Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanot: Finished writing a new addition.

2023-03-10T23:24:41Z

Finished writing a new addition.

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{{Short description|Fortress in Lhasa, Tibet}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name = པོ་ཏ་ལ་ཕོ་བྲང <br /> Potala Palace
|image = Palacio de Potala - 02.JPG
|alt =
|caption =
|pushpin_map = Tibet
|coordinates = {{coord|29|39|28|N|91|07|01|E|type:landmark_region:CN|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location within Tibet Autonomous Region
|location = [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa, Tibet]], China
|founded_by = [[Songtsen Gampo]]
|established = 1649
|sect =

|lineage = [[Dalai Lama]]
|dedicated_to =
|head_lama = [[14th Dalai Lama]]
|colleges =
|no._of_monks =
|architecture =
|footnotes = {{designation list | embed=yes
| designation1=WHS
| designation1_offname= Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa
| designation1_date = 1994 (18th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_criteria = i, iv, vi
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/707 707]
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia|Asia-Pacific]]
| designation1_free2name = Extensions
| designation1_free2value = 2000; 2001
}}
}}
The '''Potala Palace''' is a [[Dzong architecture|''dzong'' fortress]] in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa, Tibet]], China. It was the winter palace of the [[Dalai Lama]]s from 1649 to 1959, has been a museum since then, and a [[World Heritage Site]] since 1994.

The palace is named after [[Mount Potalaka]], the mythical abode of the [[bodhisattva]] [[Avalokiteśvara]].<ref>[[Rolf Stein|Stein, R. A]]. ''Tibetan Civilization'' (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84</ref> The [[5th Dalai Lama]] started its construction in 1645<ref name="Laird, Thomas 2006 pp. 175">Laird, Thomas. (2006). ''The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama'', pp. 175. Grove Press, New York. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-1827-1}}.</ref> after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between [[Drepung Monastery|Drepung]] and [[Sera Monastery|Sera]] monasteries and the old city of [[Lhasa]].<ref name="autogenerated1">Karmay, Samten C. (2005). "The Great Fifth", p. 1. Downloaded as a pdf file on 16 December 2007 from: [http://www.iias.nl/nl/39/IIAS_NL39_1213.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915182901/http://www.iias.nl/nl/39/IIAS_NL39_1213.pdf}}</ref> It may overlay the remains of an earlier fortress called the White or Red Palace on the site,<ref>[[Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa|W. D. Shakabpa]], ''One hundred thousand moons'', translated with an introduction by [[Derek F. Maher]], Vol.1, BRILL, 2010 p. 48</ref> built by [[Songtsen Gampo]] in 637.<ref>Michael Dillon, ''China : a cultural and historical dictionary,'' Routledge, 1998, p. 184.</ref>

The building measures {{convert|400|m}} east-west and {{convert|350|m}} north-south, with sloping stone walls averaging {{convert|3|m}} thick, and {{convert|5|m}} thick at the base, and with copper poured into the foundations to help proof it against earthquakes.<ref>Booz, Elisabeth B. (1986). ''Tibet'', pp. 62–63. Passport Books, Hong Kong.</ref> Thirteen storeys of buildings, containing over 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines and about 200,000 statues, soar {{convert|117|m}} on top of Marpo Ri, the "Red Hill", rising more than {{convert|300|m}} in total above the valley floor.<ref name=autogenerated2>Buckley, Michael and Strausss, Robert. ''Tibet: a travel survival kit'', p. 131. Lonely Planet. South Yarra, Vic., Australia. {{ISBN|0-908086-88-1}}.</ref>

Tradition has it that the three main hills of [[Lhasa]] represent the "Three Protectors of Tibet". [[Chokpori]], just to the south of the Potala, is the soul-mountain ({{bo|w=bla ri}}) of [[Vajrapani]], Pongwari that of [[Manjusri]], and Marpori, the hill on which the Potala stands, represents [[Avalokiteśvara]].<ref>Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization'', p. 228. Translated by J. E. Stapleton Driver. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. {{ISBN|0-8047-0806-1}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-8047-0901-7}} (paper).</ref>

