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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
The '''Book of Poruḷ''', in full '''Poruṭpāl''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: பொருட்பால், literally, "division of wealth or polity"), also known as the '''Book of Wealth''', '''Book of Polity''', '''the Second Book''' or '''Book Two''' in translated versions, is the second of the three books or parts of the [[Tirukkural|Kural literature]], authored by the [[Ancient India|ancient Indian]] [[philosopher]] [[Valluvar]]. Written in [[Old Tamil language|High Tamil]] [[distich]] form, it has 70 chapters each containing 10 kurals or couplets, making a total of 700 couplets all dealing with statecraft. ''Poruḷ'', which means both 'wealth' and 'meaning', correlates with the second of the four [[Dharmic religion|ancient Indian values]] of [[dharma]], [[artha]], [[kama]] and [[moksha]]. The Book of Poruḷ deals with polity, or virtues of an individual with respect to the surroundings, including the stately qualities of administration, wisdom, prudence, nobility, diplomacy, citizenship, geniality, industry, chastity, sobriety and teetotalism, that is expected of every individual, keeping ''aṟam'' or ''dharma'' as the base.{{sfn| R. Kumaravelan (Ed.) |2008|pp=4–17}}{{sfn|Mohan Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334}}

==Etymology and meanings==
''Poruḷ'' is the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word that corresponds to the [[Sanskrit]] term 'artha', and ''pāl'' refers to 'division'. Similar to its cousins ''aṟam'' ([[dharma]]), ''inbam'' ([[kama]]), and ''veedu'' ([[moksha]]), ''poruḷ'' as a concept includes multiple meanings, rendering it almost [[Untranslatability|impossible to capture its meaning in a single word]] in any non-Indian language.{{sfn| Gavin Flood |1996|pp=11–13}} The term ''artha'', however, is common to all Indian languages.

As one of the four mutually non-exclusive aims of human life in Indian philosophy called the [[Puruṣārtha]],{{sfn| James Lochtefeld |2002|pp=55–56}}{{sfn| Bruce Sullivan |1997|pp=29–30}}{{sfn| Encyclopædia Britannica|1992|p=601}}<ref>See:
* A. Sharma (1982), The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology, Michigan State University, {{ISBN|978-99936-24-31-8}}, pp 9–12; See review by Frank Whaling in Numen, Vol. 31, 1 (Jul., 1984), pp. 140–142;
* A. Sharma (1999), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40018229 The Puruṣārthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism], The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 223–256;
* Chris Bartley (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Editor: Oliver Learman, {{ISBN|0-415-17281-0}}, Routledge, Article on Purushartha, pp 443</ref> ''poruḷ'' literally translates as "meaning, sense, goal, purpose or essence" depending on the context.<ref>See:
* [http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=artha&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 Sanskrit English Dictionary] University of Kloen, Germany (2009)
* Karl Potter (1998), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 3, {{ISBN|81-208-0310-8}}, Motilal Banarsidass, pp 610 (note 17)</ref> ''Poruḷ'' is also a broader concept in the scriptures of [[Hinduism]]. As a concept, it has multiple meanings, all implying "means of life", activities and resources that enable one to be in a state one wants to be in.<ref name=johnk> {{cite journal
| last = Koller
| first = John
| title = Puruṣārtha as Human Aims
| journal = Philosophy East and West
| volume = 18
| issue = 4
| pages = 315–319
| date = October 1968
| jstor =1398408
| doi =10.2307/1398408
}}</ref>

''Poruḷ'' applies to both an individual and a government. In an individual's context, ''poruḷ'' includes wealth, career, activity to make a living, financial security and economic prosperity. At government level, ''poruḷ'' includes social, legal, economic and worldly affairs. Proper pursuit of it is considered an important and necessary objective of both the individual and the government.{{sfn| Bruce Sullivan |1997|pp=29–30}}{{sfn| Constance Jones and James Ryan|2007|p=45}}

