Polyandry in India - Revision history

172.71.124.88: Minor edits regarding the name of unique custom of fraternal polyadry followed by Ezhavas and its mythical origin from a legendary book Soundikolpatti.

2026-04-05T11:48:56Z

Minor edits regarding the name of unique custom of fraternal polyadry followed by Ezhavas and its mythical origin from a legendary book Soundikolpatti.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:18, 5 April 2026
Line 31:		Line 31:
	Polyandry and [[polygamy]] were prevalent in [[Kerala]] till the late 19th century and isolated cases were reported until the mid-20th century. Castes practicing polyandry were Ezhavas, [[Nairs]], [[Thiyyas]], [[Kammalar]], and [[Mukkuvar]] of Kerala <ref name="Gough313">{{cite book \|title=Matrilineal Kinship \|editor1-first=David Murray \|editor1-last=Schneider \|editor2-first=E. Kathleen \|editor2-last=Gough \|chapter=Nayars: Central Kerala \|first=E. Kathleen \|last=Gough \|authorlink=Kathleen Gough \|page=412 \|year=1961 \|publisher=University of California Press \|isbn=978-0-520-02529-5 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiRL3rnCVfAC&dq=tiyyar+polygamy&pg=PA412}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Hardgrave\|first=Robert L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC\|title=The Nadars of Tamilnad\|publisher=University of California Press\|language=en}}</ref><ref>''A Study of Polyandry – Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark'' (1963) The Hague: Moulton. Open Library ID OL15135517M. p. 159.</ref><ref>''Polyandry in India: Demographic, economic, social, religious, and psychological concomitants of plural marriages in women - Manis Kumar Raha and Palash Chandra Coomar'' (1987) Gian Pub. House. {{ISBN\|81-212-0105-5}}. p. 432.</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC \|title = Polyandry in Ancient India\|isbn = 9788120804876\|last1 = Singh\|first1 = Sarva Daman\|year = 1988\| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref><ref>074531693</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA38 \|title = Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|isbn = 9004045104\|last1 = Smith\|first1 = Bardwell L.\|year = 1976\| publisher=Brill }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mann\|first=Rann Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&q=Polyandry+of+thiyya&pg=PA16\|title=Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology\|date=1996\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-586-7\|language=en}}</ref> Historians assert that there exists no authenticated case of polyandry among the Nairs. The evidence presented for such a custom during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries primarily stems from accounts provided by foreign travelers who were prohibited from approaching within sixty yards of a Nair's residence. Consequently, their testimonies offer an exceedingly unsatisfactory basis for definitive conclusions regarding Nair customs. Conversely, the extensive Malayalam literature on the subject provides a more nuanced and culturally informed perspective.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Panikkar \|first=K. M. \|date=July 1918 \|title=Some Aspects of Nayar Life. \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843423 \|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland \|volume=48 \|pages=254–293 \|doi=10.2307/2843423\|jstor=2843423 \|url-access=subscription }}</ref>		Polyandry and [[polygamy]] were prevalent in [[Kerala]] till the late 19th century and isolated cases were reported until the mid-20th century. Castes practicing polyandry were Ezhavas, [[Nairs]], [[Thiyyas]], [[Kammalar]], and [[Mukkuvar]] of Kerala <ref name="Gough313">{{cite book \|title=Matrilineal Kinship \|editor1-first=David Murray \|editor1-last=Schneider \|editor2-first=E. Kathleen \|editor2-last=Gough \|chapter=Nayars: Central Kerala \|first=E. Kathleen \|last=Gough \|authorlink=Kathleen Gough \|page=412 \|year=1961 \|publisher=University of California Press \|isbn=978-0-520-02529-5 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiRL3rnCVfAC&dq=tiyyar+polygamy&pg=PA412}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Hardgrave\|first=Robert L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC\|title=The Nadars of Tamilnad\|publisher=University of California Press\|language=en}}</ref><ref>''A Study of Polyandry – Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark'' (1963) The Hague: Moulton. Open Library ID OL15135517M. p. 159.</ref><ref>''Polyandry in India: Demographic, economic, social, religious, and psychological concomitants of plural marriages in women - Manis Kumar Raha and Palash Chandra Coomar'' (1987) Gian Pub. House. {{ISBN\|81-212-0105-5}}. p. 432.</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC \|title = Polyandry in Ancient India\|isbn = 9788120804876\|last1 = Singh\|first1 = Sarva Daman\|year = 1988\| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref><ref>074531693</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA38 \|title = Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|isbn = 9004045104\|last1 = Smith\|first1 = Bardwell L.\|year = 1976\| publisher=Brill }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mann\|first=Rann Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&q=Polyandry+of+thiyya&pg=PA16\|title=Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology\|date=1996\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-586-7\|language=en}}</ref> Historians assert that there exists no authenticated case of polyandry among the Nairs. The evidence presented for such a custom during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries primarily stems from accounts provided by foreign travelers who were prohibited from approaching within sixty yards of a Nair's residence. Consequently, their testimonies offer an exceedingly unsatisfactory basis for definitive conclusions regarding Nair customs. Conversely, the extensive Malayalam literature on the subject provides a more nuanced and culturally informed perspective.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Panikkar \|first=K. M. \|date=July 1918 \|title=Some Aspects of Nayar Life. \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843423 \|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland \|volume=48 \|pages=254–293 \|doi=10.2307/2843423\|jstor=2843423 \|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

