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{{Short description|Citrus fruit}}
{{Redirect|Yòuzi|the fruit also called Xiāngchéng|Yuzu}}
{{Redirect|Nobap fruit|the [[Meitei language]] film|Nobap}}
{{stack begin}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Pomelo
|image = Pomelo fruit.jpg
|image2 = Pomelo In Village.jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). |author2=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Citrus maxima'' |volume=2019 |page=e.T62042732A147027490 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T62042732A147027490.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Citrus
|species = maxima
|authority = [[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]]
}}
[[File:Citrus maxima (Pampelmuse) 001.jpg|thumb|Cluster of flower buds]]
[[File:Pomelo flower.jpg|thumb|Pomelo flowers]]
[[File:Bưởi.jpg|thumb|Pomelo tree in southern [[Vietnam]]]]
{{stack end}}

The '''pomelo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɒ|m|ɪ|l|oʊ|,_|ˈ|p|ʌ|m|-}} {{respell|POM|il|oh|,_|PUM|-}};<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary|publisher=Chambers|year=2003|isbn=0-550-10105-5|edition=9th|chapter=pomelo}}</ref><ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|pomelo|access-date=2021-01-25}}</ref> '''''Citrus maxima''''') is the largest [[Citrus|citrus fruit]] from the family [[Rutaceae]] and the principal [[ancestor]] of the [[grapefruit]].<ref name=morton1/> It is a natural, non-hybrid, citrus fruit, native to [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=morton1/> Similar in taste to a sweet grapefruit, the pomelo is commonly consumed and used for festive occasions throughout [[Southeast Asia]]. As with the grapefruit, [[phytochemical]]s in the pomelo have the [[Grapefruit–drug interactions|potential for drug interactions]].

==Etymology and common names==

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the etymology of the word "pomelo" is uncertain.<ref>{{Cite OED|pomelo|id=147483}}</ref> It may be derived from Dutch ''pompelmoes''.<ref name=morton1/> Its botanical name, ''Citrus maxima'', means "the biggest citrus". In English, the word "pomelo" (also spelt '''pummelo''', '''pumelo''', '''pomello''', '''pommelo''') has become the more common name, although "pomelo" has historically been used for [[grapefruit]].

After introduction to [[Barbados]] by 'Captain Shaddock' of the [[East India Company]] (apparently Philip Chaddock, who visited the island in the late 1640s<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumamoto |first1=J |last2=Scora |first2=R W |last3=Lawton |first3=H W |last4=Clerx |first4=W A |title=Mystery of the Forbidden Fruit: Historical Epilogue on the Origin of the Grapefruit, ''Citrus paradisi'' (Rutaceae) |journal=Economic Botany |year=1987 |volume=41 |pages=97–107|doi=10.1007/BF02859356 |s2cid=42178548 }}</ref>), the fruit was called "'''shaddock'''" in English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://citruspages.free.fr/pomelos.html |title=Pomelo (Pummelo) Citrus maxima |publisher=Citruspages.free.fr |date=2009-11-14 |access-date=2020-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itfnet.org/contents/fruit/fruitInfo/html/trdLevel2021.html |title=fruitInfo-trdLevel2021.html |publisher=Itfnet.org |date=2008-06-12 |access-date=2020-07-06}}</ref> From there the name spread to [[Jamaica]] in 1696.<ref name=AHD>[[American Heritage Dictionary]], 1973.</ref> The fruit is also known as '''jabong''' in Hawaii and '''jambola''' in [[South Asian English|varieties of English spoken in South Asia]].<ref name=morton1/> In [[Nepali language|Nepali]], it is known as "bhogate".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Joys of Bhogate Sadheko|url=http://ecs.com.np/food/the-joys-of-bhogate-sadheko|access-date=2021-05-13|website=ECS NEPAL|language=en}}</ref> In India, it is known as '''chakota in Kannada''', and '''robab tenga''' in Assamese.