John Lochtefeld describes ''artha'' as the means of life, and includes material prosperity.{{sfn| James Lochtefeld |2002|pp=55–56}} [[Karl Harrington Potter|Karl Potter]] explains it as an attitude and capability that enables one to make a living, to remain alive, to thrive as a free person.{{sfn| Karl H. Potter|2002|pp=1–29}} It includes economic prosperity, security and health of oneself and those one feels responsible for.<ref name=swsk>Scott Walsworth and Suresh Kalagnanam (2013), Applying the Hindu four stage life cycle model to human resource management, International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, Volume 6, Number 4, pp. 507–519</ref> Artha includes everything in one's environment that allows one to live. It is neither an end state nor an endless goal of aimlessly amassing money, claims Karl Potter, rather it is an attitude and necessary requirement of human life.{{sfn| Karl H. Potter|2002|pp=1–29}} In a different viewpoint, John Koller suggests artha is not an attitude, rather it is one of the necessities of human life.<ref name=johnk/> A central premise of Hindu philosophy, claims Koller, is that every person should live a joyous and pleasurable life, that such fulfilling life requires every person's needs and desires be acknowledged and fulfilled, that needs can only be satisfied through activity and when sufficient means for those activities are available. Artha, then, is best described as pursuit of activities and means necessary for a joyous and pleasurable life.<ref name=johnk/> [[Daya Krishna]] views artha as a subset of [[kama]] and [[karma]].{{sfn| Daya Krishna|2000|pp=11–24}}

[[Vatsyayana]] in Kama Sutra defines ''artha'' as the acquisition of arts, land, cattle, wealth, equipages and friends. He explains, artha is also protection of what is already acquired, and the increase of what is protected.<ref name=ksv>The Hindu Kama Shastra Society (1925), [https://archive.org/stream/kamasutraofvatsy00vatsuoft#page/8/mode/2up The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana], University of Toronto Archives, pp. 8</ref> [[Gavin Flood]] explains artha as "worldly success" without violating dharma (moral responsibility), kama (love) and one's journey towards moksha (spiritual liberation).{{sfn| Gavin Flood |1996|pp=11–13}} Flood clarifies that ''artha'' in ancient Hindu literature, as well as purushartha, is better understood as a goal of Man (not a man). In other words, it is one of the four purposes of human life. The survival and the thriving of humans requires artha—that is, economic activity, wealth and its creation, worldly success, profit, political success and all that is necessary for human existence.{{sfn| Gavin Flood |1996|pp=11–13}}

Medieval commentators such as [[Pariperumal]], [[Ilampooranar]], and [[Nacchinarkkiniyar]] define ''porul'' as essential elements of a state.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2020|p=13}} Pariperumal's definition to ''porul'' provides an overall synopsis to the chapters of the Book of Porul.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2020|p=13}} According to S. N. Kandasamy, within the Kural literature the term ''poruḷ'' takes various meanings, including asset, meaning, possession, wealth, good result, virtue, quality, reality, deed, importance or essentiality, and good things.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2020|p=12}}{{Ref label|A|a|none}} Kandasamy further states that despite all the vast variations in meaning, the term ''poruḷ'' primarily means the ultimate reality.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2020|p=12}}{{Ref label|B|b|none}}