	In the case of polyandry, depending upon the communities, a man's property is inherited by his own children, his brother's children or his sister's children ~~and not his own~~.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette18huntgoog/page/n94 <!-- pg=55 quote=polyandry among nairs. --> The imperial gazetteer of India by William Wilson Hunter].</ref> However, polyandry is a contested issue with opinion divided between those who support its existence<ref>{{cite journal\| last = A. Aiyappan\| title = Nayar Polyandry\| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 78–79\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = March 1932\| jstor =2790087}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\| last = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer\| title = Nayar Polyandry \| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 269–270\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = November 1932\| jstor = 2790609}}</ref> and those who do not.<ref>{{cite journal\| last1 = Opler \| first1 = Marvin K. \| title = Woman's Social Status and the Forms of Marriage \| journal = [[American Journal of Sociology]]\| volume = 49\| issue = 2\| pages = 125–148\| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] \| date = September 1943\| jstor = 2770359\| doi = 10.1086/219347\| s2cid = 143509766 }}</ref> [[Ezhavas]], [[Mukkuva]]s, [[Kammalar]]s of Kerala also practised polyandry. The custom of fraternal polyandry was common among [[Thiyya]]s of Malabar and [[~~ezhava~~]]s. According to Cyriac Pullipally, female members of the [[Thiyya]], [[~~ezhava~~]], and [[~~mukkuva~~]]s community associated with English, French, Dutch, and Portuguese men as their concubines.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Smith\|first=Bardwell L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&q=polyandry\|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|date=1976\|publisher=Brill\|isbn=978-90-04-04510-1\|page=34\|language=en}}</ref>		In the case of polyandry, depending upon the communities and inheritance systems (patrlineal or matrlineal), a man's property is inherited by his own children, his brother's children or his sister's children .<ref>[https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette18huntgoog/page/n94 <!-- pg=55 quote=polyandry among nairs. --> The imperial gazetteer of India by William Wilson Hunter].</ref> However, polyandry is a contested issue with opinion divided between those who support its existence<ref>{{cite journal\| last = A. Aiyappan\| title = Nayar Polyandry\| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 78–79\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = March 1932\| jstor =2790087}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\| last = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer\| title = Nayar Polyandry \| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 269–270\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = November 1932\| jstor = 2790609}}</ref> and those who do not.<ref>{{cite journal\| last1 = Opler \| first1 = Marvin K. \| title = Woman's Social Status and the Forms of Marriage \| journal = [[American Journal of Sociology]]\| volume = 49\| issue = 2\| pages = 125–148\| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] \| date = September 1943\| jstor = 2770359\| doi = 10.1086/219347\| s2cid = 143509766 }}</ref> [[Ezhavas]], [[Mukkuva]]s, [[Kammalar]]s of Kerala also practised polyandry. The custom of fraternal polyandry known as Pandavavicharam or Pandava Acharam was common among [[Thiyya]]s of Malabar and [[Ezhava]]s , with its origin based on a legendary text called Soundikolpatti<ref>[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8hZPAQAAMAAJ&q=iravas+and+social+change+by+ayyappan&dq=iravas+and+social+change+by+ayyappan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiemPuJ0daTAxUNbmwGHbTLFG0Q6AF6BAgJEAM#Puranic Page No. 17, Iravas and Cultural Change by A.Aiyappan]</ref>. According to Cyriac Pullipally, female members of the [[Thiyya]], [[Ezhava]], and [[Mukkuvar (India)\|Mukkuvas]] community associated with English, French, Dutch, and Portuguese men as their concubines.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Smith\|first=Bardwell L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&q=polyandry\|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|date=1976\|publisher=Brill\|isbn=978-90-04-04510-1\|page=34\|language=en}}</ref>

	==Punjab and Haryana==		==Punjab and Haryana==

172.71.102.12: Minor edits regarding structuring of the article and also removal of misconception that polyandry was only among matrilineal communities

2026-04-05T10:50:13Z

Minor edits regarding structuring of the article and also removal of misconception that polyandry was only among matrilineal communities

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:20, 5 April 2026
Line 29:		Line 29:

	==Kerala==		==Kerala==
	Polyandry and [[polygamy]] were prevalent in [[Kerala]] till the late 19th century and isolated cases were reported until the mid-20th century. Castes practicing polyandry were [[Nairs]], [[Thiyyas]], [[Kammalar]], and [[Mukkuvar]] of Kerala <ref name="Gough313">{{cite book \|title=Matrilineal Kinship \|editor1-first=David Murray \|editor1-last=Schneider \|editor2-first=E. Kathleen \|editor2-last=Gough \|chapter=Nayars: Central Kerala \|first=E. Kathleen \|last=Gough \|authorlink=Kathleen Gough \|page=412 \|year=1961 \|publisher=University of California Press \|isbn=978-0-520-02529-5 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiRL3rnCVfAC&dq=tiyyar+polygamy&pg=PA412}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Hardgrave\|first=Robert L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC\|title=The Nadars of Tamilnad\|publisher=University of California Press\|language=en}}</ref><ref>''A Study of Polyandry – Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark'' (1963) The Hague: Moulton. Open Library ID OL15135517M. p. 159.</ref><ref>''Polyandry in India: Demographic, economic, social, religious, and psychological concomitants of plural marriages in women - Manis Kumar Raha and Palash Chandra Coomar'' (1987) Gian Pub. House. {{ISBN\|81-212-0105-5}}. p. 432.</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC \|title = Polyandry in Ancient India\|isbn = 9788120804876\|last1 = Singh\|first1 = Sarva Daman\|year = 1988\| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref><ref>074531693</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA38 \|title = Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|isbn = 9004045104\|last1 = Smith\|first1 = Bardwell L.\|year = 1976\| publisher=Brill }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mann\|first=Rann Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&q=Polyandry+of+thiyya&pg=PA16\|title=Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology\|date=1996\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-586-7\|language=en}}</ref> Historians assert that there exists no authenticated case of polyandry among the Nairs. The evidence presented for such a custom during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries primarily stems from accounts provided by foreign travelers who were prohibited from approaching within sixty yards of a Nair's residence. Consequently, their testimonies offer an exceedingly unsatisfactory basis for definitive conclusions regarding Nair customs. Conversely, the extensive Malayalam literature on the subject provides a more nuanced and culturally informed perspective.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Panikkar \|first=K. M. \|date=July 1918 \|title=Some Aspects of Nayar Life. \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843423 \|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland \|volume=48 \|pages=254–293 \|doi=10.2307/2843423\|jstor=2843423 \|url-access=subscription }}</ref>		Polyandry and [[polygamy]] were prevalent in [[Kerala]] till the late 19th century and isolated cases were reported until the mid-20th century. Castes practicing polyandry were Ezhavas, [[Nairs]], [[Thiyyas]], [[Kammalar]], and [[Mukkuvar]] of Kerala <ref name="Gough313">{{cite book \|title=Matrilineal Kinship \|editor1-first=David Murray \|editor1-last=Schneider \|editor2-first=E. Kathleen \|editor2-last=Gough \|chapter=Nayars: Central Kerala \|first=E. Kathleen \|last=Gough \|authorlink=Kathleen Gough \|page=412 \|year=1961 \|publisher=University of California Press \|isbn=978-0-520-02529-5 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiRL3rnCVfAC&dq=tiyyar+polygamy&pg=PA412}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Hardgrave\|first=Robert L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC\|title=The Nadars of Tamilnad\|publisher=University of California Press\|language=en}}</ref><ref>''A Study of Polyandry – Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark'' (1963) The Hague: Moulton. Open Library ID OL15135517M. p. 159.</ref><ref>''Polyandry in India: Demographic, economic, social, religious, and psychological concomitants of plural marriages in women - Manis Kumar Raha and Palash Chandra Coomar'' (1987) Gian Pub. House. {{ISBN\|81-212-0105-5}}. p. 432.</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC \|title = Polyandry in Ancient India\|isbn = 9788120804876\|last1 = Singh\|first1 = Sarva Daman\|year = 1988\| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref><ref>074531693</ref><ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA38 \|title = Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|isbn = 9004045104\|last1 = Smith\|first1 = Bardwell L.\|year = 1976\| publisher=Brill }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mann\|first=Rann Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&q=Polyandry+of+thiyya&pg=PA16\|title=Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology\|date=1996\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-586-7\|language=en}}</ref> Historians assert that there exists no authenticated case of polyandry among the Nairs. The evidence presented for such a custom during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries primarily stems from accounts provided by foreign travelers who were prohibited from approaching within sixty yards of a Nair's residence. Consequently, their testimonies offer an exceedingly unsatisfactory basis for definitive conclusions regarding Nair customs. Conversely, the extensive Malayalam literature on the subject provides a more nuanced and culturally informed perspective.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Panikkar \|first=K. M. \|date=July 1918 \|title=Some Aspects of Nayar Life. \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843423 \|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland \|volume=48 \|pages=254–293 \|doi=10.2307/2843423\|jstor=2843423 \|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

