumalai|first1=V.|last2=Kharge|first2=Mallikarjun|date=7 Feb 2019|website=PIB.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207192144/http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/17/AU482.pdf|archive-date=7 February 2019|access-date=7 Feb 2019|quote=Lander (Vikram) is undergoing final integration tests. Rover (Pragyan) has completed all tests and waiting for the Vikram readiness to undergo further tests.}}</ref><ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft"/>) was the [[Rover (space exploration)|rover]] of [[Chandrayaan-2]] and is the rover for the [[Chandrayaan-3]] mission, two lunar missions developed by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-between-july-9-and-16-isro/articleshow/69132299.cms|title=Isro: Chandrayaan-2 launch between July 9 and 16 | India News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=May 2019 }}</ref> [[Chandrayaan-2]] launched on 22 July 2019. ''Pragyan'' was destroyed along with its lander, ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'', when it crash-landed on the Moon on 6 September 2019 and never got the chance to deploy.<ref name="L Update"/><ref name="Hard landing TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro.] ''Times of India''. 8 September 2019.</ref> The launch of Chandrayaan-3 occurred on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST,<ref name="scheduled launch"/> and is expected to land on the Moon on 23 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Overview==

The rover's mass was about {{convert|27|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and was designed to operate on solar power.<ref name="ndtv20180829">{{cite news |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-to-be-launched-in-january-2019-says-isro-chief-1907969 |title=Chandrayaan-2 to Be Launched in January 2019, Says ISRO Chief |work=Gadgets360 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |agency=Press Trust of India |date=29 August 2018 |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="idos20180828">{{Cite press release |title=ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh |date=28 August 2018 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103 |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> The rover was to move on 6 wheels traversing 500 meters on the lunar surface at the rate of 1 cm per second, performing on-site analysis and sending the data to the ''Vikram'' lander, which would have relayed it to the Earth station.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-launch-chandrayaan-2-in-wee-hours-of-july-15-landing-by-september-7| title=ISRO to Launch Chandrayaan 2 on July 15, Moon Landing by September 7| website=The Wire|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-carry-14-payloads-to-moon-no-foreign-module-this-time/articleshow/69265687.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 will carry 14 payloads to moon, no foreign module this time |last=Singh|first=Surendra |newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 May 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref><ref name="payload">{{cite press release |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2010/payloads-chandrayaan-2-mission-finalised |title=Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |date=30 August 2010 |access-date=4 January 2010 |archive-date=13 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513213938/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2010/payloads-chandrayaan-2-mission-finalised |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Economic">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-02/news/27621231_1_chandrayaan-2-chandrayaan-1-lunar-surface |title=Chandrayaan-2 to get closer to moon |work=The Economic Times |agency=Times News Network |date=2 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812045710/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-02/news/27621231_1_chandrayaan-2-chandrayaan-1-lunar-surface |archive-date=12 August 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/science/why-chandrayaan-2-is-isros-most-complex-mission-so-far/249252/|title=Why Chandrayaan-2 is ISRO's 'most complex mission' so far|last=Ramesh|first=Sandhya|date=12 June 2019|work=ThePrint|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> For navigation, the rover was equipped with:

*Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision: two 1 [[Pixel|megapixel]], [[Monochrome|monochromatic]] NAVCAMs in front of the rover to provide the ground control team a 3D view of the surrounding terrain, and help in path-planning by generating a [[digital elevation model]] of the terrain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Laxmiprasad |first=A.S |last2=Sridhar Raja |first2=V.L.N |last3=Menon |first3=Surya |last4=Goswami |first4=Adwaita |last5=Rao |first5=M.V.H |last6=Lohar |first6=K.A |date=15 July 2013 |title=An in situ laser induced breakdown spectroscope (LIBS) for Chandrayaan-2 rover: Ablation kinetics and emissivity estimations |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117713001749 |journal=[[Advances in Space Research]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=332-321 |via=[[ScienceDirect]]}}</ref> [[IIT Kanpur]] contributed to the development of the subsystems for light-based map generation and motion planning for the rover.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-robot-hands-iit-k-profs-bring-joy-to-paralytics/articleshow/70151178.cms| title=With robot hands, IIT-K profs bring joy to paralytics |date=2019|website=The Times of India|language=en| access-date=2019-07-10}}</ref>
*Control and motor dynamics: the rover design has a [[rocker-bogie]] suspension system and six wheels, each driven by independent [[brushless DC electric motor]]s. Steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels or skid steering.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://spaceexplor.iaaweb.org/?q=ipc| title="Chandrayaan-2: Lunar Orbiter & Lander Mission", 10th IAA Symposium on The Future of Space Exploration: Towards the Moon Village and Beyond, Torin, Italy.| last1=Annadurai |first1=Mylswami |last2=Nagesh| first2=G.| date=28 June 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628213352/http://spaceexplor.iaaweb.org/?q=ipc|archive-date=28 June 2017| access-date=14 June 2019| quote=Mobility of the Rover in the unknown lunar terrain is accomplished by a Rocker bogie suspension system driven by six wheels. Brushless DC motors are used to drive the wheels to move along the desired path and steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels. The wheels are designed after extensive modelling of the wheel-soil interaction, considering the lunar soil properties, sinkage and slippage results from a single wheel test bed. The Rover mobility has been tested in the Lunar test facility wherein the soil simulant, terrain and the gravity of moon are simulated. The limitations w.r.t slope, obstacles, pits in view of slippage/sinkage have been experimentally verified with the analysis results.|last3=Vanitha|first3=Muthayaa}} [https://archive.org/details/IAAFSE170602Annadurai/page/n6 Alt URL]</ref>