==The book and its chapters==
The Book of Poruḷ talks about the interpersonal skills of an individual that are essential to lead a meaningful life in the society. It covers both political and economic matters.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=155}}{{sfn|Sujit Mukherjee|1999|pp=392–393}} With 70 chapters, the Book of Poruḷ is the largest of the three books of the Kural text.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2020|p=11}} The chapters chiefly deal with polity and administration, including citizenship and social relations,{{sfn|Mohan Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334}}{{sfn|Vanmeegar|2012|pp=vii–xvi}} in a manner similar to the Hindu text ''[[Arthasastra]]''.{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=152–154, context: 144–154 (Chapter: Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia)}}{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2020|pp=13–14}} According to [[Czech people|Czech]] [[Indologist]] [[Kamil Zvelebil]], Valluvar "undoubtedly" bases some of his teachings in the Book of Poruḷ on the then extant Sanskrit works such as the ''Arthashastra''.{{sfn|Zvelebil, 1973|pp=170–171}} The text insists on a royalty with ministers bound to a code of ethics and a system of justice rather than democracy.{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=124-125}} In the words of K. V. Nagarajan, the king, according to Valluvar, is assigned the "role of producing, acquiring, conserving, and dispensing wealth".{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=152-154, 144-151}}{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=124-125}} The king's duty is to provide a just rule, be impartial and have courage in protecting his subjects and in meting out justice and punishment.{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=124-125}} Valluvar insists that an army has a duty to kill in battle, and a king must execute criminals for justice,{{sfn|Ananthanathan, 1994|p=325}}{{Ref label|C|c|none}} but does so only after emphasizing non-killing as every individual's personal virtue in the [[Book of Aṟam]].{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=124-125}} The book also cautions against tyranny, oppression and nepotism, with the suggestion that such royal behavior ultimately results in disasters, depletes the state's wealth and ultimately results in the loss of power and prosperity.{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=124-126}} The book, in a social and political context, recommends a death sentence for the wicked only as a means of justice.{{sfn|Das|1997|pp=11-12}}{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=125-127}}{{sfn|Subramaniam|1963|pp=162-174}} Valluvar presents his theory of state using six elements: army (''patai''), subjects (''kuti''), treasure (''kul''), ministers (''amaiccu''), allies (''natpu''), and forts (''aran''),{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=152-154, 144-151}} recommending forts and other infrastructure, supplies and food storage in preparation for siege.{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2012|pp=152-154, 144-151}}{{sfn|Sensarma, 1981|pp=40-42}} A king and his army must always be ready for war, and should launch a violent offensive, at the right place and right time, when the situation so demands and particularly against corrupt kingdoms. A good and strong kingdom must be protected with forts made of thick, high and impenetrable walls. The text recommends a hierarchical military organization staffed with fearless soldiers who are willing to die in war.{{sfn|K.V. Nagarajan|2005|pp=126-127}}

As with Books I and III of the Kural text, the author did not group the chapters under any subdivisions.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=158}} However, the [[Ten Medieval Commentators|ten medieval commentators]], who were the first to write commentaries about the Tirukkural, divided the Book of Poruḷ variously between three and six portions.{{sfn| R. Kumaravelan (Ed.) |2008|pp=4–17}}{{sfn|M. V. Aravindan|2018|p=105}}{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2020|p=16}} For example, while [[Parimelalhagar]]'s division consists of three parts, other medieval scholars have divided the Book of Poruḷ into five or even six portions.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=158}}