	In the case of polyandry, a man's property is inherited by his sister's children and not his own.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette18huntgoog/page/n94 <!-- pg=55 quote=polyandry among nairs. --> The imperial gazetteer of India by William Wilson Hunter].</ref> Under a polyandrous system, the only verifiable blood-relationships could be ascertained through females.<ref>{{cite journal \| last = H. W. H. <!--source only shows initial-->\| title = Primitive Marriage\| journal = Science\| volume = 7 \| issue = 158\| pages = 147–149\| publisher = [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] \| date = 12 February 1886\| jstor = 1760231 \| doi = 10.1126/science.ns-7.158S.147 \| pmid = 17759687\| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1618824}}</ref> However, polyandry is a contested issue with opinion divided between those who support its existence<ref>{{cite journal\| last = A. Aiyappan\| title = Nayar Polyandry\| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 78–79\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = March 1932\| jstor =2790087}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\| last = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer\| title = Nayar Polyandry \| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 269–270\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = November 1932\| jstor = 2790609}}</ref> and those who do not.<ref>{{cite journal\| last1 = Opler \| first1 = Marvin K. \| title = Woman's Social Status and the Forms of Marriage \| journal = [[American Journal of Sociology]]\| volume = 49\| issue = 2\| pages = 125–148\| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] \| date = September 1943\| jstor = 2770359\| doi = 10.1086/219347\| s2cid = 143509766 }}</ref> [[Ezhavas]], [[Mukkuva]]s, [[Kammalar]]s of Kerala also practised polyandry. The custom of fraternal polyandry was common among [[Thiyya]]s of Malabar and [[ezhava]]s. According to Cyriac Pullipally, female members of the [[Thiyya]], [[ezhava]], and [[mukkuva]]s community associated with English, French, Dutch, and Portuguese men as their concubines.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Smith\|first=Bardwell L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&q=polyandry\|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|date=1976\|publisher=Brill\|isbn=978-90-04-04510-1\|page=34\|language=en}}</ref>		In the case of polyandry, depending upon the communities, a man's property is inherited by his own children, his brother's children or his sister's children and not his own.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette18huntgoog/page/n94 <!-- pg=55 quote=polyandry among nairs. --> The imperial gazetteer of India by William Wilson Hunter].</ref> However, polyandry is a contested issue with opinion divided between those who support its existence<ref>{{cite journal\| last = A. Aiyappan\| title = Nayar Polyandry\| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 78–79\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = March 1932\| jstor =2790087}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\| last = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer\| title = Nayar Polyandry \| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 269–270\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = November 1932\| jstor = 2790609}}</ref> and those who do not.<ref>{{cite journal\| last1 = Opler \| first1 = Marvin K. \| title = Woman's Social Status and the Forms of Marriage \| journal = [[American Journal of Sociology]]\| volume = 49\| issue = 2\| pages = 125–148\| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] \| date = September 1943\| jstor = 2770359\| doi = 10.1086/219347\| s2cid = 143509766 }}</ref> [[Ezhavas]], [[Mukkuva]]s, [[Kammalar]]s of Kerala also practised polyandry. The custom of fraternal polyandry was common among [[Thiyya]]s of Malabar and [[ezhava]]s. According to Cyriac Pullipally, female members of the [[Thiyya]], [[ezhava]], and [[mukkuva]]s community associated with English, French, Dutch, and Portuguese men as their concubines.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Smith\|first=Bardwell L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&q=polyandry\|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|date=1976\|publisher=Brill\|isbn=978-90-04-04510-1\|page=34\|language=en}}</ref>

	==Punjab and Haryana==		==Punjab and Haryana==

Palaekarikula kshatriyan at 07:33, 28 November 2025

2025-11-28T07:33:36Z

Show changes

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

2023-08-14T13:39:53Z

Removed empty portal template using script

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:09, 14 August 2023
Line 47:		Line 47:

	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|India\|Society}}~~
	*[[Polygamy in India]]		*[[Polygamy in India]]
	{{clear}}		{{clear}}

Yohanan Gheevargheese: A minor edit correcting wrong information

2023-07-14T06:53:22Z

A minor edit correcting wrong information

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:23, 14 July 2023
Line 32:		Line 32:

	==Kerala==		==Kerala==
	Polyandry and [[polygamy]] were prevalent in [[Kerala]] till the late 19th century and isolated cases were reported until the mid-20th century. [[Caste system in India\|Castes]] practicing polyandry were ~~[[Nairs]],~~ [[Thiyyas]], [[Ezhavas]], [[Kammalans]] , [[Nadar (caste)\|Nadar]]<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Hardgrave\|first=Robert L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC\|title=The Nadars of Tamilnad\|publisher=University of California Press\|language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed\|date=October 2020}}, and a few of the [[Vishwakarma (caste)\|artisan castes]].<ref>''A Study of Polyandry – Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark'' (1963) The Hague: Moulton. Open Library ID OL15135517M. p. 159.</ref><ref>''Polyandry in India: Demographic, economic, social, religious, and psychological concomitants of plural marriages in women - Manis Kumar Raha and Palash Chandra Coomar'' (1987) Gian Pub. House. {{ISBN\|81-212-0105-5}}. p. 432.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC \|title = Polyandry in Ancient India\|isbn = 9788120804876\|last1 = Singh\|first1 = Sarva Daman\|year = 1988}}</ref> <ref>074531693</ref> <ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA38 \|title = Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|isbn = 9004045104\|last1 = Smith\|first1 = Bardwell L.\|year = 1976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mann\|first=Rann Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&q=Polyandry+of+thiyya&pg=PA16\|title=Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology\|date=1996\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-586-7\|language=en}}</ref>		Polyandry and [[polygamy]] were prevalent in [[Kerala]] till the late 19th century and isolated cases were reported until the mid-20th century. [[Caste system in India\|Castes]] practicing polyandry were [[Thiyyas]], [[Ezhavas]], [[Kammalans]] , [[Nadar (caste)\|Nadar]]<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Hardgrave\|first=Robert L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC\|title=The Nadars of Tamilnad\|publisher=University of California Press\|language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed\|date=October 2020}}, and a few of the [[Vishwakarma (caste)\|artisan castes]].<ref>''A Study of Polyandry – Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark'' (1963) The Hague: Moulton. Open Library ID OL15135517M. p. 159.</ref><ref>''Polyandry in India: Demographic, economic, social, religious, and psychological concomitants of plural marriages in women - Manis Kumar Raha and Palash Chandra Coomar'' (1987) Gian Pub. House. {{ISBN\|81-212-0105-5}}. p. 432.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC \|title = Polyandry in Ancient India\|isbn = 9788120804876\|last1 = Singh\|first1 = Sarva Daman\|year = 1988}}</ref> <ref>074531693</ref> <ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA38 \|title = Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|isbn = 9004045104\|last1 = Smith\|first1 = Bardwell L.\|year = 1976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mann\|first=Rann Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&q=Polyandry+of+thiyya&pg=PA16\|title=Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology\|date=1996\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-586-7\|language=en}}</ref>