== Description and uses ==

The pomelo tree may be {{convert|16|–|50|ft|m|0|order=flip|abbr=off|sp=us}} tall, possibly with a crooked trunk {{convert|4|–|12|in|cm|0|order=flip|abbr=off|sp=us}} thick, and low-hanging, irregular branches.<ref name=morton1/> Leaf [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]] are distinctly winged, with alternate, [[Glossary of botanical terms#ovate|ovate]] or [[Glossary of botanical terms#E|elliptic]] shapes {{cvt|2|–|8|in|cm|0|order=flip}} long, with a leathery, dull green upper layer, and hairy underleaf.<ref name=morton1/> The flowers — single or in clusters — are fragrant and yellow-white in color.<ref name= morton1/>

The fruit is large, {{cvt|15|–|25|cm|in|frac=2}} in diameter,<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/12/25/HOG7FAFSVC1.DTL&type=printable |title=Pomelo: Growing the granddaddy of grapefruit |website=SFGate.com |date=December 25, 2004}}</ref> usually weighing {{convert|1|-|2|kg|lb|0|abbr=off|sp=us}}. It has a thicker [[peel (fruit)|rind]] than a grapefruit,<ref name=morton1/> and is divided into 11 to 18 segments. The flesh tastes like a mild grapefruit, with little of its common bitterness (the grapefruit is a hybrid of the pomelo and the orange).<ref name=morton1/><ref name="morton2">{{cite web| first= Julia F. |last= Morton| url= http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/grapefruit.html |title=Grapefruit: ''Citrus paradisi''| pages= 152–158| work= Fruits of warm climates |via= purdue.edu| publisher= NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University |date= 1987|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref> The enveloping membranes around the segments are chewy and bitter, considered inedible, and usually discarded.<ref name="morton1">{{cite web| first= Julia F.| last= Morton| via= purdue.edu |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pummelo.html |title=Pummelo: ''Citrus maxima''| pages= 147–151| work= Fruits of warm climates |publisher= NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University |date= 1987|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref> There are at least sixty varieties.<ref name="Jeanne Kelley">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160212231651/https://www.latimes.com/food/la-fo-pomelo-20160213-story.html Pomelos, grapefruit's sweeter and mellower relative, have a wealth of flavor], by Jeanne Kelley, in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''; published February 12, 2016; retrieved November 19, 2021 (via [[archive.org]])</ref>
The fruit generally contains few, relatively large seeds, but some varieties have numerous seeds.<ref name=morton1/>

The juice is regarded as delicious, and the rind is used to make [[preserves]] or may be candied.<ref name=morton1 /> In Brazil, the thick skin may be used for making a sweet [[Conserve (condiment)|conserve]], while the spongy pith of the rind is discarded. In Sri Lanka, it is often eaten as a dessert, sometimes sprinkled with sugar. In large parts of Southeast Asia where pomelo is native, it is commonly eaten as a dessert, often sprinkled with salt or dipped in a salt mixture, but it may instead be made into salads.<ref name= morton1 /> In the Philippines, a pink beverage is made from pomelo and pineapple juice.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Hargreaves| first1= Dorothy |last2= Hargreaves| first2= Bob| title=Tropical Trees of the Pacific|year=1970|publisher=Hargreaves|location=Kailua, Hawaii |page=51}}</ref>

The fruit may have been introduced to China around 100 BCE.<ref name=morton1 /> In East Asia, especially in [[Cantonese cuisine]], braised pomelo pith is used to make dishes that are high in fibre and low in fat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Braised pomelo pith |url=https://www.weekinchina.com/2017/12/braised-pomelo-pith/ |website=Week in China |access-date=22 August 2020 |date=8 December 2017}}</ref>

