Polo Forest - Revision history

Gretta18W5803957: slightly correct details per standard format also and added references as per guidelines

2026-03-15T03:41:02Z

slightly correct details per standard format also and added references as per guidelines

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:11, 15 March 2026
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	{{~~refimprove~~\|date=December 2018}}		{{more citations needed\|date=December 2018}}
			{{Short description\|Dry mixed deciduous forest in Gujarat, India}}
	{{Infobox forest		{{Infobox forest
	\| name = Polo Forest		\| name = Polo Forest
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	\| native_name2 =		\| native_name2 =
	\| native_lang2 =		\| native_lang2 =
	\| ~~photo~~ = Polo Forest Area.jpg		\| image = Polo Forest Area.jpg
	\| ~~photo_caption~~ = Polo forest		\| image_caption = Polo forest
	\| ~~photo_width~~ =		\| image_size =
	\| map = India Gujarat		\| map = India Gujarat
	\| map_caption = Location in Gujarat		\| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
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	\| fauna =		\| fauna =
	}}		}}
	'''Polo forest''', also known as '''Vijaynagar forest''', is a dry mixed [[deciduous]] forest near Abhapur village in Vijaynagar Taluka, [[Sabarkantha district]], [[Gujarat]], India. It is located at the foothills of the [[Aravalli ~~range~~]] and on the banks of perennial Harnav river, spread over the area of {{convert\|400\|sqkm\|acre}}.<ref name="GT"/>		'''Polo forest''', also known as '''Vijaynagar forest''', is a dry mixed [[deciduous]] forest near Abhapur village in Vijaynagar Taluka, [[Sabarkantha district]], [[Gujarat]], India. It is located at the foothills of the [[Aravalli Range]] and on the banks of perennial Harnav river, spread over the area of {{convert\|400\|sqkm\|acre}}.<ref name="GT"/>

	==Flora and fauna==		==Flora and fauna==
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	It is an example of [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests\|southern tropical dry deciduous forests]] with subtype dry teak forests (5A/C-1b) according to Champion & Seth classification.<ref name=":1" />		It is an example of [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests\|southern tropical dry deciduous forests]] with subtype dry teak forests (5A/C-1b) according to Champion & Seth classification.<ref name=":1" />

	After monsoon, between September and December, the forest becomes lush. There are more than 450 species of medicinal plants, around 275 of birds, 30 of mammals, 9 species of fishes and 32 of reptiles. About 79 tree species, 24 of herbs and shrubs, 16 of climbers, 18 of grasses and bamboos are reported in the area. There are sloth bears, leopards, panthers, hyenas, water fowls, raptors, [[~~Passerine\|passerines~~]], four-horned antelopes, [[Civet\|common civet]], jungle cats, and flying squirrels. During winter, The forest attracts migratory birds during winter and wetland birds during monsoon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=https://forests.gujarat.gov.in/polo-forest-site.htm\|title=Polo Forest Site\|website=Principal Chief Conservator of Forest & Head of the Forest Force (HoFF), Government of Gujarat\|language=en\|access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web\|url=http://gujenvis.nic.in/PDF/soe-forest.pdf\|title=State of Environment Reports of Gujarat\|publisher=The State ENVIS Hub : Status of Environment & Related Issues - Gujarat}}</ref> The forest also has the endangered [[Indian grey hornbill\|Grey Hornbill]] and [[Brown-headed Barbet]].<ref name="GT" />		After monsoon, between September and December, the forest becomes lush. There are more than 450 species of medicinal plants, around 275 of birds, 30 of mammals, 9 species of fishes and 32 of reptiles. About 79 tree species, 24 of herbs and shrubs, 16 of climbers, 18 of grasses and bamboos are reported in the area. There are sloth bears, leopards, panthers, hyenas, water fowls, raptors, [[passerine]]s, four-horned antelopes, [[Civet\|common civet]], jungle cats, and flying squirrels. During winter, The forest attracts migratory birds during winter and wetland birds during monsoon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=https://forests.gujarat.gov.in/polo-forest-site.htm\|title=Polo Forest Site\|website=Principal Chief Conservator of Forest & Head of the Forest Force (HoFF), Government of Gujarat\|language=en\|access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web\|url=http://gujenvis.nic.in/PDF/soe-forest.pdf\|title=State of Environment Reports of Gujarat\|publisher=The State ENVIS Hub : Status of Environment & Related Issues - Gujarat}}</ref> The forest also has the endangered [[Indian grey hornbill\|Grey Hornbill]] and [[Brown-headed Barbet]].<ref name="GT" />

	The forest is at the boundary of teak forests in India as teaks do not grow north of valley of Harnar river. It is a forest north of Narmada river where multiple levels of trees are easily distinguishable.<ref name=":1" />		The forest is at the boundary of teak forests in India as teaks do not grow north of valley of Harnar river. It is a forest north of Narmada river where multiple levels of trees are easily distinguishable.<ref name=":1" />

	==History==		==History==
	There was a town established by the [[Parihar]] kings of [[Idar]] around the Harnav river probably in the 10th century. It was conquered by the [[Rathore]]s of [[Marwar]] in 15th century and came under [[Idar State]]. The town was located between two high hills, Kalaliyo and Mamrehchi, which blocks sunlight for the most days which probably resulted in the abandonment of the town.<ref name="GT"/>		There was a town established by the [[Parihar (clan)\|Parihar]] kings of [[Idar State\|Idar]] around the Harnav river probably in the 10th century. It was conquered by the [[Rathore dynasty\|Rathore]]s of [[Marwar]] in 15th century and came under [[Idar State]]. The town was located between two high hills, Kalaliyo and Mamrehchi, which blocks sunlight for the most days which probably resulted in the abandonment of the town.<ref name="GT"/>

