Ponna (poet) - Revision history

Nayeem: improve section for consistency and improved wording

2026-02-28T07:05:01Z

improve section for consistency and improved wording

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 28 February 2026
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	{{Short description\|10th century Kannada poet}}{{use dmy dates\|date=June 2016}}		{{Short description\|10th century Kannada poet}}
			{{use dmy dates\|date=June 2016}}
	{{use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}		{{use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}
	{{Infobox person		{{Infobox person
	\| title = ~~Kavichakravarthi, Ubhayakavi Chakravarti~~		\| title = "UbhayakaviChakravarti" "Kavi-chakravarthi"
	\| name = Ponna		\| name = Ponna
			\| image =
			\| birth_name = Ponna
	\| birth_date = 10th century		\| birth_date = 10th century
	~~\| nationality = Indian~~
	\| death_date = 10th or 11th century CE		\| death_date = 10th or 11th century CE
	\| occupation = Poet		\| occupation = [[Kannada]] [[Poet]]
	\| notable_works = Jinaksharamale, Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya, Shantipurana		\| notable_works = "''Jinaksharamale''"<br> "Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya" <br> "''Shantipurana''" ([[Shantinatha]] purana)
	}}		}}
	'''Ponna''' ~~({{lang-kn\| ಪೊನ್ನ}})~~ (c. 945) was a noted [[Kannada]] poet in the court of [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] ~~king~~ [[Krishna III]] (r.939–968 CE). The emperor honoured Ponna with the title "~~emperor among poets" (~~''Kavichakravarthi'') ~~for~~ his ~~domination of the~~ Kannada ~~literary circles of the time~~, ~~and the title "imperial poet of two languages"~~ (''~~Ubhayakavi Chakravarti~~'') for ~~his command over~~ [[~~Sanskrit~~]] ~~as well~~.<ref name="krishna">{{harvp\|Narasimhacharya\|1988\|p=18}}</ref><ref name="krishna1">{{harvp\|Sastri\|1958\|p=383}}</ref><ref name="krishna2">{{harvp\|Rice\|1921\|p=31}}</ref> Ponna is often considered one among the "three gems of [[Kannada literature]]" (''Ratnatraya'', ''lit'' meaning "~~three~~ gems"; [[Adikavi Pampa]] and [[Ranna (Kannada poet)\|Ranna]] being the other two) for ushering it in full panoply.<ref name="krishna1"/><ref name="gems">{{harvp\|Rice\|1921\|p=30}}</ref><ref name="bhuva"/> According to the scholar R. Narasimhacharya, Ponna is known to have claimed superiority over all the poets of the time.<ref name="krishna"/> According to scholars Nilakanta Shastri and E.P. Rice, Ponna belonged to ~~[[Vengi]]<nowiki/>bisaya~~ in ~~Kammanadu, of present day Punganuru, Chittoor District of modern~~ [[Andhra Pradesh]], but later migrated to [[Manyakheta]] (in ~~modern~~ [[~~Gulbarga~~ district]], [[Karnataka]]), the Rashtrakuta capital, ~~after his conversion to~~ the [[Jainism]].~~{{sfn\|Sastri\|1958\|p=395}}~~<ref ~~name="gems"~~/>
			'''Ponna''' (c. 945) was a noted [[Kannada]] poet in the court of [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty\|Rashtrakuta]] Emperor [[Krishna III]] (r. 939–968 CE). The emperor "Krishna III" honoured Ponna with the title - "Ubhaya ''Kavichakravarthi'' " (emperor among poets) because of his command over both Kannada and Sanskrit.<ref>Narasimhacharya, R. (1988). ''History of Kannada Literature''. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 14–16.</ref> and for their rich poetic imagery, devotion to [[Jain]] themes, and courtly refinement.<ref>Settar, S. (1989). ''Jainism in South India: Art, Architecture, Literature & Religion''. Dharwad: Karnatak University. pp. 75–76.</ref><ref name="krishna">{{harvp\|Narasimhacharya\|1988\|p=18}}</ref><ref name="krishna1">{{harvp\|Sastri\|1958\|p=383}}</ref><ref name="krishna2">{{harvp\|Rice\|1921\|p=31}}</ref> Ponna is often considered one among the "three gems of [[Kannada literature]]" ("Ratnatraya"), ''lit'' meaning "Three gems"; [[Adikavi Pampa]] and [[Ranna (Kannada poet)\|Ranna]] being the other two) for ushering it in full panoply.<ref name="krishna1"/><ref name="gems">{{harvp\|Rice\|1921\|p=30}}</ref><ref name="bhuva"/> According to the scholar R. Narasimhacharya, Ponna is known to have claimed superiority over all the poets of the time.<ref name="krishna"/> According to scholars Nilakanta Shastri and E.P. Rice, Ponna belonged to Punganur, now in [[Andhra Pradesh]], but later migrated to [[Manyakheta]] (in present-day [[Kalaburagi district]], [[Karnataka]]), the Rashtrakuta capital. He is best remembered for his classic Jain puranas such as "Shantipurana" (shantinatha purana}, which narrates the life of [[Shantinatha]], the 16th Tirthankara of [[Jainism]], and Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya, a eulogistic poem on his patron king.<ref>Rice, E.P. (1921). ''A History of Kannada Literature''. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 52–54.</ref>