The expected operating time of ''Pragyan'' rover was one lunar day or around 14 Earth days, as its electronics were not designed to endure the frigid lunar night. Its power system had a solar-powered sleep/wake-up cycle implemented, which could have resulted in longer service time than planned.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873/| title=Dr M Annadurai, Project director, Chandrayaan 1: 'Chandrayaan 2 logical extension of what we did in first mission'|date=2019-06-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last1=Payyappilly| first1=Baiju| last2=Muthusamy |first2=Sankaran| date=17 January 2018 |chapter=Design framework of a configurable electrical power system for lunar rover| chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321408524|title=2017 4th International Conference on Power, Control & Embedded Systems (ICPCES) |pages=1–6| doi=10.1109/ICPCES.2017.8117660| isbn=978-1-5090-4426-9| s2cid=38638820}}</ref>

* Dimensions: 0.9 × 0.75 × 0.85 m<ref name="Launchkit_gl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/launch-kit-glance|title=Launch Kit at a glance - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=2019-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723232918/https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/launch-kit-glance|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Power: 50 W<ref name="Launchkit_gl" />
* Travel speed: 1 cm/sec.<ref name="Launchkit_gl" />
* Planned mission duration: ≤14 days (one lunar day)

==Planned landing site ==

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:85%;"
!Landing site<ref name="Amitabh2018"/>
!Coordinates
|-
|Prime landing site
|{{Coord|70.90267|S|22.78110|E|globe:Moon|display=inline}}
|-
|Alternate landing site
|{{Coord|67.87406|S|18.46947|W|globe:Moon|display=inline}}
|-
|}
Two landing sites were selected, each with a landing ellipse of 32 km x 11 km.<ref name="Amitabh2018"/> The prime landing site (PLS54) was at 70.90267 S 22.78110 E (~350 km north of the [[South Pole-Aitken Basin]] rim<ref name="Rishitosh 2019">[https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/1493.pdf Geological Insights into Chandrayaan-2 Landing Site in the Southern High Latitudes of the Moon.] Rishitosh K. Sinha, Vijayan Sivaprahasam, Megha Bhatt, Harish Nandal, Nandita Kumari, Neeraj Srivastava, Indhu Varatharajan, Dwijesh Ray, Christian Wöhler, and Anil Bhardwaj. 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132).</ref><ref name="Amitabh2018"/>), and the alternate landing site (ALS01) was at 67.874064 S 18.46947 W. The prime site was on a high plain between the [[Lunar craters|craters]] [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]],<ref>[https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-how-lander-vikram-will-touchdown-on-the-moon-1563081825336.html Chandrayaan-2: How 'Lander Vikram' will touchdown on the moon?] Srishti Choudhary, ''Live Mint'' 14 July 2019.</ref><ref name='Rishitosh 2019'/> on the [[near side of the Moon]].<ref name="Amitabh2018"/> The criteria used to select the landing zones were: south polar region, on the [[Near side of the Moon|near side]], slope less than 15 degrees, boulders less than {{cvt|50|cm|in}}, crater and boulder distribution, sunlit for at least 14 days, nearby ridges do not shadow the site for long durations.<ref name="Amitabh2018"/>

