Poombuhar - Revision history

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	== References ==		== References ==
	~~{{Portal\|Denmark\|India}}~~
	{{refbegin}}		{{refbegin}}
	* Mudaliar, A.S, Abithana Chintamani (1931), Reprinted 1984 Asian Educational Services, New Delhi.		* Mudaliar, A.S, Abithana Chintamani (1931), Reprinted 1984 Asian Educational Services, New Delhi.

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	[[Buddhadatta]], the 5th century writer who lived during the reign of [[Kalabhra\|Accutavikkante]] vividly describes the capital [[Kaveripattinam]] in his manuals ([[Pali]] language) as follows:<ref>{{cite book\|title=The March of India, Vol 8\|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1956\|page=52}}</ref>		[[Buddhadatta]], the 5th century writer who lived during the reign of [[Kalabhra\|Accutavikkante]] vividly describes the capital [[Kaveripattinam]] in his manuals ([[Pali]] language) as follows:<ref>{{cite book\|title=The March of India, Vol 8\|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1956\|page=52}}</ref>

	In the ~~city~~		In the lovely Kaveripattana crowded with hordes of men and women from pure families
	Kaveripattana crowded with hordes of men and women from pure families		endowed with all the requisites of a town with crystal clear water flowing in the river,
	endowed with he requisites of a town with crystal clear water flowing in the river,
	filled with all kinds of precious stones,		filled with all kinds of precious stones,
	possessed of many kinds of bazaars,		possessed of many kinds of bazaars,

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	}}		}}
	'''Poompugar''' is a town in the [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in the southern Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was once a flourishing ancient port city known as '''Kaveri poompattinam''', which for a while served as the capital of the [[early Cholas\|early Chola]] kings in [[Tamilakam]]. Puhar is located near the end point of the [[Kaveri]] river, aside the sea coast. it is mentioned in the Periplus of Ereythrean sea. it is now established by marine archeological research conducted by the National institute of marine archeology, Goa that much of the town was washed away by progressive erosion and floods. submerged wharves and several meter lengths of pier walls have excavated in recent times have corroborated the literary references to Poompugar. It was rebuilt several times after that. Ancient Pottery dating back to the 4th century BCE have been discovered off shore by marine archeologists east of this town.		'''Poompugar''' is a town in the [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in the southern Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was once a flourishing ancient port city known as '''Kaveri poompattinam and Kaveripattanam''' (not to be confused with modern [[Kaveripattinam, Krishnagiri\|Kaveripattinam]]), which for a while served as the capital of the [[early Cholas\|early Chola]] kings in [[Tamilakam]]. Puhar is located near the end point of the [[Kaveri]] river, aside the sea coast. it is mentioned in the Periplus of Ereythrean sea. it is now established by marine archeological research conducted by the National institute of marine archeology, Goa that much of the town was washed away by progressive erosion and floods. submerged wharves and several meter lengths of pier walls have excavated in recent times have corroborated the literary references to Poompugar. It was rebuilt several times after that. Ancient Pottery dating back to the 4th century BCE have been discovered off shore by marine archeologists east of this town.
	==History==		==History==

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	[[Buddhadatta]], the 5th century writer who lived during the reign of [[Kalabhra\|Accutavikkante]] vividly describes the capital [[Kaveripattinam]] in his manuals ([[Pali]] language) as follows:<ref>{{cite book\|title=The March of India, Vol 8\|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1956\|page=52}}</ref>		[[Buddhadatta]], the 5th century writer who lived during the reign of [[Kalabhra\|Accutavikkante]] vividly describes the capital [[Kaveripattinam]] in his manuals ([[Pali]] language) as follows:<ref>{{cite book\|title=The March of India, Vol 8\|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1956\|page=52}}</ref>

	In the ~~lovely~~ Kaveripattana crowded with hordes of men and women from pure families		In the city
	endowed with ~~all the~~ requisites of a town with crystal clear water flowing in the river,		Kaveripattana crowded with hordes of men and women from pure families
			endowed with he requisites of a town with crystal clear water flowing in the river,
	filled with all kinds of precious stones,		filled with all kinds of precious stones,
	possessed of many kinds of bazaars,		possessed of many kinds of bazaars,

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{{merge|Puhar, Mayiladuthurai|date=April 2021|discuss=Talk:Puhar, Mayiladuthurai#Merge proposal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Poombuhar
| other_name = Kaveripoompattinam
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|11.144|N|79.855|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chola Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mayiladuthurai district]]
| established_date = 
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 3
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 9500
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 609107
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04364
| registration_plate = TN-82-Z
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Mayiladuthurai,Sirkazhi
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Mayiladuthurai
| website =
| official_name =
}}
'''Poompugar''' is a town in the [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in the southern Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was once a flourishing ancient port city known as '''Kaveri poompattinam''', which for a while served as the capital of the [[early Cholas|early Chola]] kings in [[Tamilakam]]. Puhar is located near the end point of the [[Kaveri]] river, aside the sea coast. it is mentioned in the Periplus of Ereythrean sea. it is now established by marine archeological research conducted by the National institute of marine archeology, Goa that much of the town was washed away by progressive erosion and floods. submerged wharves and several meter lengths of pier walls have excavated in recent times have corroborated the literary references to Poompugar. It was rebuilt several times after that. Ancient Pottery dating back to the 4th century BCE have been discovered off shore by marine archeologists east of this town.
==History==