	In the case of Nairs and other related castes, a man's property is inherited by his sister's children and not his own.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette18huntgoog/page/n94 <!-- pg=55 quote=polyandry among nairs. --> The imperial gazetteer of India by William Wilson Hunter].</ref> Under Nair polyandry, the only conceivable blood-relationship could be ascertained through females.<ref>{{cite journal \| last = H. W. H. <!--source only shows initial-->\| title = Primitive Marriage\| journal = Science\| volume = 7 \| issue = 158\| pages = 147–149\| publisher = [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] \| date = 12 February 1886\| jstor = 1760231 \| doi = 10.1126/science.ns-7.158S.147 \| pmid = 17759687\| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1618824}}</ref> However, polyandry among Nairs is a contested issue with opinion divided between ones who support its existence<ref>{{cite journal\| last = A. Aiyappan\| title = Nayar Polyandry\| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 78–79\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = March 1932\| jstor =2790087}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\| last = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer\| title = Nayar Polyandry \| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 269–270\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = November 1932\| jstor = 2790609}}</ref> and ones who do not support it based on the fact that no stable relationship is formed in Nair polyandry.<ref>{{cite journal\| last1 = Opler \| first1 = Marvin K. \| title = Woman's Social Status and the Forms of Marriage \| journal = [[American Journal of Sociology]]\| volume = 49\| issue = 2\| pages = 125–148\| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] \| date = September 1943\| jstor = 2770359\| doi = 10.1086/219347}}</ref> Ezhavas of Kerala ~~also~~ practised polyandry. The custom of fraternal polyandry was common among Thiyyas of Malabar. According to Cyriac Pullipally, some female members of the Thiyya community associated with English men as their concubines.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Smith\|first=Bardwell L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&q=polyandry\|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|date=1976\|publisher=BRILL\|isbn=978-90-04-04510-1\|pages=34\|language=en}}</ref>		Ezhavas of Kerala specifically practised fraternal polyandry known as Pandavavicharam in colloquial terms . The custom of fraternal polyandry was also common among Thiyyas of Malabar. According to Cyriac Pullipally, some female members of the Thiyya community associated with English men as their concubines.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Smith\|first=Bardwell L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&q=polyandry\|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|date=1976\|publisher=BRILL\|isbn=978-90-04-04510-1\|pages=34\|language=en}}</ref>

	==Jaunsar-Bawar==		==Jaunsar-Bawar==
Line 41:		Line 41:
	Polyandrous union occurs in this region when a woman marries the eldest son in a family. The woman automatically becomes the wife of all his brothers upon her marriage. The brothers can be married to more than one woman if the first woman was sterile or if the age difference of the brothers were large. The wife is shared equally by all brothers and no one in the group has exclusive privilege to the wife. The woman considers all the men in the group her husband and the children recognise them all as their father.<ref>{{cite journal\| last1 = Berreman \| first1 = Gerald D. \| title = Pahari Polyandry: A Comparison\| journal = [[American Anthropologist]] \| volume = 64\| issue = 1\| pages = 60–75\| year = 1962\| doi = 10.1525/aa.1962.64.1.02a00070\| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\| last1 = Berreman\| first1 = Gerald D. \| title = Himalayan Polyandry and the Domestic Cycle\| journal = [[American Ethnologist]] \| volume = 2\| issue = 1\| pages = 127–138\| publisher = [[Blackwell Publishing]], on behalf of the [[American Anthropological Association]] \| date = February 1975\| jstor =643539\| doi = 10.1525/ae.1975.2.1.02a00070\| doi-access = free}}</ref>		Polyandrous union occurs in this region when a woman marries the eldest son in a family. The woman automatically becomes the wife of all his brothers upon her marriage. The brothers can be married to more than one woman if the first woman was sterile or if the age difference of the brothers were large. The wife is shared equally by all brothers and no one in the group has exclusive privilege to the wife. The woman considers all the men in the group her husband and the children recognise them all as their father.<ref>{{cite journal\| last1 = Berreman \| first1 = Gerald D. \| title = Pahari Polyandry: A Comparison\| journal = [[American Anthropologist]] \| volume = 64\| issue = 1\| pages = 60–75\| year = 1962\| doi = 10.1525/aa.1962.64.1.02a00070\| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\| last1 = Berreman\| first1 = Gerald D. \| title = Himalayan Polyandry and the Domestic Cycle\| journal = [[American Ethnologist]] \| volume = 2\| issue = 1\| pages = 127–138\| publisher = [[Blackwell Publishing]], on behalf of the [[American Anthropological Association]] \| date = February 1975\| jstor =643539\| doi = 10.1525/ae.1975.2.1.02a00070\| doi-access = free}}</ref>

	==Other tribes==		== Other tribes==
	Fraternal polyandry exists among the Khasa of Dehradun; and among the [[Galo tribe\|Gallong]] and [[Memba]] of Arunachal Pradesh, the [[Mala Madessar]], the [[Mavilan]], etc. of Kerala. Non-fraternal polyandry exists among the Kota; and among the [[Karvazhi]], [[Pulaya]], [[Muthuvan]], and [[Mannan people\|Mannan]] in Kerala.		Fraternal polyandry exists among the Khasa of Dehradun; and among the [[Galo tribe\|Gallong]] and [[Memba]] of Arunachal Pradesh, the [[Mala Madessar]], the [[Mavilan]], etc. of Kerala. Non-fraternal polyandry exists among the Kota; and among the [[Karvazhi]], [[Pulaya]], [[Muthuvan]], and [[Mannan people\|Mannan]] in Kerala.

	In the [[1911 Census of India]], E.A. Gait mentions polyandry of the Tibetans, [[Bhotias]], [[Kanet]]s of Kulu valley, people of state of [[Bashahr]], [[Thakkar]]s and [[Megs]] of [[Kashmir]], [[Gondi people\|Gond]]s of [[Central Provinces and Berar\|Central Provinces]], [[Todas]] and [[Kuruba\|Kurumbas]] of [[Nilgiris (mountains)\|Nilgiris]], [[Kallar (caste)\|Kallars]] of [[Madurai]], [[Tolkolan]]s of [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)\|Malabar]], [[Ezhavas]], [[Kaniyan]]s and [[Kammalan]]s of [[Cochin]], [[Muduva]]s of [[Travancore]] ~~and of Nairs~~.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8UZF-ckLEnYC&pg=PA165&dq=polyandry+Jaunsar+Bawar&lr= Polyandry in Ancient India by Sarva Daman Singh]</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Madura, a Tourist's Guide\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xANOL3bu5YC&q=polyandry+kallar&pg=PA165\|isbn=9788120607064\|year=1913}}</ref>		In the [[1911 Census of India]], E.A. Gait mentions polyandry of the Tibetans, [[Bhotias]], [[Kanet]]s of Kulu valley, people of state of [[Bashahr]], [[Thakkar]]s and [[Megs]] of [[Kashmir]], [[Gondi people\|Gond]]s of [[Central Provinces and Berar\|Central Provinces]], [[Todas]] and [[Kuruba\|Kurumbas]] of [[Nilgiris (mountains)\|Nilgiris]], [[Kallar (caste)\|Kallars]] of [[Madurai]], [[Tolkolan]]s of [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)\|Malabar]], [[Ezhavas]], [[Kaniyan]]s and [[Kammalan]]s of [[Cochin]] and [[Muduva]]s of [[Travancore]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8UZF-ckLEnYC&pg=PA165&dq=polyandry+Jaunsar+Bawar&lr= Polyandry in Ancient India by Sarva Daman Singh]</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Madura, a Tourist's Guide\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xANOL3bu5YC&q=polyandry+kallar&pg=PA165\|isbn=9788120607064\|year=1913}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
Line 51:		Line 51:
	{{clear}}		{{clear}}