=== Propagation and genetic diversity ===

The seeds of the pomelo are [[monoembryonic]], producing seedlings with genes from both parents, but they are usually similar to the tree they grow on and therefore pomelo is typically grown from seed in Asia.<ref name=morton1 /> Seeds can be stored for 80 days at a temperature of {{convert|41|F|C|order=flip|abbr=on}} and with moderate relative humidity.<ref name=morton1 /> ''Citrus maxima'' is usually [[Grafting|grafted]] onto other [[citrus rootstock]]s outside Asia to produce trees that are identical to the parent; high-quality varieties are propagated by [[air-layering]] or by budding onto favored rootstocks.<ref name=morton1 />

The physical and chemical characteristics of pomelo vary widely across South Asia.<ref name=morton1 />

==Varieties==
=== Non-hybrid pomelos ===
* [[Dangyuja]]

===Possible non-hybrid pomelos===
* [[Banpeiyu]]

===Hybrids===
{{main|Citrus taxonomy}}
The pomelo is one of the original citrus species from which cultivated citrus fruits have been [[hybrid (biology)|hybridized]], others being [[citron]], [[mandarin orange|mandarin]], and to a lesser extent, [[Papeda (citrus)|papedas]] and [[kumquat]]. In particular, the [[orange (fruit)|common orange]] is presumed to be a naturally occurring hybrid between the pomelo and the mandarin with the pomelo providing the larger size and greater firmness. The grapefruit was originally also presumed to be a naturally occurring hybrid of the pomelo and the mandarin; however, genome analysis conducted more than two centuries after this presumption was made shows that it is actually a backcrossed hybrid between a pomelo and a sweet orange which is why 63% of the grapefruit's genome comes from the pomelo. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://journals.ashs.org/horttech/view/journals/horttech/aop/article-10.21273-HORTTECH04679-20/article-10.21273-HORTTECH04679-20.xml |title=Grapefruit: History, Use, and Breeding in: HortTechnology Volume 31 Issue 3 (2021) |publisher=Journals.ashs.org |date= |accessdate=2022-05-01}}</ref>

The pomelo is employed today in artificial breeding programs:
* The common [[sweet orange]] (Citrus × sinensis) is a pomelo × mandarin hybrid
* The [[bitter orange]] (Citrus × aurantium) is another pomelo × mandarin hybrid
* The [[tangelo]] is a hybrid between pomelo or grapefruit and any [[tangerine]]; it generally has a thicker skin than a tangerine and is less sweet
** [[K-Early tangelo|'K–Early']] ('Sunrise Tangelo')<ref name=morton>{{cite book|last=Morton |first=Julia F. |year=1987 |chapter=Tangelo |pages=158–160 |title=Fruits of warm climates. |publisher=Julia F. Morton |location=Miami, FL. |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/tangelo.html |isbn=0-9610184-1-0}}</ref>
** '[[Minneola tangelo]]': [[Bowen grapefruit]] × [[Dancy (fruit)|Dancy tangerine]]<ref name=morton/>
** [[Orlando tangelo|'Orlando']] (formerly 'Take'): [[Bowen grapefruit]] × [[Dancy (fruit)|Dancy tangerine]] (pollen parent)<ref name=morton/>
** [[Seminole tangelo|'Seminole']]: [[Bowen grapefruit]] × [[Dancy (fruit)|Dancy tangerine]]<ref name=morton/>
** [[Thornton tangelo|'Thornton']]: [[tangerine]] × [[grapefruit]], unspecified<ref name=morton/>
** '[[Ugli fruit]]' (Jamaican tangelo): [[mandarin orange|mandarin]] × grapefruit, probable (wild seedling)<ref name=morton/>
* [[Grapefruit]] is a pomelo [[backcross]]: pomelo × [[sweet orange]] (see above)
* [[Forbidden fruit (citrus)|Forbidden fruit]]: another Caribbean pomelo/sweet orange cross
* [[Nova mandarin|'Nova']]: Clementine × Orlando tangelo cross<ref name=morton/>
* The [[Oroblanco]] and [[Melogold]] grapefruits are hybrids between ''Citrus maxima'' and the [[grapefruit]]
* [[Mandelo]]s: pomelo × [[mandarin orange|mandarin]]
* Mato buntan: a variety in Taiwan<ref>{{cite web |title=Mato buntan |url=https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/mato_buntan.html |access-date=2022-03-12 |publisher=University of California - Riverside, Citrus Variety Collection}}</ref>
* [[Hyuganatsu]] is a pomelo hybrid
* [[Kawachi Bankan]]: ujukitsu x unidentified