The planned landing site and its alternate site, are located within the polar [[List of quadrangles on the Moon|LQ30 quadrangle]]. The surface likely consists of impact melt, possibly mantled by ejecta from the massive [[South Pole–Aitken basin]] and mixing by subsequent nearby impacts.<ref name='Mest 2015'>[https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/2510.pdf Update on the Geologic Mapping of the Lunar South Pole Quadrangle (LQ-30): Evaluating Mare, Cryptomare and Impact Melt Deposits.] S. C. Mest, D. C. Berman, N.E. Petro, and R. A. Yingst. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2015).</ref> The nature of the melt is mostly [[mafic]],<ref name='Mest 2015'/> meaning it is rich in [[silicate mineral]], [[magnesium]] and [[iron]]. The region could also offer scientifically valuable rocks from the [[Internal structure of the Moon|lunar mantle]] if the basin impactor excavated all the way through the crust.<ref>[https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/as-india-prepares-for-another-moon-mission-here-is-what-makes-chandrayaan-2-special/262403/ As India prepares for another Moon mission, here is what makes Chandrayaan-2 special.] Sandhya Ramesh, ''The Print''. 14 July 2019.</ref>

==Crash landing==
The ''Vikram'' lander, carrying the ''Pragyan'' rover, separated from the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter on 7 September 2019 and was scheduled to land on the Moon at around 1:50 a.m. IST. The initial descent was considered within mission parameters, passing critical braking procedures as planned. The descent and soft-landing was to be done by the on-board computers on ''Vikram'', with mission control unable to make corrections.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/chandrayaan-2-heres-everything-about-isro-moon-landing-its-vikram-lander/1697029/ Chandrayaan 2: Here's everything about ISRO Moon-landing its Vikram lander.] ''Financial Express''. Ribhu Mishra, 7 September 2019.</ref>

The lander's trajectory began to deviate at about {{convert|2.1|km|mi ft}} above the surface.<ref>[https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-found-by-chandrayaan-2-orbiter.html India Just Found Its Lost Vikram Lander on the Moon, Still No Signal.] Tariq Malik ,''Space''. 8 September 2019.</ref> The final [[telemetry]] readings during ISRO's live-stream show that ''Vikram''{{'s}} final vertical velocity was {{cvt|58|m/s|km/h}} from 330 meters above the surface which, according to the MIT ''Technology Review'', is "quite fast for a lunar landing."<ref name='Patel MIT'>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614280/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 lander likely crashed into the moon's surface.|author=Neel V. Patel|website=MIT Technology Review|date=6 September 2019|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> Initial reports suggesting a crash,<ref name='Apparent crash'>[https://www.space.com/india-moon-mission-not-over-chandrayaan-2.html India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash.] Mike Wall, ''Space''. 7 September 2019. Quote: "India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash."</ref><ref name="planetary landing">{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/vikram-apparently-crash-lands.html|title=India's Vikram Spacecraft Apparently Crash-Lands on Moon|website=www.planetary.org|language=en|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref> have been confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan, stating that the lander location had been found, and "it must had been a hard landing".<ref name="Hard landing TOI"/><ref name="landerspotted">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lander-vikram-located-k-sivan20190908141242/|title=Lander Vikram located: K Sivan|website=www.aninews.in|language=en|access-date=2019-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-2-lander-moon.html | title = India Says It Has Located Chandrayaan-2 Lander on Moon's Surface | first = Kai | last= Schultz | date = 8 September 2019 | access-date = 8 September 2019 | work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> The [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] took images of the crash site, showing that the lander and the Pragyan rover inside the lander had been destroyed by the impact, creating an impact site and debris field spanning kilometres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/indias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface|title=India's crashed Vikram moon lander spotted on lunar surface |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=December 3, 2019|website=the Guardian}}</ref>

The orbiter part of the mission, with eight scientific instruments, remains operational and will continue its seven-year mission to study the Moon.

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Artemis program]], NASA's lunar program
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
* [[Luna-Glob]], Russian lunar program
* [[Lunar rover]]
* [[Rover (space exploration)]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Lunar rovers}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Solar System probes}}
{{Orbital launches in 2019}}
{{Orbital launches in 2023}}

[[Category:Lunar rovers]]
[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Space probes launched in 2019]]
[[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme]]
[[Category:2019 in India]]
[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by GSLV rockets]]
[[Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon]]
[[Category:Space probes decommissioned in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 on the Moon]]

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