== History ==
[[File:The Zhol PIllar in 1949.jpg|thumb|left|The Sertreng ceremony photographed by [[Hugh Edward Richardson]] on 28 April 1949 with the double giant thangka banner on the white front of the palace.]]
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Potala Palace in Different Languages.png
| piccap = "Potala Palace" in Tibetan Umey script (top), traditional Mongol script (left), Latinized Tibetan, Wylie Latinization of Tibetan script, Mongol Cyrillic script, the holy Lantsa script, Devanagari script, traditional Chinese (bottom left), and simplified Chinese (bottom right).
| picupright = 0.725
| tib = པོ་ཏ་ལ་ཕོ་བྲང
| wylie = po ta la pho brang
| mong = ᠪᠦᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠥᠷᠳᠥᠨ
}}The site on which the Potala Palace rises is built over a palace erected by [[Songtsen Gampo]] on the Red Hill.<ref>[[Derek F. Maher]] in [[W. D. Shakabpa]], ''One hundred thousand moons'', translated with an introduction by [[Derek F. Maher]], BRILL, 2010, Vol. 1, p. 123.</ref> The Potala contains two chapels on its northwest corner that conserve parts of the original building. One is the Phakpa Lhakhang, the other the Chogyel Drupuk, a recessed cavern identified as Songtsen Gampo's meditation cave.<ref>Gyurme Dorje, ''Tibet Handbook: With Bhutan'', Footprint Travel Guides, 1999 pp. 101–3.</ref> [[Lozang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama|Lozang Gyatso]], the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the modern Potala Palace in 1645<ref name="Laird, Thomas 2006 pp. 175" /> after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between [[Drepung]] and [[Sera Monastery|Sera]] monasteries and the old city of Lhasa.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The external structure was built in 3 years, while the interior, together with its furnishings, took 45 years to complete.<ref>W. D. Shakabpa, ''One hundred thousand moons'', translated with an introduction by Derek F. Maher BRILL, 2010, Vol.1, pp. 48–9.</ref> The Dalai Lama and his government moved into the Potrang Karpo ('White Palace') in 1649.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Construction lasted until 1694,<ref name="autogenerated3">Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 84.</ref> some twelve years after his death. The Potala was used as a winter palace by the Dalai Lama from that time. The Potrang Marpo ('Red Palace') was added between 1690 and 1694.<ref name="autogenerated3" />

The new palace got its name from a hill on [[Cape Comorin]] at the southern tip of India—a rocky point sacred to the bodhisattva of compassion, who is known as [[Avalokitesvara]], or Chenrezi. The Tibetans themselves rarely speak of the sacred place as the "Potala", but rather as "Peak Potala" (''Tse Potala''), or most commonly as "the Peak".<ref>Lowell Thomas, Jr. (1951). ''Out of this World: Across the Himalayas to Tibet''. Reprint: 1952, p. 181. Macdonald & Co., London</ref>