==Nutrition==
{{nutritional value
| name = Pomelo, raw
| image = Pomelo flesh.jpg
| caption = Flesh of a pomelo
| kJ=159
| protein = 0.76 g
| fat = 0.04 g
| carbs = 9.62 g
| fiber = 1 g
| iron_mg = 0.11
| magnesium_mg = 6
| phosphorus_mg= 17
| potassium_mg = 216
| sodium_mg = 1
| zinc_mg = 0.08
| manganese_mg = 0.017
| vitC_mg = 61
| thiamin_mg = 0.034
| riboflavin_mg= 0.027
| niacin_mg = 0.22
| vitB6_mg = 0.036
| water=89 g
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/167754/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
Raw pomelo flesh is 89% water, 10% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein]], and contains negligible [[fat]] (table). A 100-gram reference amount provides {{convert|159|kJ|kcal|abbr=off}} of [[food energy]], and is rich in [[vitamin C]] (73% of the [[Daily Value]]), with no other [[micronutrient]]s in significant content (table).

==Potential for drug interaction==
{{main|Grapefruit–drug interactions}}
Pomelo may cause adverse effects, similar to those caused by grapefruit and some other citrus fruits, through the inhibition of [[cytochrome P450]]-mediated metabolism of [[prescription drug]]s such as [[anti-hypertensive]]s and [[anticoagulant]]s.<ref name="Bailey">{{cite journal | last1=Bailey | first1=D. G. | last2=Dresser | first2=G. | last3=Arnold | first3=J. M. O. | title=Grapefruit-medication interactions: Forbidden fruit or avoidable consequences? | journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal | volume=185 | issue=4 | date=2012-11-26 | issn=0820-3946 | doi=10.1503/cmaj.120951 | pages=309–316|pmc=3589309|pmid=23184849}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Pummelo or Pamplemousse (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.); flowe Wellcome V0042686.jpg|Flowering and fruiting branch with numbered fruit segment and flower section, chromolithograph by P. Depannemaeker, c. 1885, after B. Hoola van Nooten
File:Caligrapefruit.jpg|This white hybrid Pomelo is cushioned with a thick [[mesocarp]] layer
File:Pummelos.jpg|Pomelos
File:Pummelo cut.jpg|Pomelo after being cut
File:Pomelos 02.jpg|Pink pomelo [[juice vesicles]]
File:Citrus maxima (Pampelmuse) 004.jpg|Pomelo blossom
File:Citrus maxima0.jpg|Pomelo on tree, has fruit and blossoms at the same time
File:Xiancun - pomelo orchards - DSCF4064.JPG|[[Fujian]]'s [[Pinghe County]] is famous in China for its pomelos
File:Vườn bưởi.jpg|Pomelo orchard
File:Pummelo HBuntan Pink1 Asit.jpg|Pink pomelo
File:Pomelo seedling.jpg|Pomelo seedling
File:Citrus maxima (Pampelmuse) 005.jpg|Closeup of pomelo [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]
File:Mid-Autumn Festival 33, Chinatown, Singapore, Sep 06.JPG|[[Ipoh]] pomelos on sale at [[Chinatown, Singapore]]
File:Tam som-o nam pu.JPG|''Tam som-o nam pu'': spicy Thai pomelo salad with crab extract
File:Pomelo with rind removed and segments.jpg|alt=A large pomelo with the rind removed and main fruit cut in half. The orange-like segments are visible.|The large segments inside a pomelo, containing the fruit’s juice vesicles.
</gallery>


==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Citrus}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q80024}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Citrus]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Plants used in Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]

Pomelo - Revision history

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