->GeoWriter: first sentence - added wikilink for "miliolite" piped to Bioclast - source reference e.g. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4036042/

2021-02-23T15:06:12Z

first sentence - added wikilink for "miliolite" piped to Bioclast - source reference e.g. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4036042/

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[[File:Porbunder Stone Quarries, c.1890.jpg|thumb|Porbandar stone quarries, circa 1890]]
[[File:PWD Bombay.jpg|thumb|Public Works Department office, Bombay, 1870. The [[facade]] of the building features Porbandar stone.]]

'''Porbandar stone''' is the name given to the [[Bioclast|miliolite]] [[limestone]] found in the [[carbonate rocks]] of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] in [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/56/1-4/584|title=Notes on the Consolidated Æolian Sands of Kathiawar|first=Frederick|last=Chapman|date=February 1, 1900|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society|volume=56|issue=1–4|pages=584–589|via=jgs.lyellcollection.org|doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1900.056.01-04.32|s2cid=140196559}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6MMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA135|title=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India|first=Geological Survey of|last=India|date=June 28, 1885|publisher=order of the Government of India.|via=Google Books}}</ref> During the [[British Raj]], the stone was extensively used in many [[public buildings]] of Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), including the [[Victoria Terminus]], [[Knesset Eliyahoo]] synagogue, [[Bombay High Court]] and [[Crawford Market]].<ref>{{harvnb|Survey of India|1921|p=265}}: "...while the foraminiferal stone in Kathiawar is extensively used in Bombay and Karachi"</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA116|title=Handbook of the Bombay Presidency: With an Account of Bombay City|first1=John|last1=Murray (Firm)|first2=Edward Backhouse|last2=Eastwick|date=June 28, 1881|publisher=John Murray|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/945rev.pdf |title=Nomination documents |website= whc.unesco.org|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref>

The name derives from the port city of [[Porbandar]] from where it was shipped to Bombay and other cities, and does not refer to the stone quarried in the city itself; there have been instances of the city stone, considered inferior to the original, being passed off as the genuine 'Porbandar' stone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S6MMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA135|title=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India|first=Geological Survey of|last=India|date=June 28, 1885|publisher=order of the Government of India.|via=Google Books}}</ref> In addition to Bombay, the stone also appears in prominent buildings of [[Madras]] and [[Cochin]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lele, V. S.|title = Quaternary Formations in the Bhadar Valley-Western India|year=1988|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=47/48|pages=165–205|jstor = 42930225}}</ref> The stone was highly prized by sculptors and architects, and during 1917-18 around 32,420 [[tonnes]] was sent outside the state to [[Calcutta]], [[Madras]], [[Karachi]] and [[Rangoon]].<ref>{{harvnb|Solomon|Bond|1992|p=473}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Survey of India |first=Geological |title=Records of the Geological Survey of India, Volumes 51-52 |date=1921 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |date=1992 |publisher=Foreign and Colonial Compiling and Publishing Company|isbn=9788120619654}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Building stone]]
[[Category:Geology of India]]
[[Category:Limestone]]
[[Category:Geology of Gujarat]]

{{Geology-stub}}

Porbandar stone - Revision history

->GeoWriter: first sentence - added wikilink for "miliolite" piped to Bioclast - source reference e.g. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4036042/