The palace was moderately damaged during the [[1959 Tibetan uprising|Tibetan uprising against the Chinese in 1959]], when Chinese shells were launched into the palace's windows.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Topping |first=Audrey |title=JOURNEY TO TIBET: HIDDEN SPLENDORS OF AN EXILED DEITY |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/09/archives/journey-to-tibet-hidden-splendors-of-an-exiled-deity.html |access-date=2023-06-15 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Before Chamdo Jampa Kalden was shot and taken prisoner by soldiers of the [[People's Liberation Army]], he witnessed "Chinese cannon shells began landing on Norbulingka past midnight on 19 March 1959... The sky lit up as the Chinese shells hit the Chakpori Medical College and the Potala."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aukatsang|first1=Youdon|last2=Aukatsang|first2=Kaydor|author-link2=Kaydor Aukatsang|title=The Lion From Chamdo: Remembering a True Son of Tibet|publisher=Mahayana Press|location=New Delhi, India|page=8|language=en}}</ref> It also escaped damage during the [[Cultural Revolution]] in 1966 through the personal intervention of [[Zhou Enlai]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Larsen |first1=Ingrid |title=Climbing to Great Heights - The Potala Palace |url=https://www.smithsonianjourneys.org/blog/climbing-to-great-heights-the-potala-palace-180951293/ |website=smithsonianjourneys.org |access-date=8 May 2021 |quote=The Potala was spared at the insistence of Chairman Mao’s comrade, Zhou Enlai, who reportedly deployed his own troops to protect it.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=II. Cultural Relics and Ancient Books and Records Are Well Preserved and Utilized |url=http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/2/2.2.htm |website=Govt. White Papers - china.org.cn |access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> who was then the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China]]. According to Tibetan historian Tsering Woeser, the palace, which harboured "over 100,000 volumes of scriptures and historical documents" and "many store rooms for housing precious objects, handicrafts, paintings, wall hangings, statues, and ancient armour", "was almost robbed empty".<ref>[[Oser]], [http://www.hrichina.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/CRF.4.2007/CRF-2007-4_Potala.pdf Decline of Potala], 2007</ref>[[File:IMG 1206 Lhasa Potala.jpg|thumb|The former quarters of the Dalai Lama. The figure in the throne represents [[Tenzin Gyatso]], the incumbent [[Dalai Lama]]|left]]The Potala Palace was inscribed to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] in 1994. In 2000 and 2001, [[Jokhang Temple]] and [[Norbulingka]] were added to the list as extensions to the sites. Rapid modernisation has been a concern for UNESCO, however, which expressed concern over the building of modern structures immediately around the palace which threaten the palace's unique atmosphere.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6920782.stm | work=BBC News | title=Development 'not ruining' Potala | date=28 July 2007 | access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref> The Chinese government responded by enacting a rule barring the building of any structure taller than 21 metres in the area. UNESCO was also concerned over the materials used during the restoration of the palace, which commenced in 2002 at a cost of RMB180 million (US$22.5 million), although the palace's director, Qiangba Gesang, has clarified that only traditional materials and craftsmanship were used. The palace has also received restoration works between 1989 and 1994, costing RMB55 million (US$6.875 million).

The number of visitors to the palace was restricted to 1,600 a day, with opening hours reduced to six hours daily to avoid over-crowding from 1 May 2003. The palace was receiving an average of 1,500 a day prior to the introduction of the quota, sometimes peaking to over 5,000 in one day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-08/15/content_255095.htm|title=Tourist entry restriction protects Potala Palace|work=chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> Visits to the structure's roof were banned after restoration efforts were completed in 2006 to avoid further structural damage.<ref>[http://english.gov.cn/2005-11/04/content_91537.htm Potala Palace bans roof tour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526082726/http://english.gov.cn/2005-11/04/content_91537.htm }}</ref> Visitorship quotas were raised to 2,300 daily to accommodate a 30% increase in visitorship since the opening of the [[Qingzang railway]] into Lhasa on 1 July 2006, but the quota is often reached by mid-morning.<ref>[http://english.gov.cn/2006-07/28/content_348907.htm Tibet's Potala Palace to restrict visitors to 2,300 a day] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520101551/http://english.gov.cn/2006-07/28/content_348907.htm }}</ref> Opening hours were extended during the peak period in the months of July to September, where over 6,000 visitors would descend on the site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/gyzg/t316250.htm|title=Tibet bans price rises at all tourist sites(05/04/07)|work=china-embassy.org}}</ref>

in February 2022 Tibetan pop star [[Tsewang Norbu]] set himself on fire in front of the Potala Palace and died. The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Foreign Ministry of China]] has disputed this.<ref name="Economist">{{cite web|title=Deciphering a Tibetan Pop Star's Self-immolation |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2022/04/02/deciphering-a-tibetan-pop-stars-self-immolation |website=economist.com |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:Lhasa Potala.jpg|thumb|Architecture of the Potala Palace]]
Built at an altitude of 3,700 m (12,100 ft), on the side of Ri Marpo ('Red Mountain') in the centre of Lhasa Valley,<ref>Stein, R. A. ''Tibetan Civilization'' (1962). Translated into English with minor revisions by the author. 1st English edition by Faber & Faber, London (1972). Reprint: Stanford University Press (1972), p. 206</ref> the Potala Palace, with its vast inward-sloping walls broken only in the upper parts by straight rows of many windows, and its flat roofs at various levels, is not unlike a fortress in appearance. At the south base of the rock is a large space enclosed by walls and gates, with great [[portico]]s on the inner side. A series of tolerably easy staircases, broken by intervals of gentle ascent, leads to the summit of the rock. The whole width of this is occupied by the palace.