	==Writings==		==Writings==
	His most famous extant works in Kannada are ''Shantipurana'', written in ''champu'' style (mixed prose-verse classical composition style inherited from Sanskrit), ''Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya'', a eulogical writing, and ''Jinaksharamale'', a Jain ~~''[[~~Purana~~]]''~~ and an acrostic poem written in praise of noted Jain saints and Tirthankars (''Jainas'') in 39 chapters (''kandas''). {{Sfn\|Das\|2005\|p=143}}<ref name="krishna2"/><ref name="kanda">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 620</ref><ref name="sankar">Mukherjee (1999), p. 291</ref>''Ramakatha'', a writing based on the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], of which only a few stanzas are available is also ~~assigned~~ to Ponna.<ref name="ganga">{{harvp\|Garg\|1992\|p=67}}</ref> Historians Kamath and Shastri are not certain whether his extinct classic, ''Gatapratiagata'', is in Kannada or Sanskrit. However, according to the professor L.S. Sheshagiri Rao of the Sahitya Akademi, the writing is in Kannada and belongs to the genre of "literary exercise".<ref name="krishna1"/><ref name="bhuva">{{harvp\|Kamath\|2001\|p=90}}</ref><ref name="datta">Rao in {{harvp\|Datta\|1988\|p=1240}}</ref>		His most famous extant works in Kannada are "''Shantipurana "'' ([[shantinatha]] purana), written in ''champu'' style (mixed prose-verse classical composition style inherited from Sanskrit), "Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya", a eulogical writing, and "Jinaksharamale", a "Jain Purana" and an acrostic poem written in praise of noted Jain saints and Tirthankars ("Jainas") in 39 chapters ("kandas"). {{Sfn\|Das\|2005\|p=143}}<ref name="krishna2"/><ref name="kanda">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 620</ref><ref name="sankar">Mukherjee (1999), p. 291</ref>''Ramakatha'', a writing based on the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], of which only a few stanzas are available is also attributed to Ponna.<ref name="ganga">{{harvp\|Garg\|1992\|p=67}}</ref> Historians Kamath and Shastri are not certain whether his extinct classic, ''Gatapratiagata'', is in Kannada or Sanskrit. However, according to the professor L.S. Sheshagiri Rao of the Sahitya Akademi, the writing is in Kannada and belongs to the genre of "literary exercise".<ref name="krishna1"/><ref name="bhuva">{{harvp\|Kamath\|2001\|p=90}}</ref><ref name="datta">Rao in {{harvp\|Datta\|1988\|p=1240}}</ref>