	==References==		== References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

WikiDwarf: Undo revision 177767 by 2409:4072:6193:E855:0:0:192A:60B0 (talk) -- Removal of sourced contents

2021-09-27T14:16:07Z

Undo revision 177767 by 2409:4072:6193:E855:0:0:192A:60B0 (talk) -- Removal of sourced contents

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:46, 27 September 2021
Line 32:		Line 32:

	==Kerala==		==Kerala==
	Polyandry and [[polygamy]] were prevalent in [[Kerala]] till the late 19th century and isolated cases were reported until the mid-20th century. [[Caste system in India\|Castes]] practicing polyandry were [[Nairs]], [[Thiyyas]], [[Ezhavas]], [[Kammalans]] {{Page needed\|date=October 2020}}, and a few of the [[Vishwakarma (caste)\|artisan castes]].<ref>''A Study of Polyandry – Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark'' (1963) The Hague: Moulton. Open Library ID OL15135517M. p. 159.</ref><ref>''Polyandry in India: Demographic, economic, social, religious, and psychological concomitants of plural marriages in women - Manis Kumar Raha and Palash Chandra Coomar'' (1987) Gian Pub. House. {{ISBN\|81-212-0105-5}}. p. 432.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC \|title = Polyandry in Ancient India\|isbn = 9788120804876\|last1 = Singh\|first1 = Sarva Daman\|year = 1988}}</ref> <ref>074531693</ref> <ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA38 \|title = Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|isbn = 9004045104\|last1 = Smith\|first1 = Bardwell L.\|year = 1976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mann\|first=Rann Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&q=Polyandry+of+thiyya&pg=PA16\|title=Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology\|date=1996\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-586-7\|language=en}}</ref>		Polyandry and [[polygamy]] were prevalent in [[Kerala]] till the late 19th century and isolated cases were reported until the mid-20th century. [[Caste system in India\|Castes]] practicing polyandry were [[Nairs]], [[Thiyyas]], [[Ezhavas]], [[Kammalans]] , [[Nadar (caste)\|Nadar]]<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Hardgrave\|first=Robert L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC\|title=The Nadars of Tamilnad\|publisher=University of California Press\|language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed\|date=October 2020}}, and a few of the [[Vishwakarma (caste)\|artisan castes]].<ref>''A Study of Polyandry – Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark'' (1963) The Hague: Moulton. Open Library ID OL15135517M. p. 159.</ref><ref>''Polyandry in India: Demographic, economic, social, religious, and psychological concomitants of plural marriages in women - Manis Kumar Raha and Palash Chandra Coomar'' (1987) Gian Pub. House. {{ISBN\|81-212-0105-5}}. p. 432.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC \|title = Polyandry in Ancient India\|isbn = 9788120804876\|last1 = Singh\|first1 = Sarva Daman\|year = 1988}}</ref> <ref>074531693</ref> <ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA38 \|title = Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|isbn = 9004045104\|last1 = Smith\|first1 = Bardwell L.\|year = 1976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mann\|first=Rann Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&q=Polyandry+of+thiyya&pg=PA16\|title=Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology\|date=1996\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-586-7\|language=en}}</ref>

	In the case of Nairs and other related castes, a man's property is inherited by his sister's children and not his own.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette18huntgoog/page/n94 <!-- pg=55 quote=polyandry among nairs. --> The imperial gazetteer of India by William Wilson Hunter].</ref> Under Nair polyandry, the only conceivable blood-relationship could be ascertained through females.<ref>{{cite journal \| last = H. W. H. <!--source only shows initial-->\| title = Primitive Marriage\| journal = Science\| volume = 7 \| issue = 158\| pages = 147–149\| publisher = [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] \| date = 12 February 1886\| jstor = 1760231 \| doi = 10.1126/science.ns-7.158S.147 \| pmid = 17759687\| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1618824}}</ref> However, polyandry among Nairs is a contested issue with opinion divided between ones who support its existence<ref>{{cite journal\| last = A. Aiyappan\| title = Nayar Polyandry\| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 78–79\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = March 1932\| jstor =2790087}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\| last = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer\| title = Nayar Polyandry \| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 269–270\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = November 1932\| jstor = 2790609}}</ref> and ones who do not support it based on the fact that no stable relationship is formed in Nair polyandry.<ref>{{cite journal\| last1 = Opler \| first1 = Marvin K. \| title = Woman's Social Status and the Forms of Marriage \| journal = [[American Journal of Sociology]]\| volume = 49\| issue = 2\| pages = 125–148\| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] \| date = September 1943\| jstor = 2770359\| doi = 10.1086/219347}}</ref> Ezhavas of Kerala also practised polyandry. The custom of fraternal polyandry was common among Thiyyas of Malabar. According to Cyriac Pullipally, some female members of the Thiyya community associated with English men as their concubines.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Smith\|first=Bardwell L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&q=polyandry\|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|date=1976\|publisher=BRILL\|isbn=978-90-04-04510-1\|pages=34\|language=en}}</ref>		In the case of Nairs and other related castes, a man's property is inherited by his sister's children and not his own.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette18huntgoog/page/n94 <!-- pg=55 quote=polyandry among nairs. --> The imperial gazetteer of India by William Wilson Hunter].</ref> Under Nair polyandry, the only conceivable blood-relationship could be ascertained through females.<ref>{{cite journal \| last = H. W. H. <!--source only shows initial-->\| title = Primitive Marriage\| journal = Science\| volume = 7 \| issue = 158\| pages = 147–149\| publisher = [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] \| date = 12 February 1886\| jstor = 1760231 \| doi = 10.1126/science.ns-7.158S.147 \| pmid = 17759687\| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1618824}}</ref> However, polyandry among Nairs is a contested issue with opinion divided between ones who support its existence<ref>{{cite journal\| last = A. Aiyappan\| title = Nayar Polyandry\| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 78–79\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = March 1932\| jstor =2790087}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\| last = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer\| title = Nayar Polyandry \| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 269–270\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = November 1932\| jstor = 2790609}}</ref> and ones who do not support it based on the fact that no stable relationship is formed in Nair polyandry.<ref>{{cite journal\| last1 = Opler \| first1 = Marvin K. \| title = Woman's Social Status and the Forms of Marriage \| journal = [[American Journal of Sociology]]\| volume = 49\| issue = 2\| pages = 125–148\| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] \| date = September 1943\| jstor = 2770359\| doi = 10.1086/219347}}</ref> Ezhavas of Kerala also practised polyandry. The custom of fraternal polyandry was common among Thiyyas of Malabar. According to Cyriac Pullipally, some female members of the Thiyya community associated with English men as their concubines.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Smith\|first=Bardwell L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&q=polyandry\|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|date=1976\|publisher=BRILL\|isbn=978-90-04-04510-1\|pages=34\|language=en}}</ref>