{{hidden begin
|title = Outline of the Book of Poruḷ
|titlestyle = background:lightblue;width:60%
}}
;Book Two—Wealth (பொருட்பால் ''Poruṭpāl'')
* Chapter 39. The Greatness of a King (இறைமாட்சி ''iṟaimāṭci''): 381–390
* Chapter 40. Learning (கல்வி ''kalvi''): 391–400
* Chapter 41. Ignorance (கல்லாமை ''kallāmai''): 401–410
* Chapter 42. Hearing (கேள்வி ''kēḷvi''): 411–420
* Chapter 43. Knowledge Possession (அறிவுடைமை ''aṟivuṭaimai''): 421–430
* Chapter 44. Error Correction (குற்றங்கடிதல் ''kuṟṟaṅkaṭital''): 431–440
* Chapter 45. Seeking the Aid of Great Men (பெரியாரைத் துணைக்கோடல் ''periyārait tuṇaikkōṭal''): 441–450
* Chapter 46. Avoiding Mean Associations (சிற்றினஞ்சேராமை ''ciṟṟiṉañcērāmai''): 451–460
* Chapter 47. Acting after due Consideration (தெரிந்து செயல்வகை ''terintuceyalvakai''): 461–470
* Chapter 48. The Knowledge of Power (வலியறிதல் ''valiyaṟital''): 471–480
* Chapter 49. Knowledge of Apt Timing (காலமறிதல் ''kālamaṟital''): 481–490
* Chapter 50. Knowledge of Location (இடனறிதல் ''iṭaṉaṟital''): 491–500
* Chapter 51. Selection and Confidence (தெரிந்து தெளிதல் ''terintuteḷital''): 501–510
* Chapter 52. Selection and Employment (தெரிந்து வினையாடல் ''terintuviṉaiyāṭal''): 511–520
* Chapter 53. Cherishing One's Kindred (சுற்றந்தழால் ''cuṟṟantaḻāl''): 521–530
* Chapter 54. Unforgetfulness (பொச்சாவாமை ''poccāvāmai''): 531–540
* Chapter 55. The Right Sceptre (செங்கோன்மை ''ceṅkōṉmai''): 541–550
* Chapter 56. The Cruel Sceptre (கொடுங்கோன்மை ''koṭuṅkōṉmai''): 551–560
* Chapter 57. Absence of Terrorism (வெருவந்த செய்யாமை ''veruvantaceyyāmai''): 561–570
* Chapter 58. Benignity (கண்ணோட்டம் ''kaṇṇōṭṭam''): 571–580
* Chapter 59. Detectives (ஒற்றாடல் ''oṟṟāṭal''): 581–590
* Chapter 60. Energetics (ஊக்கமுடைமை ''ūkkamuṭaimai''): 591–600
* Chapter 61. Unsluggishness (மடியின்மை ''maṭiyiṉmai''): 601–610
* Chapter 62. Manly Effort (ஆள்வினையுடைமை ''āḷviṉaiyuṭaimai''): 611–620
* Chapter 63. Hopefulness in Trouble (இடுக்கண் அழியாமை ''iṭukkaṇ aḻiyāmai''): 621–630
* Chapter 64. Ministry of State (அமைச்சு ''amaiccu''): 631–640
* Chapter 65. Oratory (சொல்வன்மை ''colvaṉmai''): 641–650
* Chapter 66. Purity in Execution (வினைத்தூய்மை ''viṉaittūymai''): 651–660
* Chapter 67. Power in Execution (வினைத்திட்பம் ''viṉaittiṭpam''): 661–670
* Chapter 68. The Method of Execution (வினை செயல்வகை ''viṉaiceyalvakai''): 671–680
* Chapter 69. The Envoy (தூது ''tūtu''): 681–690
* Chapter 70. Conduct in the Presence of the King (மன்னரைச் சேர்ந்தொழுதல் ''maṉṉaraic cērntoḻutal''): 691–700
* Chapter 71. The Knowledge of Signals (குறிப்பறிதல் ''kuṟippaṟital''): 701–710
* Chapter 72. The Knowledge of the Council Chamber (அவையறிதல் ''avaiyaṟital''): 711–720
* Chapter 73. Dread avoidance (அவையஞ்சாமை ''avaiyañcāmai''): 721–730
* Chapter 74. The Land (நாடு ''nāṭu''): 731–740
* Chapter 75. The Fortification (அரண் ''araṇ''): 741–750
* Chapter 76. Wealth Accumulation (பொருள் செயல்வகை ''poruḷceyalvakai''): 751–760
* Chapter 77. The Excellence of an Army (படைமாட்சி ''paṭaimāṭci''): 761–770
* Chapter 78. Military Spirit (படைச்செருக்கு ''paṭaiccerukku''): 771–780
* Chapter 79. Friendship (நட்பு ''naṭpu''): 781–790
* Chapter 80. Investigation in Forming Friendships (நட்பாராய்தல் ''naṭpārāytal''): 791–800
* Chapter 81. Familiarity (பழைமை ''paḻaimai''): 801–810
* Chapter 82. Evil Friendship (தீ நட்பு ''tī naṭpu''): 811–820
* Chapter 83. Unreal Friendship (கூடா நட்பு ''kūṭānaṭpu''): 821–830
* Chapter 84. Folly (பேதைமை ''pētaimai''): 831–840
* Chapter 85. Ignorance (புல்லறிவாண்மை ''pullaṟivāṇmai''): 841–850
* Chapter 86. Hostility (இகல் ''ikal''): 851–860
* Chapter 87. The Might of Hatred (பகை மாட்சி ''pakaimāṭci''): 861–870
* Chapter 88. Recognizing the Quality of Enmity (பகைத்திறந்தெரிதல் ''pakaittiṟanterital''): 871–880
* Chapter 89. Internal Enmity (உட்பகை ''uṭpakai''): 881–890
* Chapter 90. Not Offending the Great (பெரியாரைப் பிழையாமை ''periyāraip piḻaiyāmai''): 891–900
* Chapter 91. Being led by Women (பெண்வழிச் சேறல் ''peṇvaḻiccēṟal''): 901–910
* Chapter 92. Wanton Women (வரைவின் மகளிர் ''varaiviṉmakaḷir''): 911–920
* Chapter 93. Abstinence from Liquor (கள்ளுண்ணாமை ''kaḷḷuṇṇāmai''): 921–930
* Chapter 94. Gaming (Gambling) (சூது ''cūtu''): 931–940
* Chapter 95. Medicine (மருந்து {{transl|ta|maruntu}}): 941–950
* Chapter 96. Lineage (குடிமை ''kuṭimai''): 951–960
* Chapter 97. Honour (மானம் ''māṉam''): 961–970
* Chapter 98. Greatness (பெருமை ''perumai''): 971–980
* Chapter 99. Perfectness (சான்றாண்மை ''cāṉṟāṇmai''): 981–990
* Chapter 100. Courtesy (பண்புடைமை ''paṇpuṭaimai''): 991–1000
* Chapter 101. Wealth without Benefaction (நன்றியில் செல்வம் ''naṉṟiyilcelvam''): 1001–1010
* Chapter 102. Shame (நாணுடைமை ''nāṇuṭaimai''): 1011–1020
* Chapter 103. Family Maintenance (குடிசெயல்வகை ''kuṭiceyalvakai''): 1021–1030
* Chapter 104. Agriculture (உழவு ''uḻavu''): 1031–1040
* Chapter 105. Poverty (நல்குரவு ''nalkuravu''): 1041–1050
* Chapter 106. Mendicancy (இரவு ''iravu''): 1051–1060
* Chapter 107. The Dread of Mendicancy (இரவச்சம் ''iravaccam''): 1061–1070
* Chapter 108. Baseness (கயமை ''kayamai''): 1071–1080
{{hidden end}}