	''Shantipurana'' is an important Jain [[purana]], and a eulogy of the 16th Jain [[Tirthankara]], [[Shantinath\|Shantinatha Swami]]. It was written to commemorate the attainment of ''[[nirvana (Jainism)\|nirvana]]'' ("salvation") of a Jain guru called Jainachandra Deva. The writing comprises twelve sections (''ashwasas'') of which nine sections focus on Shantinatha's eleven previous births, and the remaining three sections give biographical details of the [[protagonist]]. In this writing, Ponna borrowed significantly from previous works of the Sanskrit poet [[Kalidasa]] though he does rise to great heights in his narration justifying his claim to scholarship (''Vidwat Kavi''). Ponna also seems to have used as a source, a narrative poem written by a Kannada poet called [[Asaga]], whose works are now extinct. Ponna's claim that his work is superior to that of Asaga gives us information that the latter must have been considered an important poet of that era.<ref name="krishna2" /><ref name="kanda"/><ref name="asaga">{{harvp\|Warder\|1988\|p=248}}</ref>		"Shantipurana" is an important Jain purana, and a eulogy of the 16th Jain [[Tirthankara]], [[Shantinath\|Shantinatha Swami]]. It was written to commemorate the attainment of ''[[nirvana (Jainism)\|nirvana]]'' ("salvation") of a Jain guru called Jainachandra Deva. The writing comprises twelve sections (''ashwasas'') of which nine sections focus on Shantinatha's eleven previous births, and the remaining three sections give biographical details of the [[protagonist]]. In this writing, Ponna borrowed significantly from previous works of the Sanskrit poet [[Kalidasa]] though he does rise to great heights in his narration justifying his claim to scholarship (''Vidwat Kavi''). Ponna also seems to have used as a source, a narrative poem written by a Kannada poet called [[Asaga]], whose works are now extinct. Ponna's claim that his work is superior to that of Asaga gives us information that the latter must have been considered an important poet of that era.<ref name="krishna2" /><ref name="kanda"/><ref name="asaga">{{harvp\|Warder\|1988\|p=248}}</ref>

	Scholars were divided about Ponna's protagonist in ''Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya''. The scholar D.L. Narasimhachar had opined that Ponna had eulogised Shankaraganda, a vassal king under emperor Krishna III. This opinion was based on the fact that Shankaraganda held the honorific ''Bhuvanaikarama''. However, modern Kannada poet [[Govinda Pai]] argued in his 1936 article, ''Ponnana Bhuvanaikaramanu yaru'' ("Who was Ponna's Bhuvanaikarama"?), that king Shankaraganda being a Jain by faith could not have been the central figure in a secular writing and that emperor Krishna III also held the same title. Later, the scholar D.L. Narasimhachar confirmed the validity of Govinda Pai's findings.<ref name="bhuvanaika">{{harvp\|Bhat\|1933\|p=105}}</ref>		Scholars were divided about Ponna's protagonist in ''Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya''. The scholar D.L. Narasimhachar had opined that Ponna had eulogised Shankaraganda, a vassal king under emperor Krishna III. This opinion was based on the fact that Shankaraganda held the honorific ''Bhuvanaikarama''. However, modern Kannada poet [[Govinda Pai]] argued in his 1936 article, ''Ponnana Bhuvanaikaramanu yaru'' ("Who was Ponna's Bhuvanaikarama"?), that king Shankaraganda being a Jain by faith could not have been the central figure in a secular writing and that emperor Krishna III also held the same title. Later, the scholar D.L. Narasimhachar confirmed the validity of Govinda Pai's findings.<ref name="bhuvanaika">{{harvp\|Bhat\|1933\|p=105}}</ref>

	==Influence and style==		==Influence and style==
	Ponna was one of the most-notable writers of the classical age of Kannada literature, a period usually categorised as starting from the middle of 10th century and lasting for about a hundred and fifty years thereafter. During this era, Ponna and two other poets, Adikavi Pampa and Ranna, produced works of lasting merit, writings that set a standard in poetic form and composition that would influence future poets for centuries.<ref name="century">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 754</ref> So adept were these poets that their style of ''champu'' brought together the best of the earlier masters of Sanskrit literature in various proportions, giving their narration an artificiality: poet Bana's prose, Kalidasa's graceful verses, Bhatta Narayana's dramaticism and Megaduta's lyrical flavour are seen used deftly giving naturalised and assimilated Sanskrit words in the Kannada language priority over native (''desi'') expressions.<ref name="deft">{{harvp\|Datta\|1988\|p=1699}}</ref> Despite adherence to strict classical Sanskritic models (''margam''), the native composition styles of Kannada language, such as the ''[[tripadi]]'' (three-line verse), are found distributed in the narratives poems of these poets.<ref name="poem">Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4392</ref><ref name="epics"/> Just as Ponna eulogised his patron ~~king~~ Krishna III as ''Bhuvanaikarama'', so did the other Jain poets of the classical age. Kannada writings by them used impressive Sanskrit-derived verses interspersed with prose to extol the virtues of their protagonists, who were often compared to heroes from the Hindu epics. While [[Adikavi Pampa]] (''Pampa Bharata'', c. 941) compared his patron, the feudatory [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada\|Chalukya]] king [[Arikesari II\|Arikesari]], to [[Pandava]] prince [[Arjuna]], in his version of the		Ponna was one of the most-notable writers of the classical age of Kannada literature, a period usually categorised as starting from the middle of 10th century and lasting for about a hundred and fifty years thereafter. During this era, Ponna and two other poets, Adikavi Pampa and Ranna, produced works of lasting merit, writings that set a standard in poetic form and composition that would influence future poets for centuries.<ref name="century">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 754</ref> So adept were these poets that their style of ''champu'' brought together the best of the earlier masters of Sanskrit literature in various proportions, giving their narration an artificiality: poet Bana's prose, Kalidasa's graceful verses, Bhatta Narayana's dramaticism and Megaduta's lyrical flavour are seen used deftly giving naturalised and assimilated Sanskrit words in the Kannada language priority over native (''desi'') expressions.<ref name="deft">{{harvp\|Datta\|1988\|p=1699}}</ref> Despite adherence to strict classical Sanskritic models (''margam''), the native composition styles of Kannada language, such as the ''[[tripadi]]'' (three-line verse), are found distributed in the narratives poems of these poets.<ref name="poem">Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4392</ref><ref name="epics"/> Just as Ponna eulogised his patron emperor Krishna III as ''Bhuvanaikarama'', so did the other Jain poets of the classical age. Kannada writings by them used impressive Sanskrit-derived verses interspersed with prose to extol the virtues of their protagonists, who were often compared to heroes from the Hindu epics. While [[Adikavi Pampa]] (''Pampa Bharata'', c. 941) compared his patron, the feudatory [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada\|Chalukya]] king [[Arikesari II\|Arikesari]], to [[Pandava]] prince [[Arjuna]], in his version of the