===Descriptions in Tamil poetic works===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2014}}
A ''[[Purananuru]]'' poem (poem 30) says that big ships entered the port of Puhar without slacking sail, and poured out onto the beach precious merchandise brought from overseas. In the extensive markets of Puhar there were many tall mansions surrounded by platforms reached by high ladders. These mansions had many apartments and were provided with doorways, great and small, and with wide hallways and corridors (''[[Pattinappaalai]]'' – II –142-158). In all parts of the town there were flags flying of various kinds and shapes.

''[[Pattinappaalai]]'', a poem that describes the ancient Puhar very vividly, was written by the poet Kadiyalur Uruthirangannanaar is part of the ''[[Pattupattu|Ten Idylls]]'' anthology and was sung in praise of [[Karikala Chola]], a second-century [[Chola]] king.

===Merchants of Puhar===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2014}}
''Pattinappaalai'' also gives an idealised description of the merchants plying their trade in Puhar (''[[Pattinappaalai]]'' – II –199-212):

:They shunned murder, and put aside theft, pleased the gods by fire offerings,…they regarded others rights as scrupulously as their own, they took nothing more than was due to them and never gave less than was due from them. Trading thus in many articles of merchandise, they enjoyed an ancient heritage of prosperity and lived in close proximity to one another.

===In Buddhist literature===

[[Buddhadatta]], the 5th century writer who lived during the reign of [[Kalabhra|Accutavikkante]] vividly describes the capital [[Kaveripattinam]] in his manuals ([[Pali]] language) as follows:<ref>{{cite book|title=The March of India, Vol 8|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1956|page=52}}</ref>

In the lovely Kaveripattana crowded with hordes of men and women from pure families
endowed with all the requisites of a town with crystal clear water flowing in the river,
filled with all kinds of precious stones,
possessed of many kinds of bazaars,
beautified by many gardens,
in a beautiful and pleasant vihara built by Kanhadasa,
adorned with a mansion as high as the Kailasa,
and having different kinds of beautiful entrance-towers on the outer wall,
I lived in an old mansion there and wrote this work..

In the ''Nigamanagātha'' of Vinayavinicchaya, Buddhatta describes how he wrote the work while staying at the monastery built by one ''Venhudassa'' (Vishnudasa) on the banks of the Kaveri in a town called Bhootamangalam near Kaveripattinam.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Kalabhras in the Pandiya Country and Their Impact on the Life and Letters There|author=Mu Aruṇācalam|publisher=University of Madras, 1979|page=53}}</ref>

===City's destruction===
The ancient city of Puhar was destroyed by the sea around 300 BC. Marine archeologists from the National Institute of Oceanography have established that this could have been the effects of sediment erosion and periodic tsunamis. Such a tsunami is mentioned in the Tamil poem [[Manimekhalai]] (see below), which relates that the town Kāveripattinam or Puhār was swallowed up by the sea. This event is supported by archeological finds of submerged ruins off the coast of modern Poompuhar.<ref>Gaur A. S. and Sundaresh, ''Underwater Exploration off Poompuhar and possible causes of its Submergence'', 1998, ''Puratattva'', 28: 84-90. Available online at [http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/2065/2/Puratattva_28_84.pdf]</ref><ref>''Marine archaeological explorations of Tranquebar-Poompuhar region on Tamil Nadu coast'', Rao, S.R.. ''Journal of Marine Archaeology'', Vol. II, July 1991, pp. 5–20. Available online at [http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3295/2/Mar_Archaeol_2_5.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124225917/http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3295/2/Mar_Archaeol_2_5.pdf |date=24 January 2011 }}</ref>
The town of Kāveripattinam is believed to have disappeared around 300 BC due to this tsunami<ref>"Indian town sees evidence of ancient tsunami", Associated Press report, Poompuhar,1/14/2005. Available online at [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6826956]</ref>

==City layout==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2014}}
The general plan of the city of Puhar is described in considerable detail in the fifth book of ''[[Silapathikaram]]'' (c. ). The town was built on the north banks of the river [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]]. The town had two distinct districts, '''Maruvurpakkam''' near the sea and '''Pattinappakkam''' to its west. These two villages were separated by a stretch of gardens and orchards where daily markets were held under the shades of the trees. The market place was known as ''Naalangadi'' during the day and as ''allangadi'' by night.
[[File:Puhar-Tsunami.jpg|thumb|left|After 2004 Tsunami]]
[[File:Puhar-Beach.jpg|thumb|left|Poompuhar Beach]]

===Maruvurpakkam===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2014}}
The district of Maruvurpakkam was near the beach and had several terraced mansions and warehoused with windows shaped like the eyes of the [[deer]]. Maruvurpakkam being close to the shore and hence to the shipyard was naturally preferred by the many overseas travellers, merchants and ''yavanas'' (foreigner) whose pleasant features arrested the eyes of the spectators living close to each other.