In the Book of Poruḷ, the Kural literature appears not only as a book of lofty wisdom, but also as a book of "shrewd cunning," according to Zvelebil, still keeping the moral very empirical and pragmatic as with the rest of the work.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=164}} The book is less virtuous than the Book of Aram and more diplomatic since it deals with various people in the society. Morals are presented only incidentally and sporadically except in the appendix consisting of the final 13 chapters.{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|p=27}}

The initial chapters on royalty define the ideal sovereign, such as being well informed; keeping befitting company; not letting opportunities slide; using discretion in the choice of civil and military servants; holding a benign sceptre of gold firm yet popular, rather than of iron; and being ever active without any despair in affliction. The chapters on ministers of state deal with the qualifications of ministers, their conduct in the royal court, and their diplomacy. The chapters on the essentials of the state deal with the necessaries of a kingdom, handling international relationships, and virtuous tactics of warfare. There are also chapters that forbid evil conducts such as uxoriousness, harlotry, intoxication and gambling and a chapter on healthy living. The "appendix" chapters deal with both affirmative morality, such as honour, greatness, perfection, courtesy and self-reprobation, and negative morality, such as dread of poverty, mendicancy, dread of mendicancy and vileness.{{sfn|Manavalan, 2009|pp=27–28}}

==Structural plan of the book==
The Kural literature has a very distinct and a well-thought-out structural plan, giving the Kural couplets two different meaning, namely, a structural meaning (when read in relation to the whole) and a proverbial meaning (when read in isolation).{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=163}} This is more pronounced in the Book of Poruḷ, where the couplets, when read in relation to the whole, reveal that the Kural's ethics is entirely different from that of [[Chanakya]] or [[Machiavelli]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=165}} The very order of the Book of Poruḷ within the Kural literature indicates that the public life of a person, which the Book of Poruḷ expounds, is discussed only after his or her inner, moral growth has been ensured by the [[Book of Aṟam]] preceding it. In short, the entire structural meaning of the Book of Poruḷ emphasizes that only a cultured, civilized man, who is morally and spiritually ripe, is fit to enter public or political life.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=165}}