The central part of this group of buildings rises in a vast quadrangular mass above its satellites to a great height, terminating in gilt canopies similar to those on the [[Jokhang]]. This central member of Potala is called the "red palace" from its crimson colour, which distinguishes it from the rest. It contains the principal halls and chapels and shrines of past Dalai Lamas. There is in these much rich decorative painting, with jewelled work, carving and other ornamentation.

The lower white frontage on the south side of the palace was used to hoist two gigantic thangkas joined representing the figures of [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] and [[Sakyamuni]] during the Sertreng Festival on the 30th day of the second Tibetan month.<ref>[http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/tibet/glossary.php.html Sertreng].</ref><ref>[http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/tibet/photo_BMR.6.8.5.html The Potala taken from the south].</ref>

The Chinese [[Putuo Zongcheng Temple]], also a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], built between 1767 and 1771, was in part modelled after the Potala Palace. The palace was named by the American television show ''[[Good Morning America]]'' and newspaper ''[[USA Today]]'' as one of the "[[Seven Wonders of the World#New Seven Wonders|New Seven Wonders]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/7Wonders/|title=ABC Good Morning America "7 New Wonders" Page|work=Yahoo}}</ref>

The nine-storey [[Leh Palace]] in [[Leh, Ladakh]], India built by King [[Sengge Namgyal]] (c. 1570–1642), was a precursor of the Potala Palace.

== The Lhasa Zhol Pillars ==
[[File:Lhasa Zhol Rdo-rings 1993.JPG|thumb|[[Lhasa Zhol Pillar]] in 1993]]
Lhasa Zhol Village has two stone pillars or ''rdo-rings'', an interior stone pillar or ''doring nangma'', which stands within the village fortification walls, and the exterior stone pillar or ''doring chima'',<ref>Larsen and Sinding-Larsen (2001), p. 78.</ref> which originally stood outside the South entrance to the village. Today the pillar stands neglected to the East of the Liberation Square, on the South side of Beijing Avenue.

The ''doring chima'' dates as far back as circa 764, "or only a little later",<ref>Richardson (1985), p. 2.</ref> and is inscribed with what may be the oldest known example of Tibetan writing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631214816_chunk_g978063121481622_ss1-17|title=Tibetan writing|last=Coulmas|first=Florian|year=1999|publisher=Blackwell Reference Online|access-date=2009-10-20|archive-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716031534/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631214816_chunk_g978063121481622_ss1-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The pillar contains dedications to a famous Tibetan general and gives an account of his services to the king including campaigns against China which culminated in the brief capture of the Chinese capital [[Chang'an]] (modern [[Xian]]) in 763<ref>Snellgrove and Richardson (1995), p. 91.</ref> during which the Tibetans temporarily installed as Emperor a relative of Princess Jincheng Gongzhu (Kim-sheng Kong co), the Chinese wife of [[Trisong Detsen]]'s father, [[Me Agtsom]].<ref>Richardson (1984), p. 30.</ref><ref>Beckwith (1987), p. 148.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Potala Palace (23651397662).jpg|View showing recent Western Gate shops, highway, 2015
File:Potala-from-behind 07-2005.jpg|View of the Potala from behind, seen from Ching Drol Chi Ling
File:Potala Palace HQ.jpg|alt=|Potala Palace with Lhasa in the foreground
File:The quiet and peaceful park, pond, and chapel behind the Potala.jpg|The park, pond, and chapel behind the Potala
File:Deatail of decoration in Potala.jpg|Detail of decoration in Potala
File:Mendicant monk. Lhasa 1993.jpg|[[Mendicant]] monk at base of Potala, 1993
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Norbulingka]], the Dalai Lama's former summer palace
*[[Jokhang Temple Monastery]]
*[[Dhvaja]]
*''[[Kundun]]'', a 1997 film about the Dalai Lama, chiefly set inside the palace
*''[[Seven Years in Tibet]]''
*[[Leh Palace]]
*[[Mount Putuo]]
*[[List of tallest structures built before the 20th century]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}

