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	* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]		* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
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	~~{{Portal\|India\|Literature}}~~

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ponjikkara Rafi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Joseph Raphael
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1924|4|12}}
| birth_place = [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1992|9|6|1924|4|12}}
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Essayist, playwright, novelist, short story writer, screenwriter
| alma mater =
| spouse = [[Sabeena Rafi]]
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = {{ublist|Shouryar Joseph|Anna}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| notable_works = {{ubl|''Swargadhoothan''|''Ora Pro Nobis''|''Kaliyugam''}}
| website =
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works]]
}}
'''Joseph Raphael''' (12 April 1924 – 6 September 1992), better identified as '''Ponjikkara Rafi''', was an Indian essayist, playwright, short story writer and a novelist of [[Malayalam literature]]. His oeuvre consists of short story anthologies, novels, philosophical works and screenplays but he is best remembered for two novels, ''Daivadhoothan'', regarded as the first Malayalam novel written in [[stream of consciousness]] narrative style, and ''Ora Pro Nobis'', a historical novel based on the [[Dutch India|Dutch colonial rule]]. He was also the author of ''Kaliyugam'', a philosophical work jointly written with his wife, [[Sabeena Rafi]], which fetched him the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works]] in 1972.

== Biography ==
[[File:Bolgatty island ernakulam.jpg|thumb|left|Ponjikkara, Rafi's birthplace]]
Ponjikkara Rafi was born Joseph Raphael on 12 April 1924 in Naduvathezhathu family of Ponjikkara, an islet in [[Mulavukad|Mulavukad panchayat]], along the coast of [[Ernakulam district]], in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]], in a family of carpenters as the seventh among the nine children born to Shouryar Joseph{{Refn|group=note|Shouryar is the vernacular for Xavier}} and Anna.<ref name="The Life of a Dreamer">{{Cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/25971/6/06_chapter1.pdf |title=The Life of a Dreamer |date=2019-04-10 |publisher=Mahatma Gandhi University |access-date=2019-04-10 |quote=Biography in the work, Literary contributions of Ponjikkara Raphy'}}</ref> After early schooling at Ponnarimangalam School, he shifted to [[St. Albert's HSS, Ernakulam|St. Albert's High School]] in the mainland but could not complete his high school studies. Subsequently, he passed a vocational course in [[blacksmith]]y from Government Trade School and started his career as a fitter at the work shop of the [[Cochin Port]].<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/PonjikkaraRafi/Html/PRafigraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-09 |website=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> His stay at the port was short as he was terminated from service in the wake of his participation in a workers' strike and his next job at the Indian Aluminium Company, [[Aluva]], as a crane operator, also ended the same way. Later, he shifted his focus to journalism and literature and was associated with magazines such as ''Suprabha'', ''Udayam'' and ''Democrat'';<ref name="Ponjikkara Rafi - M3DB.COM">{{Cite web |url=https://m3db.com/artists/58713 |title=Ponjikkara Rafi - M3DB.COM |date=2019-04-10 |website=m3db.com |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> it was at ''Democrat'', he had the opportunity to work alongside [[C. J. Thomas]], the noted playwright. He also worked with [[Vaikom Muhammed Basheer]] as a partner, when the renowned author ran ''Circle Book Stall'', a book shop in [[Ernakulam]].<ref name="The man who loved all">{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2009/jul/06/the-man-who-loved-all-65374.html |title=The man who loved all |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> In 1966, he joined the [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society]], a writers' co-operative, where he worked until 1974, in different capacities as those of a production assistant, reader and as the manager of National Book Stall, the retail wing of the society.<ref name="Ponjikkara Rafi - Veethi profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/ponjikkara_rafi-profile-10260-25.htm |title=Ponjikkara Rafi - Veethi profile |date=2019-04-10 |website=veethi.com |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref>

Rafi married [[Sabeena Rafi|Sabeena]],<ref name="Sabeena Rafi">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/SebinaRafi/Html/Sebinarafigraphy.htm |title=Sabeena Rafi |date=2019-04-10 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> who was five years elder to him,<ref name="The Life of a Dreamer" /> in 1963, following a period of romance,<ref name="പോഞ്ഞിക്കര റാഫിയെ മറന്നതെങ്ങനെ ?">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/ponjikkara-rafi-malayalam-news-1.1333411 |title=പോഞ്ഞിക്കര റാഫിയെ മറന്നതെങ്ങനെ ? |last=ഉണ്ണികൃഷ്ണൻ |first=കെ |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> but the couple did not have children.<ref name="Ponjikkara Rafi - Veethi profile" /> He died on 6 September 1992, at the age of 68;<ref name="കേട്ടിട്ടുണ്ടോ പോഞ്ഞിക്കര റാഫിയെന്ന്?">{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/remembering-ponjikkara-rafi.html |title=കേട്ടിട്ടുണ്ടോ പോഞ്ഞിക്കര റാഫിയെന്ന്? |website=ManoramaOnline |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> his wife had predeceased him on 22 June 1990.<ref name="Sabeena Rafi" />