==Comparison with other ancient texts==
The statecraft dealt with in the Book of Poruḷ has semblance with several ancient texts in the pan-Indian expanse such as the [[Manusmriti]], [[Kautilya]]'s [[Arthashastra]], and [[Kamandaka]]'s [[Nitisara]], to name a few.{{sfn|Mohan Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334}} The codes of kingship, diplomacy, and citizenship found in the Book of Poruḷ share a common ground with these texts.{{sfn|Vanmeegar|2012|pp=vii–xvi}} However, the Book of Poruḷ remains unique in its attitudes and approaches.{{sfn|K. V. Balasubramanian|2016|pp=82–87}} For example, as against the subtle statecraft found in Arthashastra, the ideas of governance and polity found in the Book of Poruḷ are based on a "moralistic and benevolent bedrock".{{sfn|Mohan Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334}} By opposing Manusmriti's social order given in the form of a complex web of hierarchies and discriminations, the Book of Poruḷ suggests human brotherhood and oneness of humanity.{{sfn|Mohan Lal|1992|pp=4333–4334}}

===Comparison with the ''Arthashastra''===
Despite several scholars trying to draw parallels between the economic concepts of Kautilya found in Arthashastra and those found in the Book of Porul, there seems to be no resemblance between the two.{{sfn|T. N. Hajela |2008|pp=901–902}}{{sfn|K. V. Balasubramanian|2016|pp=69–87}} While Valluvar gives primary importance to agriculture in the Book of Porul, this is not the case in Arthashastra.{{sfn|T. N. Hajela |2008|pp=901–902}} While Kautilya suggests various taxes to raise the revenue of a government, including by means of intimidation and persuasion, Valluvar does not entertain this. Rather, he believes in taxation by consent.{{sfn|T. N. Hajela |2008|pp=901–902}} Kautilya's economic system is primarily based on caste, which is virtually absent in Valluvar's thought. Valluvar's economic system, on the other hand, is based on ethical principles, which are not found in the Arthashastra.{{sfn|T. N. Hajela |2008|pp=901–902}} While Kautilya allows exploiting the gullibility and religious beliefs of the subject, and even drinking and prostitution, as means to enriching the state's coffers, Valluvar denounces these as sins.{{sfn|T. N. Hajela |2008|pp=901–902}} While Kautilya writes about arts and artists, Valluvar strangely doesn’t touch upon the subject of arts and performance arts anywhere in the Kural text.{{sfn|Sivagnanam, 1974|pp=6–7}}

==Influence==
According to T. N. Hajela, Valluvar's thoughts on agriculture found in the Book of Poruḷ have influenced the [[Chola Dynasty|Chola emperor]] [[Karikala]] of the 1st century CE to undertake massive developmental measures for land reclamation, colonisation, construction of dams, and other agrarian reforms.{{sfn|T. N. Hajela |2008|p=899}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Literature|Poetry}}
* [[Tirukkural]]
* [[Aram (Kural book)]]
* [[Inbam (Kural book)]]

==Notes==
{{Refbegin}}
'''a.''' {{Note label|A|a|none}} These various meanings of ''poruḷ'' come from couplets 63, 128, 141, 176, 178, 199, 371, 212, 247, 254, 307, 351, 423, 462, 583, 741, and 1046 of the Tirukkural.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2020|p=12}}