Maruvurpakkam was inhabited by the fisher folk. The town had several [[warehouses]]. Weavers, [[silk]] merchants, [[Distributor (business)|vendors]], [[fish]] and [[meat]] sellers, [[Pottery|potters]], [[grain]] merchants, jewellers and [[diamond]] makers lived in Maruvurppakkam.

=== Pattinappakkam ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2014}}
The King and [[nobles]], rich traders, [[physicians]], [[astrologers]], members of the king's [[army]], court dancers occupied Pattinappakkam. The five Manrams - Vellidai Manram, Elanchi Manram, Nedankal manram, Poothachathukkam and Pavaimanram were located in Pattinappakkam. Gardens like Elavanthikaicholai, Uyyanam, Chanpathivanam, Uvavanam, and Kaveravanam added beauty to the town.

==In culture==

The city of poompuhar is a very ancient one. Legends relate how great Muchukunda chola of solar race once led his troops to guard kingdom of lord indra namely amaravathi in battle against some powerful demons who were in possession of very destructive weapons. The king and his soldiers held guard without sleeping for 3600 years and as a matter of gratitude lord Indra king of devas ordered his chief engineer viswakarma to build the city on the same lines of amaravati. He also presented the king with sivalingam that he personally worshipped. The great Tamil work Silappathikaram says that in puhar ships creaked in with wealth from all 7 continents, that devas in guise of humans came and worshipped in its temples and that the nights were so bright that even a small grain of white lentil dropped in the beach sand could be spotted by naked eye.

==Manimekalai==
The ancient Tamil poem [[Manimekalai]] by the poet [[Sattanar|Seethalai Saathanar]] is set in the town of Kaveripattanam.<ref>Rao Bahadur Krishnaswāmi Aiyangar, ''Maṇimekhalai in its Historical Setting'', London, 1928. Available at www.archive.org [https://archive.org/details/manimekhalaiinit031176mbp]</ref><ref>Hisselle Dhammaratana,''Buddhism in South India'', Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, 1964. Available on Buddhist Publication Society Online Library [http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh124-u.html]</ref>
Ancient ruins of a 4th-5th-century Buddhist monastery, a Buddha statue, and a Buddhapada (footprint of the Buddha) were found in another section of the ancient city, now at Pallavanesvaram.<ref>''Marine archaeological explorations of Tranquebar-Poompuhar region on Tamil Nadu coast.'', Rao, S.R.. ''Journal of Marine Archaeology'', Vol. II, July 1991, pp. 6. Available online at [http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3295/2/Mar_Archaeol_2_5.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124225917/http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3295/2/Mar_Archaeol_2_5.pdf |date=24 January 2011 }}</ref>

==Geography==
Kaveripattanam is located at {{coord|11|08|21|N|79|50|57|E}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Kaveripattanam.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kaveripattanam]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

==Politics==
Poompuhar assembly constituency is part of [[Mayiladuturai (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-12
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archivedate = 2006-05-04
}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Sillapathikaram Art Gallery in Poombuhar, Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|Sillapathikaram Art Gallery in Poombuhar, Tamil Nadu]]

The major tourists attractions in Poompuhar :

===Silappathikara Art Gallery===
A beautiful building of great sculptural value has been built as Sillappathikara Art Gallery. Scenes from Sillappathikaram, the Epic of the land have been given lively shapes in stones on the walls of the Gallery. These sculptures carved by the sculptors of Mamallapuram Art College remain the treasure house of Tamil Culture.

===Masilamani Nathar Koil===
Though heavily eroded by the sea in a number of places, this temple built in 1305 by [[Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I|Maravarma Kulasekara Pandiyan]], still manages to impress all the tourists to Poompuhar with its architectural richness.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Kaverippattanam OR Pumpuhar 022.jpg|Fishermen's vessels
File:Puhar-ILango.jpg|Ilango Adigal (poet prince)
File:Puhar-KannagiInPandyaCourt.jpg|Kannagi In Pandya Court
File:Puhar-Kannagi-Kovalan.jpg|Sculpture of Kovalan and Kannagi at the art gallery entrance
File:Kaverippattanam OR Pumpuhar 360.jpg|A Sign Board
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{Portal|Denmark|India}}
{{refbegin}}
* Mudaliar, A.S, Abithana Chintamani (1931), Reprinted 1984 Asian Educational Services, New Delhi.
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
* http://www.nio.org/index/option/com_projdisp/task/show/tid/2/sid/15/pid/56
* https://web.archive.org/web/20050210100642/http://www.nio.org/projects/vora/project_vora_5.jsp
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://holyindia.org/temple/poompuhar/poompuhar_college PoomPuhar College]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=MrBi0ghiZN0C&pg=PA11 Poompugar in Memories in Asia]

{{Mayiladuthurai district}}
{{Kaveri River}}
{{Cilappatikaram}}
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Buddhism amongst Tamils]]
[[Category:Former capital cities in India]]