2409:4072:6193:E855:0:0:192A:60B0: Changed the wrong caste mentioned above

2021-09-21T01:42:52Z

Changed the wrong caste mentioned above

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:12, 21 September 2021
Line 32:		Line 32:

	==Kerala==		==Kerala==
	Polyandry and [[polygamy]] were prevalent in [[Kerala]] till the late 19th century and isolated cases were reported until the mid-20th century. [[Caste system in India\|Castes]] practicing polyandry were [[Nairs]], [[Thiyyas]], [[Ezhavas]], [[Kammalans]] , [[Nadar (caste)\|Nadar]]<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Hardgrave\|first=Robert L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC\|title=The Nadars of Tamilnad\|publisher=University of California Press\|language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed\|date=October 2020}}, and a few of the [[Vishwakarma (caste)\|artisan castes]].<ref>''A Study of Polyandry – Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark'' (1963) The Hague: Moulton. Open Library ID OL15135517M. p. 159.</ref><ref>''Polyandry in India: Demographic, economic, social, religious, and psychological concomitants of plural marriages in women - Manis Kumar Raha and Palash Chandra Coomar'' (1987) Gian Pub. House. {{ISBN\|81-212-0105-5}}. p. 432.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC \|title = Polyandry in Ancient India\|isbn = 9788120804876\|last1 = Singh\|first1 = Sarva Daman\|year = 1988}}</ref> <ref>074531693</ref> <ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA38 \|title = Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|isbn = 9004045104\|last1 = Smith\|first1 = Bardwell L.\|year = 1976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mann\|first=Rann Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&q=Polyandry+of+thiyya&pg=PA16\|title=Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology\|date=1996\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-586-7\|language=en}}</ref>		Polyandry and [[polygamy]] were prevalent in [[Kerala]] till the late 19th century and isolated cases were reported until the mid-20th century. [[Caste system in India\|Castes]] practicing polyandry were [[Nairs]], [[Thiyyas]], [[Ezhavas]], [[Kammalans]] {{Page needed\|date=October 2020}}, and a few of the [[Vishwakarma (caste)\|artisan castes]].<ref>''A Study of Polyandry – Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark'' (1963) The Hague: Moulton. Open Library ID OL15135517M. p. 159.</ref><ref>''Polyandry in India: Demographic, economic, social, religious, and psychological concomitants of plural marriages in women - Manis Kumar Raha and Palash Chandra Coomar'' (1987) Gian Pub. House. {{ISBN\|81-212-0105-5}}. p. 432.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC \|title = Polyandry in Ancient India\|isbn = 9788120804876\|last1 = Singh\|first1 = Sarva Daman\|year = 1988}}</ref> <ref>074531693</ref> <ref>{{Cite book \| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA38 \|title = Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|isbn = 9004045104\|last1 = Smith\|first1 = Bardwell L.\|year = 1976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mann\|first=Rann Singh\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&q=Polyandry+of+thiyya&pg=PA16\|title=Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology\|date=1996\|publisher=Concept Publishing Company\|isbn=978-81-7022-586-7\|language=en}}</ref>

	In the case of Nairs and other related castes, a man's property is inherited by his sister's children and not his own.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette18huntgoog/page/n94 <!-- pg=55 quote=polyandry among nairs. --> The imperial gazetteer of India by William Wilson Hunter].</ref> Under Nair polyandry, the only conceivable blood-relationship could be ascertained through females.<ref>{{cite journal \| last = H. W. H. <!--source only shows initial-->\| title = Primitive Marriage\| journal = Science\| volume = 7 \| issue = 158\| pages = 147–149\| publisher = [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] \| date = 12 February 1886\| jstor = 1760231 \| doi = 10.1126/science.ns-7.158S.147 \| pmid = 17759687\| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1618824}}</ref> However, polyandry among Nairs is a contested issue with opinion divided between ones who support its existence<ref>{{cite journal\| last = A. Aiyappan\| title = Nayar Polyandry\| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 78–79\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = March 1932\| jstor =2790087}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\| last = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer\| title = Nayar Polyandry \| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 269–270\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = November 1932\| jstor = 2790609}}</ref> and ones who do not support it based on the fact that no stable relationship is formed in Nair polyandry.<ref>{{cite journal\| last1 = Opler \| first1 = Marvin K. \| title = Woman's Social Status and the Forms of Marriage \| journal = [[American Journal of Sociology]]\| volume = 49\| issue = 2\| pages = 125–148\| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] \| date = September 1943\| jstor = 2770359\| doi = 10.1086/219347}}</ref> Ezhavas of Kerala also practised polyandry. The custom of fraternal polyandry was common among Thiyyas of Malabar. According to Cyriac Pullipally, some female members of the Thiyya community associated with English men as their concubines.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Smith\|first=Bardwell L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&q=polyandry\|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|date=1976\|publisher=BRILL\|isbn=978-90-04-04510-1\|pages=34\|language=en}}</ref>		In the case of Nairs and other related castes, a man's property is inherited by his sister's children and not his own.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette18huntgoog/page/n94 <!-- pg=55 quote=polyandry among nairs. --> The imperial gazetteer of India by William Wilson Hunter].</ref> Under Nair polyandry, the only conceivable blood-relationship could be ascertained through females.<ref>{{cite journal \| last = H. W. H. <!--source only shows initial-->\| title = Primitive Marriage\| journal = Science\| volume = 7 \| issue = 158\| pages = 147–149\| publisher = [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] \| date = 12 February 1886\| jstor = 1760231 \| doi = 10.1126/science.ns-7.158S.147 \| pmid = 17759687\| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1618824}}</ref> However, polyandry among Nairs is a contested issue with opinion divided between ones who support its existence<ref>{{cite journal\| last = A. Aiyappan\| title = Nayar Polyandry\| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 78–79\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = March 1932\| jstor =2790087}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\| last = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer\| title = Nayar Polyandry \| journal = [[Man (journal)\|Man]] \| volume = 32\| pages = 269–270\| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] \| date = November 1932\| jstor = 2790609}}</ref> and ones who do not support it based on the fact that no stable relationship is formed in Nair polyandry.<ref>{{cite journal\| last1 = Opler \| first1 = Marvin K. \| title = Woman's Social Status and the Forms of Marriage \| journal = [[American Journal of Sociology]]\| volume = 49\| issue = 2\| pages = 125–148\| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] \| date = September 1943\| jstor = 2770359\| doi = 10.1086/219347}}</ref> Ezhavas of Kerala also practised polyandry. The custom of fraternal polyandry was common among Thiyyas of Malabar. According to Cyriac Pullipally, some female members of the Thiyya community associated with English men as their concubines.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Smith\|first=Bardwell L.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&q=polyandry\|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia\|date=1976\|publisher=BRILL\|isbn=978-90-04-04510-1\|pages=34\|language=en}}</ref>

