Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai - Revision history

->Nittawinoda at 14:09, 27 October 2021

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	'''''Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai''''' ({{lang-ta\|பொருநராற்றுப்படை}}, ''lit.'' "guide for war bards") is an ancient [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] poem and the second lay of the ''Pattuppattu'' anthology in the [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=29, 56}} It contains 248 lines, mostly in the ''akaval'' meter.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=56}} It is one of five ''arruppatai'' genre poems, possibly the oldest one, aimed as a guide to other bards seeking a patron for their art. Set in the [[Early Cholas\|early Chola]] kingdom, it was composed by Mutattamakkanniyar sometime around 180–190 CE, states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=23}}{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=42 Chart 4}}		'''''Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai''''' ({{lang-ta\|பொருநராற்றுப்படை}}, ''lit.'' "guide for war bards") is an ancient [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] poem and the second lay of the ''Pattuppattu'' anthology in the [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=29, 56}} It contains 248 lines, mostly in the ''akaval'' meter.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=56}} It is one of five ''arruppatai'' genre poems, possibly the oldest one, aimed as a guide to other bards seeking a patron for their art. Set in the [[Early Cholas\|early Chola]] kingdom, it was composed by Mutattamakkanniyar sometime around 180–190 CE, states [[Kamil Zvelebil]] – a Tamil literature scholar.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=23}}{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=42 Chart 4}}

	The ''Porunararruppatai'' poem, also called '''''Porunarattrupadai''''',{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=55}} is set in the context of a meeting of the poet with a "war bard" (''porunar'') and his wife, wherein the poet guides his hosts on how to go about meeting the Chola king, the background information about the king and his kingdom.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=23}}		The ''Porunararruppatai'' poem, also called '''''Porunarattrupadai''''',{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=55}} is set in the context of a meeting of the poet with a "war bard" (''porunar'') and his wife, wherein the poet guides his hosts on how to go about meeting the Chola king, the background information about the king and his kingdom.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=23}}

imported>Rasnaboy: Last good version

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{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Sangam literature}}
{{italic}}
__NOTOC__
'''''Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai''''' ({{lang-ta|பொருநராற்றுப்படை}}, ''lit.'' "guide for war bards") is an ancient [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poem and the second lay of the ''Pattuppattu'' anthology in the [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=29, 56}} It contains 248 lines, mostly in the ''akaval'' meter.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=56}} It is one of five ''arruppatai'' genre poems, possibly the oldest one, aimed as a guide to other bards seeking a patron for their art. Set in the [[Early Cholas|early Chola]] kingdom, it was composed by Mutattamakkanniyar sometime around 180–190 CE, states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=23}}{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=42 Chart 4}}

The ''Porunararruppatai'' poem, also called '''''Porunarattrupadai''''',{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=55}} is set in the context of a meeting of the poet with a "war bard" (''porunar'') and his wife, wherein the poet guides his hosts on how to go about meeting the Chola king, the background information about the king and his kingdom.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=23}}

The poem is notable for its two strings of similes.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=58–59}} In the first string, the poet compares each part of the lute to different parts of the female body.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=23}} For example, the surface of the lute is described as "fair belly of the pregnant woman" and the overall appearance of the musical instrument is described as "bedecked bride".{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=23}}{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=58–59}} In the second string of similes, a danseuse body is compared to images of nature. The poet compares, for example, her small feet to "tongue of a panting hound", her [[Mons pubis|mound-of-venus]] to "seat of bees", her [[navel]] to "water ripple", her [[earlobe]]s to "well-shaped loops of scissors".{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=23}}{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=58–59}} The poem also includes hyperbolic and humorous statements.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|pp=23–24}}{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=59}}

The poem is a source of historical information about the ancient Chola kingdom and king Karikala.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=23}} It describes the River Kaveri along with the towns settled along its banks.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=56}} The poem dedicates many lines each to four regions of the Chola kingdom, along with flora, fauna and different fruits.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=55–57, 73–75}} The ''Porunararruppatai'' is another source of the ancient Tamil culture, lifestyle, and people. For example, it mentions the town of Cholanadu and states that the inhabitants there eat meat and drink liquor, states Zvelebil.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=56}} According to Chelliah, this poem suggests that the 2nd-century Tamil society ate meat, and the shift to vegetarian lifestyle happened in later centuries.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=55–57}} The god of war [[Murugan]], a goddess possibly Kali Kankalan, along with the ceremonial ancestral offering of red rice to crows (''shraddha'') are mentioned in the poem. A few lines of ''Porunarattrupadai'' allude to the rebirth and karma (''ool'') theories, suggestive of [[Brahman]]ical ideas.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=55–57}}

==See also==
* [[Eighteen Greater Texts]]
* [[Sangam literature]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
*{{cite book|author= JV Chelliah|title= Pattupattu - Ten Tamil Idylls (Tamil Verses with Englilsh Translation)| year= 1946|url = https://archive.org/details/PattupattuTenTamilIdylls_20180715/page/n1| publisher= Tamil University (1985 print)}}
* {{cite book |author=Edward Jewitt Robinson |title=Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings |year=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location = New Delhi}}
* Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
* {{cite book|title=Tamil Literature|last=Pillai|first=M. S. Purnalingam|year=1994|pages=115|publisher=Asian Educational Services|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&pg=PA115|isbn=81-206-0955-7}}
* {{cite book|title=The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia|last=Ray|first=Himanshu Prabha |year=2003|publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge|location=Cambridge|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C |isbn=9780521011099}}
* Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|9780231150651}}
*{{cite book|author=Takanobu Takahashi|title=Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC|year=1995|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10042-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-03591-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC|year=1974| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn= 978-3-447-01582-0}}
* {{cite book|title=Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|year=1992|pages=73|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC&pg=PA73|isbn=90-04-09365-6}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Porunararruppatai}}
[[Category:Sangam literature]]

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