	[[Mahabharata]], Ranna (c. 983) found it suitable to compare his patron, Chalukya [[Satyashraya\|King Satyashraya]], to Pandava prince [[Bhima]].<ref name="epics">{{harvp\|Nagaraj\|2003\|p=344}}</ref>		[[Mahabharata]], Ranna (c. 983) found it suitable to compare his patron, Chalukya [[Satyashraya\|King Satyashraya]], to Pandava prince [[Bhima]].<ref name="epics">{{harvp\|Nagaraj\|2003\|p=344}}</ref>

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	* {{citation \|last=Garg \|first=Ganga Ram \|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: A-Aj, Volume 1 \|year=1992 \|publisher=Concept Publishing \|location=New Delhi \|isbn=81-7022-374-1 }}		* {{citation \|last=Garg \|first=Ganga Ram \|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: A-Aj, Volume 1 \|year=1992 \|publisher=Concept Publishing \|location=New Delhi \|isbn=81-7022-374-1 }}
	* {{citation \|last=Kamath \|first=Suryanath U. \|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present \|orig-year=1980 \|year=2001 \|publisher=Jupiter books \|location=Bangalore \|oclc=7796041 \|lccn=80905179}}		* {{citation \|last=Kamath \|first=Suryanath U. \|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present \|orig-year=1980 \|year=2001 \|publisher=Jupiter books \|location=Bangalore \|oclc=7796041 \|lccn=80905179}}
	* {{citation \|last=Nagaraj \|first=D. R. \|chapter=Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture \|editor=Sheldon I. Pollock \|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia \|year=2003 \|publisher= University of California Press \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC~~&pg=PA323~~&dq=critical+tensions+in+history+kannada+literary+culture \|isbn=0-520-22821-9 \|pages=323–382 }}		* {{citation \|last=Nagaraj \|first=D. R. \|chapter=Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture \|editor=Sheldon I. Pollock \|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia \|year=2003 \|publisher= University of California Press \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC&dq=critical+tensions+in+history+kannada+literary+culture&pg=PA323 \|isbn=0-520-22821-9 \|pages=323–382 }}
	* {{citation \|last=Various \|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 1 \|year=1987 \|publisher=Sahitya Akademi \|isbn=81-260-1803-8}}		* {{citation \|last=Various \|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 1 \|year=1987 \|publisher=Sahitya Akademi \|isbn=81-260-1803-8}}
	* {{citation \|last=Datta \|first=Amaresh \|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 2 \|year=1988 \|publisher=Sahitya Akademi \|isbn=81-260-1194-7}}		* {{citation \|last=Datta \|first=Amaresh \|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 2 \|year=1988 \|publisher=Sahitya Akademi \|isbn=81-260-1194-7}}
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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Ponna, Sri}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Ponna, Sri}}
	[[Category:Kannada poets]]		[[Category:Kannada poets]]
	[[Category:~~History of~~ Karnataka]]		[[Category:Jainism in Karnataka]]
	~~[[Category:Converts to Jainism~~]]
	[[Category:Indian male poets]]		[[Category:Indian male poets]]
	[[Category:10th-century Indian Jain poets]]		[[Category:10th-century Indian Jain writers]]
			[[Category:10th-century Jain poets]]
			[[Category:Medieval Indian Jain poets]]
	[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]		[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]
			[[Category:10th-century Indian poets]]
			[[Category:Rashtrakuta people]]
			[[Category:Indian Jains]]