== Legacy and honours ==
Rafi published eleven short story anthologies, eight novels, two plays and three essay compilations.<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/PonjikkaraRafi/Html/PRafiBooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-04-09 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> His literary journey started with his first published story, ''Antonyude Vagdhanam'' (Antony's Promise), which was published in Sathyanadam weekly and the first anthology, ''Bhavi'', was published in 1945.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> His earlye novels portrayed the [[Cochin Portuguese creole]] culture<ref name="The Kochi novel">{{Cite web |url=https://fountainink.in/essay/the-kochi-novel |title=The Kochi novel |website=fountainink.in |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> and of the eight novels he wrote, ''Swargadhoothan''and ''Ora Pro Nobis''are the more notable ones. ''Swargadhoothan'', a novel in three parts and published in 1958 is known to be the first Malayalam novel written in [[stream of consciousness]] narrative style<ref name="കേട്ടിട്ടുണ്ടോ പോഞ്ഞിക്കര റാഫിയെന്ന്?" /> and ''Ora Pro Nobis'' is a historical novel detailing the life of [[Dutch India|Dutch colonial Kochi]].<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /><ref name="African slaves and spirit Kappiri Muthappan: Kochis culture under Portuguese-Dutch rule">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/african-slaves-and-spirit-kappiri-muthappan-kochis-culture-under-portuguese-dutch-rule-44881 |title=African slaves and spirit Kappiri Muthappan: Kochis culture under Portuguese-Dutch rule |website=www.thenewsminute.com |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> In ''Swargadhoothan'', Rafi envisioned the islets around Kochi getting connected to the mainland in 1958 and it became a reality when [[Goshree bridges]] were opened in February 2004.<ref name="Ponjikkara Rafi Award given away">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/06/stories/2004090613160300.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Ponjikkara Rafi Award given away |date=2004-09-06 |access-date=2019-04-10}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He also wrote a detective novel, ''Padakkuthira Missi'' and two plays, ''Mathai Master'' and ''Mezhukuthiri''. One of his non-fiction books, ''Marxism, Oru Thirinjunottam'', co-written with his wife, is a detailed study of the [[Marxian theory]] and its spiritual aspects; the book also has a critique on ''[[Mother (Gorky novel)|Mother]]'' of [[Maxim Gorky]].<ref name="Marxism Oru Thirinjunottam">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indulekha.com/marxism-oru-thirinjunottam-study-ponjikkara-rafi-and-sebeena-rafi?author_id= |title=Marxism Oru Thirinjunottam |date=2019-04-10 |website=www.indulekha.com |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> ''Kaliyugam'', a Sabeena Rafi co-written work, is a study of human behaviour from early ages, with a philosophical perspective.<ref name="Ponjikkara Rafi - Veethi profile" /> The book fetched him the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works]] in 1972.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/others.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Miscellaneous Works |date=2019-04-10 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref>

Rafi entered the film world by writing the screenplay and dialogues for [[Koodappirappu]], a [[J. D. Thottan]], released in 1956.<ref name="Koodappirappu (1956)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=60 |title=Koodappirappu (1956) |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> One of his stories, ''Minnaminungu'', was adapted into a film under the [[Minnaminugu|same name]] by [[Ramu Kariat]] in 1957 and Rafi wrote the screenplay for the film.<ref name="Minnaminungu (1957)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=63 |title=Minnaminungu (1957) |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> He was reported to have assisted [[Vayalar Rama Varma]] to gain entry into films.<ref name="Ponjikkara Rafi - M3DB.COM" /> He held the position of the secretary of the [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] from 1966 to 1974 and served as the vice president of the Parishad for a brief period.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> Pranatha Books, a Kerala-based pbishers, have instituted an annual award, ''Ponjikkara Rafi Award'', for recognizing excellence in Malayalam literature and the first recipient of the honour was [[Sebastian Pallithode]].<ref name="Award for Pallithode">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/15/stories/2004041512280300.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Award for Pallithode |date=2004-04-15 |access-date=2019-04-10}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Novels ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=77111&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Ponjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Swarga dhoothan |last=Rafi |first=Ponjikkara |date=1958 |publisher=Saahithya Pravathaka Co-operative Society |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=70189&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Ponjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Kanayile kalyanam |last=Rafi |first=Ponjikkara |date=1961 |publisher=S.P.C.S}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=65133&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Ponjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Ora Pro Nobis |last=Rafi Ponjikkara |date=1981}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=19988&query_desc=au%253A%2522Ponjikkara%2520Rafi%2522%2520and%2520au%253APonjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Aniyude Chechi |last=Ponjikkara Rafi |date=1964 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=78671&query_desc=au%253A%2522Ponjikkara%2520Rafi%2522%2520and%2520au%253APonjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Fulltime Kamukan |last=Ponjikkara Rafi |date=1954 |publisher=Vidyarthi Mithram |edition=0 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/79628 |title=Chenthaengintae pookkula |last=Rafi |first=Ponjikkara |date=1985 |language=ml}}
{{div col end}}