'''b.''' {{Note label|B|b|none}} The idea that ''poruḷ'' means the "ultimate reality" comes from couplets 141 and 501 of the Tirukkural.{{sfn|Kandasamy, 2020|p=12}}
{{Refend}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== References ===
===Primary sources (Tamil)===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* [[Alathur Kilar]], ''Kḻuvāi Illai!'', [[Purananuru|புறநானூறு]] [Puranānuru] (Verse 34), See original text in [http://tamilvu.org/ta/library-l1280-html-l1280ind-127697 Tamil Virtual University].
* {{cite wikisource |author=[[Avvaiyar]] |title=ta:திருவள்ளுவமாலை |others=[[Tirutthanigai Saravanaperumal Aiyar]] (commentator)}}
* [[Ilango Adigal]], ''சிலப்பதிகாரம் [Silappathigāram]'', See original text in [http://tamilvu.org/ta/library-l3100-html-l3100ind-132364 Tamil Virtual University].
* [[Kambar (poet)|Kambar]], ''கம்பராமாயணம் [Kambarāmāyanam]'', See original text in [http://tamilvu.org/ta/library-l3700-html-l3700ind-133880 Tamil Virtual University].
* {{cite book |author= [[Manakkudavar]] |title= திருக்குறள் மணக்குடவர் உரை. ''C. Meiyyappan (Ed.)'' |year= 2003 |publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam. 370 pp. | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Manakkudavar, 2003}}}}
* {{cite book |author= [[Parimelalhagar]] |title= திருக்குறள் மூலமும் பரிமேலழகர் உரையும். ''Compiled by V. M. Gopalakrishnamachariyar'' |year= 2009 |publisher=Uma Padhippagam. 1456 pp. | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Parimelalhagar, 2009}}}}
* [[Seethalai Satthanar|Seethalai Sāthanār]], ''மணிமேகலை [Manimekalai]'', See original text in [http://tamilvu.org/ta/library-l3200-html-l3200ind-133213 Tamil Virtual University.]
* [[Sekkizhar|Sekkiḻar]], ''[[Periya Puranam|பெரிய‌ புராண‌ம்]] [Periya Puranam]'', See original text in [http://tamilvu.org/ta/library-l4100-html-l41C0ind-136182 Tamil Virtual University.]
* {{cite wikisource |author=Valluvar |title=ta:திருக்குறள் |translator=[[George Uglow Pope]]}} See original text in [http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0153.pdf Project Madurai].
{{Refend}}