imported>Armader: Punctuation and grammar correction

2021-07-31T18:46:51Z

Punctuation and grammar correction

New page

{{Short description|Overview about Polyandry in India}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Anthropology of kinship |studies |image=Draupadi and Pandavas.jpg |caption=[[Draupadi]] and her five husbands, the [[Pandava]]s. Top down, from left to right: the twins [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]] stand either side of the throne on which [[Yudhishthira]] and Draupadi sit between [[Bhima]] and [[Arjuna]].}}
'''Polyandry in India''' refers to the practice of [[polyandry]], whereby a woman has two or more husbands at the same time, either historically on the Indian subcontinent or currently in the country of [[India]]. An early example can be found in the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', in which [[Draupadi]], daughter of the king of [[Panchala]], is married to five brothers.<ref name="India, Past and Present">{{cite book |title=India, Past and Present, Historical, Social, and Political | first = James |last= Samuelson |year=1890 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |place= London |url=https://archive.org/stream/pli.kerala.rare.6522#page/n0|pages=18, 20, 46, 47 |access-date= 6 September 2018 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

Polyandry was mainly prevalent in the [[Kinnaur]] Region, a part of [[Himachal]] in India which is close to the [[Tibet]] or currently the [[Indo-China]] border. As mentioned in the epic ''Mahabharata'', the [[Pandavas]] were banished from their kingdom for thirteen years and they spent the last year hiding in this hilly terrain of Kinnaur. Some Kinaauris claim that this practice has been inherited from the Pandavas, who they identify as their ancestors {{citation needed|date=December 2016}}. The [[Garhwali people]] similarly identify their practice of polyandry with their descent from the Pandavas.

Polyandry is also seen in [[South India]] among the [[Toda people|Todas]] tribes of [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiri]]s, Nanjanad Vellala of [[Travancore]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lakshmi Raghunandan |title=At the Turn of the Tide: The Life and Times of Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bayi, the Last Queen of Travancore, 1995 |page=185}}</ref>While polyandrous unions have disappeared from the traditions of many of the groups and tribes, it is still practiced by some [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Pahari]]s, especially in the [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] region in [[Northern India]].

Recent years have seen the rise in [[fraternal polyandry]] in the [[agrarian societies]] in [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] region of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to avoid division of farming land.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211155730/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-07-16/india/27861707_1_agrarian-crisis-family-farm-punjab "Draupadis bloom in rural Punjab"] ''[[The Times of India]]''. 16 July 2005.</ref>

==Legal developments==

Section 494 and 495 of the [[Indian Penal Code]] of 1860, prohibited polygamy for the Christians. In 1955, the [[Hindu Marriage Act]] was drafted, which prohibited marriage of a Hindu whose spouse was still living. Thus [[polygamy]] became illegal in [[India]] in 1956.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XFtcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=india+poluygamy+law&source=bl&ots=Dh7GixM7u3&sig=NFWXcseO7sY8SF1BnLwVXCMZQHk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd_KvA_77MAhWqlIMKHUb_Bu84ChDoAQhCMAU#v=onepage&q=india%20polygamy%20law&f=false Modern Indian Family Law, Werner Menski, Routledge, 2013 p.194]</ref>

==Kinnaur==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2015}}
Polyandry is in practice in many villages of [[Kinnaur]] district of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Fraternal polyandry (where husbands are related to each other) is mainly in practice in villages, where the societies are male dominated and which still follow ancient [[rituals]] and [[customs]].

There are many forms of polyandry which can be found here. Most often, all the brothers are married to a woman and sometimes the marriage to brothers happens at a later date. The wife can only ascertain the blood-relationship of the children, though recently there have been a few instances of [[paternity test]]s using [[DNA]] samples to resolve inheritance disputes. The rules for breaking the marriage are strict and a brother going against the marriage agreement can be treated as an outcast while losing his entire share in the property.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Negi|first=Sunder Kala|last2=Singh|first2=Hoshiar|date=2014|title=Marital Satisfaction and Well Being among Fraternal Polyandrous and Monogamous Tribal People of Kinnaur|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331816023_Marital_Satisfaction_and_Well_Being_Among_Fraternal_Polyandrous_and_Monogamous_Tribal_People_of_Kinnaur|journal=IRC'S International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Social & Management Sciences|volume=2|issue=4|pages=47-57}}</ref>

The territory of Kinnaur remained forbidden for many years as the land route was only established 30 years ago. The joint families are now fragmented into nuclear families. The level of economies and financial resources have transformed the life of the people of Kinnaur into city.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gautam|first=Rajesh K|last2=Kshatriya|first2=Gautam K|title=Polyandry: A Case Study of Kinnauras|url=https://www.academia.edu/4466645/POLYANDRY_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_KINNAURAS|journal=Indian Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=30|issue=1-2|date=2011|pages=146–161}}</ref>

{{clarify|date=May 2016|reason=30 years back from when?}}

==Toda==
[[File:Toda men women 1871.jpg|thumb|right|Photograph of two [[Toda people|Toda]] men and a woman. [[Nilgiri Hills]], 1871.]]
[[Toda people|Toda]]s are tribal people residing in the [[Nilgiri mountains|Nilgiri]] hills in South India who for several centuries practiced polyandry.<ref>{{Cite news| last=Anthony R Walker| author-link=Oliver Cowdery| title=The truth about the Todas| newspaper=Frontline| volume=21| issue=5| date=28 February – 12 March 2004| url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2105/stories/20040312000206600.htm| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013183019/http://hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2105/stories/20040312000206600.htm| archive-date=13 October 2007| df=dmy-all}}</ref> They practiced a form of polyandrous relationship which is considered to be a classic example of polyandry. They practiced both fraternal and [[sequential polyandry]].