imported>Amazomagisto: fix typo and whitespace errors

2021-07-04T16:25:19Z

fix typo and whitespace errors

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{{Short description|10th century Kannada poet}}{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| title = Kavichakravarthi, Ubhayakavi Chakravarti
| name = Ponna
| birth_date = 10th century
| nationality = Indian
| death_date = 10th or 11th century CE
| occupation = Poet
| notable_works = Jinaksharamale, Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya, Shantipurana
}}
'''Ponna''' ({{lang-kn| ಪೊನ್ನ}}) (c. 945) was a noted [[Kannada]] poet in the court of [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] king [[Krishna III]] (r.939–968 CE). The emperor honoured Ponna with the title "emperor among poets" (''Kavichakravarthi'') for his domination of the Kannada literary circles of the time, and the title "imperial poet of two languages" (''Ubhayakavi Chakravarti'') for his command over [[Sanskrit]] as well.<ref name="krishna">{{harvp|Narasimhacharya|1988|p=18}}</ref><ref name="krishna1">{{harvp|Sastri|1958|p=383}}</ref><ref name="krishna2">{{harvp|Rice|1921|p=31}}</ref> Ponna is often considered one among the "three gems of [[Kannada literature]]" (''Ratnatraya'', ''lit'' meaning "three gems"; [[Adikavi Pampa]] and [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]] being the other two) for ushering it in full panoply.<ref name="krishna1"/><ref name="gems">{{harvp|Rice|1921|p=30}}</ref><ref name="bhuva"/> According to the scholar R. Narasimhacharya, Ponna is known to have claimed superiority over all the poets of the time.<ref name="krishna"/> According to scholars Nilakanta Shastri and E.P. Rice, Ponna belonged to [[Vengi]]<nowiki/>bisaya in Kammanadu, of present day Punganuru, Chittoor District of modern [[Andhra Pradesh]], but later migrated to [[Manyakheta]] (in modern [[Gulbarga district]], [[Karnataka]]), the Rashtrakuta capital, after his conversion to the [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Sastri|1958|p=395}}<ref name="gems"/>

==Writings==
His most famous extant works in Kannada are ''Shantipurana'', written in ''champu'' style (mixed prose-verse classical composition style inherited from Sanskrit), ''Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya'', a eulogical writing, and ''Jinaksharamale'', a Jain ''[[Purana]]'' and an acrostic poem written in praise of noted Jain saints and Tirthankars (''Jainas'') in 39 chapters (''kandas''). {{Sfn|Das|2005|p=143}}<ref name="krishna2"/><ref name="kanda">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 620</ref><ref name="sankar">Mukherjee (1999), p. 291</ref>''Ramakatha'', a writing based on the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], of which only a few stanzas are available is also assigned to Ponna.<ref name="ganga">{{harvp|Garg|1992|p=67}}</ref> Historians Kamath and Shastri are not certain whether his extinct classic, ''Gatapratiagata'', is in Kannada or Sanskrit. However, according to the professor L.S. Sheshagiri Rao of the Sahitya Akademi, the writing is in Kannada and belongs to the genre of "literary exercise".<ref name="krishna1"/><ref name="bhuva">{{harvp|Kamath|2001|p=90}}</ref><ref name="datta">Rao in {{harvp|Datta|1988|p=1240}}</ref>