===Secondary sources===
{{ref begin|30em}}
* {{cite book |author= M. V. Aravindan |title= உரையாசிரியர்கள் [Commentators] |year= 2018 |publisher=Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai }}
* {{cite book |author= K. V. Balasubramanian |title= திருக்குறள் பேரொளி [Tirukkural beacon] |year= 2016 |edition= 1|publisher=New Century Book House | location= Chennai |isbn = 978-81-2343-061-4}}
* {{cite book |author = Encyclopædia Britannica| title = "Artha" in Encyclopædia Britannica| publisher = Encyclopaedia Britannica| volume = 1| edition = 15th| date = 1992 | location = Chicago}}
* {{cite book |author = Gavin Flood | title = The meaning and context of the Purusarthas, in Julius Lipner (Ed.), The Fruits of Our Desiring | date = 1996 | isbn = 978-1-896209-30-2}}
* {{cite book |author = T. N. Hajela | title = History of Economic Thought (First edition 1967) | publisher = Ane Books | series = Ane's Student Edition| edition = 17th| date = 2008 | location = New Delhi| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nBUJYicHCSkC&q=Valluvar+and+arthashastra&pg=PA901| access-date=7 March 2018| isbn = 978-81-8052-220-8}}
* {{cite book |author = Constance Jones and James Ryan| title = Encyclopedia of Hinduism| date = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-8160-5458-9}}
* {{cite book |author = Daya Krishna| title = The myth of the purusarthas. In Roy Perrett (Ed.), Theory of Value| publisher = Taylor & Francis| volume = 5| date = 2000 | isbn = 0-8153-3612-8}}
* {{cite book |author = R. Kumaravelan (Ed.) | title = திருக்குறள் வ.உ.சிதம்பரனார் உரை [Tirukkural: V. O. Chidhambaram Commentary] | publisher = Pari Nilayam | edition = 1st| date = 2008 | location = Chennai| language = ta |ref={{sfnRef|Kumaravelan, 1973}} }}
* {{cite book |author= S. N. Kandasamy |title= திருக்குறள்: ஆய்வுத் தெளிவுரை (பெருட்பால், பகுதி 1) [Tirukkural: Research commentary: Book of Porul, Part 1] |year= 2020 |publisher= Manivasagar Padhippagam | location= Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Kandasamy, 2020}} }}
* {{cite book |author = James Lochtefeld | title = The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism | publisher = Rosen Publishing| date = 2002 | location = New York| url =https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access = registration | isbn = 0-8239-2287-1}}
* {{cite book |author=Mohan Lal |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA4341 |access-date=7 March 2018|year=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-260-1221-3 }}
*{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRE3n1VwDTIC |year=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01736-8}}
*{{cite journal|title=Thiruvalluvar's Vision: Polity and Economy in Thirukkural|author=K.V. Nagarajan|year=2005| journal= History of Political Economy| volume= 37|pages=123–132| number=1|publisher= Duke University Press|doi=10.1215/00182702-37-1-123}}
* {{cite journal|title= Theory and Functions of the State The Concept of aṟam (virtue) in Tirukkural| author= A. K. Ananthanathan| journal= East and West| volume=44 | pages= 315–326| number= 2/4 |year=1994 |jstor= 29757156|ref={{sfnRef|Ananthanathan, 1994}} }}
* {{cite book|last=Das|first= G. N.|year= 1997| title= Readings from Thirukkural | publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 8-1701-7342-6|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pDZilIimNRIC&pg=PA11 | ref={{sfnRef|Das, 1997}} }}
* {{cite journal | last=Subramaniam | first=V. | title=A Tamil classic on statecraft | journal=Australian Outlook | publisher=Taylor & Francis | volume=17 | issue=2 | year=1963 | issn=0004-9913 | doi=10.1080/10357716308444141 | pages=162–174|ref={{sfnRef|Subramaniam, 1963}} }}
* {{cite book|author=P. Sensarma|title=Military Thoughts of Tiruvaḷḷuvar|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5BkPAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Darbari Udjog|location=Calcutta|pages=40–42|ref={{sfnRef|Sensarma, 1981}} }}
* {{cite book |author=A. A. Manavalan |title=Essays and Tributes on Tirukkural (1886–1986 AD) |year=2009 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |location = Chennai|edition = 1|ref={{sfnRef|Manavalan, 2009}}}}
* {{cite book |author=A. A. Manavalan |title=A Compendium of ''Tirukkural'' Translations in English (4 vols.) |year=2010 |publisher=Central Institute of Classical Tamil | location=Chennai |isbn=978-81-90800-02-0 }}
* {{cite book |author = Sujit Mukherjee| title = A Dictionary of Indian Literature: One: Beginnings–1850 | publisher = Orient Longman | volume = 1| edition = 1st| date = 1999 | location = Hyderabad| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&q=Bhasha+Tirukkural&pg=PA393|access-date=7 March 2018| isbn = 81-250-1453-5}}
* {{cite book |author = Karl H. Potter| title = Presuppositions of India's Philosophies| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass| date = 2002 | url =https://archive.org/details/presuppositionso0000pott|url-access = registration| isbn = 978-81-208-0779-2}}
* {{cite book |author=M. P. Sivagnanam |title=திருக்குறளிலே கலைபற்றிக் கூறாததேன்? [Why the Kural did not touch upon art?] |year=1974 |publisher=Poonkodi Padhippagam | location=Chennai |ref={{sfnRef|Sivagnanam, 1974}}}}
* {{cite book |author = Vanmeegar | title = Thirukkural: Couplets with English Transliteration and Meaning | publisher = Shree Shenbaga Pathippagam| edition = 1st| date = 2012 | location = Chennai}}
* {{cite book |author = Bruce Sullivan | title = Historical Dictionary of Hinduism | publisher = Scarecrow Press | date = 1997 | location = Lanham, MD| isbn = 978-0-8108-3327-2}}
* {{cite book |author=Kamil Zvelebil |title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA155 |year=1973 |publisher=E. J. Brill |access-date=7 March 2018|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-03591-5 |page=155 }}
{{ref end}}

==External links==
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tirukkural Tirukkural: Work by Tiruvalluvar from Encyclopaedia Britannica]

{{Tirukkural}}
{{Tamil language}}

[[Category:Tirukkural]]

Porul (Kural book) - Revision history

imported>Ira Leviton: Fixed typos found with Wikipedia:Typo_Team/moss and added a transliteration tag so that non-English words aren't detected as typos by automated spellcheckers. Please also see Template:Lang#Rationale.