The males who shared one or two wives were almost always full or half-brothers.<ref name="Evolution and human kinship">{{cite book | title=Evolution and Human Kinship| last=Austin L. Hughes| date=14 July 1988| publisher=OUP USA| isbn=978-0-19-505234-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5g9002yyTW8C&q=Evolution+and+human+kinship&pg=PP1|page=101 }}</ref> A Toda woman when married was automatically married to her husband's brothers.<ref name="Families in global and multicultural perspective">{{cite book | title=Families in Global and Multicultural Perspective| last=Bron B. Ingoldsby and Suzanna D. Smith| date=7 September 2005| publisher=Sage Publications, Inc| isbn=978-0-7619-2819-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UR3HhhtRy3gC&q=Families+in+global+and+multicultural+perspective|page=104 }}</ref> When the wife became pregnant, one husband would ceremonially give a bow and arrow to the wife, and would be the father of that child. When the next child arrived, another husband would perform the ceremony and become the father.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/todas00rivegoog  The Todas by William Halse Rivers Rivers].</ref>{{clarify|date=February 2017}}

==Kerala==
Polyandry and [[polygamy]] were prevalent in [[Kerala]] till the late 19th century and isolated cases were reported until the mid-20th century. [[Caste system in India|Castes]] practicing polyandry were [[Nairs]], [[Thiyyas]], [[Ezhavas]], [[Kammalans]] , [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hardgrave|first=Robert L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZ9mqiLgkdEC|title=The Nadars of Tamilnad|publisher=University of California Press|language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=October 2020}}, and a few of the [[Vishwakarma (caste)|artisan castes]].<ref>''A Study of Polyandry – Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark'' (1963) The Hague: Moulton. Open Library ID OL15135517M. p. 159.</ref><ref>''Polyandry in India: Demographic, economic, social, religious, and psychological concomitants of plural marriages in women - Manis Kumar Raha and Palash Chandra Coomar'' (1987) Gian Pub. House. {{ISBN|81-212-0105-5}}. p. 432.</ref> <ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=limC6vCMYnMC |title = Polyandry in Ancient India|isbn = 9788120804876|last1 = Singh|first1 = Sarva Daman|year = 1988}}</ref> <ref>074531693</ref> <ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&pg=PA38 |title = Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia|isbn = 9004045104|last1 = Smith|first1 = Bardwell L.|year = 1976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Mann|first=Rann Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fuxv9_upHpYC&q=Polyandry+of+thiyya&pg=PA16|title=Aspects of Indian Social Anthropology|date=1996|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-586-7|language=en}}</ref>

In the case of Nairs and other related castes, a man's property is inherited by his sister's children and not his own.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/imperialgazette18huntgoog/page/n94  The imperial gazetteer of India by William Wilson Hunter].</ref> Under Nair polyandry, the only conceivable blood-relationship could be ascertained through females.<ref>{{cite journal | last = H. W. H. | title = Primitive Marriage| journal = Science| volume = 7 | issue = 158| pages = 147–149| publisher = [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] | date = 12 February 1886| jstor = 1760231 | doi = 10.1126/science.ns-7.158S.147 | pmid = 17759687| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1618824}}</ref> However, polyandry among Nairs is a contested issue with opinion divided between ones who support its existence<ref>{{cite journal| last = A. Aiyappan| title = Nayar Polyandry| journal = [[Man (journal)|Man]] | volume = 32| pages = 78–79| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] | date = March 1932| jstor =2790087}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last = L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer| title = Nayar Polyandry | journal = [[Man (journal)|Man]] | volume = 32| pages = 269–270| publisher = [[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland]] | date = November 1932| jstor = 2790609}}</ref> and ones who do not support it based on the fact that no stable relationship is formed in Nair polyandry.<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Opler | first1 = Marvin K. | title = Woman's Social Status and the Forms of Marriage | journal = [[American Journal of Sociology]]| volume = 49| issue = 2| pages = 125–148| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]] | date = September 1943| jstor = 2770359| doi = 10.1086/219347}}</ref> Ezhavas of Kerala also practised polyandry. The custom of fraternal polyandry was common among Thiyyas of Malabar. According to Cyriac Pullipally, some female members of the Thiyya community associated with English men as their concubines.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Bardwell L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNAI9F8IBOgC&q=polyandry|title=Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia|date=1976|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-04510-1|pages=34|language=en}}</ref>

==Jaunsar-Bawar==
Polyandry was practised in [[Jaunsar-Bawar]] in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The mystique of the mountains |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2024/stories/20031205000106600.htm|work=Frontline|date=November–December 2003}}</ref> A distinct group of people called [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Pahari]]s live in the lower ranges of [[Himalaya]]s in [[Northern India]] from southeastern [[Kashmir]] all the way through [[Nepal]]. Polyandry has been reported among these people in many districts but studied in great detail in Jaunsar-Bawar. It is a region in [[Dehradun district]] in [[Uttarakhand]]. The practice is believed to have descended from their ancestors who had earlier settled down in the plains from Himalayas.<ref name="Polygamy">{{cite book | title=Polygamy: A Cross-Cultural Analysis| last=Miriam Koktvedgaard Zeitzen| date=5 August 2008| publisher=Berg Publishers| isbn=978-1-84520-221-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIzHjpTJgdQC&q=Polygamy+Miriam+Koktvedgaard+Zeitzen|page=109 }}</ref>

Polyandrous union occurs in this region when a woman marries the eldest son in a family. The woman automatically becomes the wife of all his brothers upon her marriage. The brothers can be married to more than one woman if the first woman was sterile or if the age difference of the brothers were large. The wife is shared equally by all brothers and no one in the group has exclusive privilege to the wife. The woman considers all the men in the group her husband and the children recognise them all as their father.<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Berreman | first1 = Gerald D. | title = Pahari Polyandry: A Comparison| journal = [[American Anthropologist]] | volume = 64| issue = 1| pages = 60–75| year = 1962| doi = 10.1525/aa.1962.64.1.02a00070| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Berreman| first1 = Gerald D. | title = Himalayan Polyandry and the Domestic Cycle| journal = [[American Ethnologist]] | volume = 2| issue = 1| pages = 127–138| publisher = [[Blackwell Publishing]], on behalf of the [[American Anthropological Association]] | date = February 1975| jstor =643539| doi = 10.1525/ae.1975.2.1.02a00070| doi-access = free}}</ref>

==Other tribes==
Fraternal polyandry exists among the Khasa of Dehradun; and among the [[Galo tribe|Gallong]] and [[Memba]] of Arunachal Pradesh, the [[Mala Madessar]], the [[Mavilan]], etc. of Kerala. Non-fraternal polyandry exists among the Kota; and among the [[Karvazhi]], [[Pulaya]], [[Muthuvan]], and [[Mannan people|Mannan]] in Kerala.

In the [[1911 Census of India]], E.A. Gait mentions polyandry of the Tibetans, [[Bhotias]], [[Kanet]]s of Kulu valley, people of state of [[Bashahr]], [[Thakkar]]s and [[Megs]] of [[Kashmir]], [[Gondi people|Gond]]s of [[Central Provinces and Berar|Central Provinces]], [[Todas]] and [[Kuruba|Kurumbas]] of [[Nilgiris (mountains)|Nilgiris]], [[Kallar (caste)|Kallars]] of [[Madurai]], [[Tolkolan]]s of [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]], [[Ezhavas]], [[Kaniyan]]s and [[Kammalan]]s of [[Cochin]], [[Muduva]]s of [[Travancore]] and of Nairs.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8UZF-ckLEnYC&pg=PA165&dq=polyandry+Jaunsar+Bawar&lr= Polyandry in Ancient India by Sarva Daman Singh]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Madura, a Tourist's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xANOL3bu5YC&q=polyandry+kallar&pg=PA165|isbn=9788120607064|year=1913}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Society}}
*[[Polygamy in India]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Manis Kumar Raha & Palash Chandra Coomar : ''Polyandry in India''. Gian Publishing House, Delhi, 1987.

{{Indian wedding}}
{{Social issues in India}}

[[Category:Marriage in India]]
[[Category:Polyandry|India]]