''Shantipurana'' is an important Jain [[purana]], and a eulogy of the 16th Jain [[Tirthankara]], [[Shantinath|Shantinatha Swami]]. It was written to commemorate the attainment of ''[[nirvana (Jainism)|nirvana]]'' ("salvation") of a Jain guru called Jainachandra Deva. The writing comprises twelve sections (''ashwasas'') of which nine sections focus on Shantinatha's eleven previous births, and the remaining three sections give biographical details of the [[protagonist]]. In this writing, Ponna borrowed significantly from previous works of the Sanskrit poet [[Kalidasa]] though he does rise to great heights in his narration justifying his claim to scholarship (''Vidwat Kavi''). Ponna also seems to have used as a source, a narrative poem written by a Kannada poet called [[Asaga]], whose works are now extinct. Ponna's claim that his work is superior to that of Asaga gives us information that the latter must have been considered an important poet of that era.<ref name="krishna2" /><ref name="kanda"/><ref name="asaga">{{harvp|Warder|1988|p=248}}</ref>

Scholars were divided about Ponna's protagonist in ''Bhuvanaika-Ramabhyudaya''. The scholar D.L. Narasimhachar had opined that Ponna had eulogised Shankaraganda, a vassal king under emperor Krishna III. This opinion was based on the fact that Shankaraganda held the honorific ''Bhuvanaikarama''. However, modern Kannada poet [[Govinda Pai]] argued in his 1936 article, ''Ponnana Bhuvanaikaramanu yaru'' ("Who was Ponna's Bhuvanaikarama"?), that king Shankaraganda being a Jain by faith could not have been the central figure in a secular writing and that emperor Krishna III also held the same title. Later, the scholar D.L. Narasimhachar confirmed the validity of Govinda Pai's findings.<ref name="bhuvanaika">{{harvp|Bhat|1933|p=105}}</ref>

==Influence and style==
Ponna was one of the most-notable writers of the classical age of Kannada literature, a period usually categorised as starting from the middle of 10th century and lasting for about a hundred and fifty years thereafter. During this era, Ponna and two other poets, Adikavi Pampa and Ranna, produced works of lasting merit, writings that set a standard in poetic form and composition that would influence future poets for centuries.<ref name="century">Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 754</ref> So adept were these poets that their style of ''champu'' brought together the best of the earlier masters of Sanskrit literature in various proportions, giving their narration an artificiality: poet Bana's prose, Kalidasa's graceful verses, Bhatta Narayana's dramaticism and Megaduta's lyrical flavour are seen used deftly giving naturalised and assimilated Sanskrit words in the Kannada language priority over native (''desi'') expressions.<ref name="deft">{{harvp|Datta|1988|p=1699}}</ref> Despite adherence to strict classical Sanskritic models (''margam''), the native composition styles of Kannada language, such as the ''[[tripadi]]'' (three-line verse), are found distributed in the narratives poems of these poets.<ref name="poem">Sahitya Akademi (1992), p. 4392</ref><ref name="epics"/> Just as Ponna eulogised his patron king Krishna III as ''Bhuvanaikarama'', so did the other Jain poets of the classical age. Kannada writings by them used impressive Sanskrit-derived verses interspersed with prose to extol the virtues of their protagonists, who were often compared to heroes from the Hindu epics. While [[Adikavi Pampa]] (''Pampa Bharata'', c. 941) compared his patron, the feudatory [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Chalukya]] king [[Arikesari II|Arikesari]], to [[Pandava]] prince [[Arjuna]], in his version of the

[[Mahabharata]], Ranna (c. 983) found it suitable to compare his patron, Chalukya [[Satyashraya|King Satyashraya]], to Pandava prince [[Bhima]].<ref name="epics">{{harvp|Nagaraj|2003|p=344}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{citation |last=Sastri |first=Nilakanta K. A. |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |orig-year=first published 1955 |year=1958 |edition=Second |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-560686-8 |url=https://archive.org/stream/K.A.NilakantaSastriBooks/K.%20A.%20Nilakanta%20Sastri/A-History-of-South-India#mode/2up |via=archive.org}}
* {{citation |last=Rice |first=E. P. |title=Kannada Literature |orig-year=first published 1921 |year=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0063-0}}
* {{citation |last=Narasimhacharya |first=R |title=History of Kannada Literature |year=1988 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0303-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofkannada0000nara }}
* {{citation |last=Garg |first=Ganga Ram |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: A-Aj, Volume 1 |year=1992 |publisher=Concept Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-374-1 }}
* {{citation |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present |orig-year=1980 |year=2001 |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179}}
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* {{citation |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 2 |year=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-260-1194-7}}
* {{citation |last=Various |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature - vol 5 |year=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=81-260-1221-8}}
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{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ponna, Sri}}
[[Category:Kannada poets]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Converts to Jainism]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian Jain poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Karnataka]]