== References ==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Lhasa|volume=16|pages=529–532}} (See p. 530.)
* [[Beckwith, Christopher I.]] (1987). ''The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia''. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. {{ISBN|0-691-02469-3}}.
* "Reading the Potala". Peter Bishop. In: ''Sacred Spaces and Powerful Places in Tibetan Culture: A Collection of Essays''. (1999) Edited by Toni Huber, pp. 367–388. The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, H.P., India. {{ISBN|81-86470-22-0}}.
* Das, Sarat Chandra. ''Lhasa and Central Tibet''. (1902). Edited by W. W. Rockhill. Reprint: Mehra Offset Press, Delhi (1988), pp. 145–146; 166–169; 262-263 and illustration opposite p. 154.
* Larsen and Sinding-Larsen (2001). ''The Lhasa Atlas: Traditional Tibetan Architecture and Landscape'', Knud Larsen and Amund Sinding-Larsen. Shambhala Books, Boston. {{ISBN|1-57062-867-X}}.
* [[Richardson, Hugh E.]] (1984) ''Tibet & Its History''. 1st edition 1962. Second Edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications. Boston {{ISBN|0-87773-376-7}}.
* Richardson, Hugh E. (1985). ''A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions''. Royal Asiatic Society. {{ISBN|0-94759300-4}}.
* Snellgrove, David & Hugh Richardson. (1995). ''A Cultural History of Tibet''. 1st edition 1968. 1995 edition with new material. Shambhala. Boston & London. {{ISBN|1-57062-102-0}}.
* von Schroeder, Ulrich. (1981). ''Indo-Tibetan Bronzes''. (608 pages, 1244 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-01-8}}
* von Schroeder, Ulrich. (2001). ''Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet''. Vol. One: ''India & Nepal''; Vol. Two: ''Tibet & China''. (Volume One: 655 pages with 766 illustrations; Volume Two: 675 pages with 987 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. {{ISBN|962-7049-07-7}}
* von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2008. ''108 Buddhist Statues in Tibet''. (212 p., 112 colour illustrations) (DVD with 527 digital photographs). Chicago: Serindia Publications. {{ISBN|962-7049-08-5}}

== External links ==
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/707 Potala Palace] at [[UNESCO|UNESCO.org]]
*[https://treasuryoflives.org/institution/Potala Potala Palace] with related biographies, art, and timelines (The Treasury of Lives)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080518185033/http://www.thdl.org/xml/show.php?xml=collections%2Fhistory%2Fhsct%2Fsites%2Fhsctregions.xml&div=hsct5702&m=hp Potala] (Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070716074430/http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication/chbs/10/chbs1011.htm#nf28 Research work on possible relation with Potala, Malaya Mountains and South India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070224150028/http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/kailash/kailash_07_01_01.pdf Research work on Buddhism in India]
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&ie=UTF8&ll=29.656806,91.117773&spn=0.004065,0.006791&z=17 Google Maps location of Potala Palace]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110816074748/http://www.sight3d.com/sights/Potala-Palace Three-dimensional rendering of Potala Palace] {{in lang|en|es|de}}
* {{Osmway |176772035}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170721080353/http://www.ancientpotalapalace.com/ The Potala palace] (archived)
* [https://www.tibettravelexpert.com/attraction/lhasa/potala-palace/ Potala Palace Tour] in Tibet is one of the most prominent attractions to be visited not only by the tourists from all around the world but even to the native Tibetans and the Potala Place had been list in UNESCO's World Heritage in 1994.

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Dalai Lamas}}
{{TibetanBuddhism}}
{{Lhasa}}
{{Dzongs of Tibet}}
{{World Heritage Sites in China}}

[[Category:Buddhist buildings in Tibet]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lhasa]]
[[Category:Dzongs in Tibet]]
[[Category:Palaces in Tibet]]
[[Category:Royal residences in Tibet]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in China]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1694]]
[[Category:1640s establishments in Tibet]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Tibet]]
[[Category:1694 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet]]
[[Category:History of Lhasa]]

Potala Palace - Revision history

TomOcampo9313: further expand intro for consistency additionally and updated info

Brahmashri Pradeep Bhanot: Finished writing a new addition.