=== Short story anthologies ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=19720&query_desc=au%253A%2522Ponjikkara%2520Rafi%2522%2520and%2520au%253APonjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Karutha Blouse |last=Ponjikkara Rafi |date=1964 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=17888&query_desc=au%253A%2522Ponjikkara%2520Rafi%2522%2520and%2520au%253APonjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Kochu Rosi |last=Ponjikkara Rafi |date=1963 |edition=1 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=17726&query_desc=au%253A%2522Ponjikkara%2520Rafi%2522%2520and%2520au%253APonjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Khadhar Jubba |last=Ponjikkara Rafi |date=1963 |edition=1 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=17634&query_desc=au%253A%2522Ponjikkara%2520Rafi%2522%2520and%2520au%253APonjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Alathallunna Puzha |last=Ponjikkara Rafi |date=1963 |edition=1 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=10290&query_desc=au%253A%2522Ponjikkara%2520Rafi%2522%2520and%2520au%253APonjikkara%2520Rafi%2520and%2520au%253APonjikkara%2520Rafi%2520 |title=Thuranna Vathil |last=Ponjikkara Rafi |date=1947 |edition=1 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=11010&query_desc=au%253A%2522Ponjikkara%2520Rafi%2522%2520and%2520au%253APonjikkara%2520Rafi%2520and%2520au%253APonjikkara%2520Rafi%2520 |title=Ozhivukalam |last=Ponjikkara Rafi |date=1951 |edition=1 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/70335 |title=Theranjedutha kathakal |last=Rafi |first=Ponjikkara |date=1967 |language=ml}}
{{div col end}}

=== Non fiction ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=83015&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Ponjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Sukradasayude charitram |last1=Sebeena Rafi |last2=Rafi |first2=Ponjikkara |date=1992 |publisher=D.C. Books |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=78120&query_desc=au%252Cwrdl%253A%2520Ponjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Anuyathrakal, kandeththalukal |last=Rafi |first=Ponjikkara |date=1982 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangam |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=27201&query_desc=au%253A%2522Raphi%252C%2520Ponjikkara%2522 |title=Charithra maanangal |last=Rafi |first=Ponjikkara |date=1985 |location=Kottayam, Current}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=27202&query_desc=au%253A%2522Raphi%252C%2520Ponjikkara%2522 |title=Prakaasadhara |last=Rafi |first=Ponjikkara |date=1989 |location=Trissur, Current}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=80342&query_desc=au%253A%2522Ponjikkara%2520Rafi%2522%2520and%2520au%253APonjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Marxism Oru Thirinjunottam, Emmavoosilekkula Yathrayum |last1=Ponjikkara Rafi |last2=Sebeena Rafi |date=1991 |publisher=Bamsuri Books |edition=0 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=39730&query_desc=au%253A%2522Ponjikkara%2520Rafi%2522%2520and%2520au%253APonjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Kaliyugam |last=Ponjikkara Rafi |date=1982 |publisher=D. C. B. Kottayam |edition=0 |language=ml}}
{{div col end}}

=== Plays ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://122.165.117.71/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=18285&query_desc=au%253A%2522Ponjikkara%2520Rafi%2522%2520and%2520au%253APonjikkara%2520Rafi |title=Mathayi Master |last=Ponjikkara Rafi |date=1963 |edition=0 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/PonjikkaraRafi/Html/PRafiBooks.htm |title=Mezhukuthiri |last=Rafi Ponjikkara }}
{{div col end}}

== Filmography ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Koodappirappu]]
* [[Minnaminugu]]
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/25971 |title=Literary contributions of Ponjikkara Raphy |last=Anu |first=P. T. |date=2012-12-11 |website=University |language=en |access-date=2019-04-10}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/10603/25972 |title=Stream of consciousness technique in novels: A special study in the selected novels of Ponjikkara Rafi, M T Vasudevan Nair and Vilasini |last=Ajithakumary |first=K. B. |date=2011-02-16 |website=University |language=en |access-date=2019-04-10}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/105712 |title=Bodhadharayum Vettoorum pinne ponjikkara Rafiyum |last=Somanathan Nair |first=P. G. |date=2008 |language=ml}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/117487 |title=Ponjikkara Rafi : sargavismayam |date=2016 |language=ml}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/PonjikkaraRafi/Html/PonjikkaraRafi.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-04-05 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-05}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/PonjikkaraRafi/Html/Ponjikkarascript.htm |title=Handwriting |date=2019-04-05 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-05}}
* {{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA581|year=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-798-9|pages=581–}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rafi, Ponjikkara}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century journalists]]

Ponjikkara Rafi - Revision history

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