	The name ''Polo'' is derived from ''pol'' which literally means a gate in [[Marwari language]].<ref name="GT"/>		The name ''Polo'' is derived from ''pol'' which literally means a gate in [[Marwari language]] and Gujarati language.<ref name="GT"/>

	==Polo monuments==		==Polo monuments==

	The forest has ruins of several 15th-century Hindu and [[Jain]] temples such as Sharneshwar Shiva temple, Sadevant Savlinga na Dera, Surya Mandir and Lakhena na Dera. These temples are restored and managed by the state archaeology department.<ref name="~~Guj1974~~">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIxhAAAAIAAJ\|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Sabarkantha\|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State\|year=1974\|pages=90–91}}</ref><ref name=":0" />		The forest has ruins of several 15th-century Hindu and [[Jain]] temples such as Sharneshwar Shiva temple, Sadevant Savlinga na Dera, Surya Mandir and Lakhena na Dera. These temples are restored and managed by the state archaeology department.<ref name="Guj19742">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIxhAAAAIAAJ\|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Sabarkantha\|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State\|year=1974\|pages=90–91}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

	===Sharaneshwar Shiva Temple===		===Sharaneshwar Shiva Temple===
	[[File:Sarneshwar, Polo Forest.JPG\|thumb\|Sharneshwar Shiva Temple]]		[[File:Sarneshwar, Polo Forest.JPG\|thumb\|Sharneshwar Shiva Temple]]
	The 15th-century Sharaneshwar temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] is located in Abhapur. It is a three-storeyed temple with fortified wall around it having gates in east and west. It is in dilapidated condition. It has a ''[[Garbhagriha\|grabhgriha]]'', ''[[antarala]]'', ''gudhamandpa'' (central shrine), ''nandi-mandapa/sabhamandpa'' in front and ''pradakshina'' (ambulatory) around the central shrine. There are two porches on the sides. There is a ''[[Yagna kund\|yagnakunda]]'' with well carved ''vedi'' in front of the temple. The ''mandovara'', ''pitha'' (base) and ''vedika'' are adorned with [[Māru-Gurjara architecture\|post-Chaulukya style]]d carvings. The round pillars differ from this style and are plain with intervals of ringlets on the shaft and inverted lotus patterned capital and base. The ''[[shikhara]]'' and roofs of porches and ''[[mandapa]]'' are destroyed.<ref name="Guj19742"~~>{{cite book\|url=https:~~//books.google.com/books?id=wIxhAAAAIAAJ\|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Sabarkantha\|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State\|year=1974\|pages=90–91}}</ref> The carvings on exterior walls include double ''jangha'' adorned with images of [[Yama]], [[Bhairava]], [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Indra]], [[Parvati]], [[Indrani]], [[Ganesha]]; social life scenes; bands of humans, elephants, swans and plants. There are ruins of some minor temples nearby. There is a temple of four-handed [[Chamunda]] nearby.		The 15th-century Sharaneshwar temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] is located in Abhapur. It is a three-storeyed temple with fortified wall around it having gates in east and west. It is in dilapidated condition. It has a ''[[Garbhagriha\|grabhgriha]]'', ''[[antarala]]'', ''gudhamandpa'' (central shrine), ''nandi-mandapa/sabhamandpa'' in front and ''pradakshina'' (ambulatory) around the central shrine. There are two porches on the sides. There is a ''[[Yagna kund\|yagnakunda]]'' with well carved ''vedi'' in front of the temple. The ''mandovara'', ''pitha'' (base) and ''vedika'' are adorned with [[Māru-Gurjara architecture\|post-Chaulukya style]]d carvings. The round pillars differ from this style and are plain with intervals of ringlets on the shaft and inverted lotus patterned capital and base. The ''[[shikhara]]'' and roofs of porches and ''[[mandapa]]'' are destroyed.<ref name="Guj19742"/> The carvings on exterior walls include double ''jangha'' adorned with images of [[Yama]], [[Bhairava]], [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Indra]], [[Parvati]], [[Indrani]], [[Ganesha]]; social life scenes; bands of humans, elephants, swans and plants. There are ruins of some minor temples nearby. There is a temple of four-handed [[Chamunda]] nearby.

	A [[paliya]] (hero stone) in the compound records date of Vikram Samvat 1554 and Shaka Samvat 1420 and mentions Rao Bhana as the ruler of Idar.<ref name="Guj19742" />		A [[paliya]] (hero stone) in the compound records date of Vikram Samvat 1554 and Shaka Samvat 1420 and mentions Rao Bhana as the ruler of Idar.<ref name="Guj19742" />
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	===Lakhera’s Dera===		===Lakhera’s Dera===
	{{Main\|Jain temples, Abhapur}}		{{Main\|Jain temples, Abhapur}}
	[[File:History of polo forest.jpg\|thumb\|~~Lakhera’s~~ Temple]]		[[File:History of polo forest.jpg\|thumb\|Lakhera's Temple]]
	[[File:Polo Monument and Vijaynagar Forest- Jain Temples.jpg\|thumb\|Jain Temples]]		[[File:Polo Monument and Vijaynagar Forest- Jain Temples.jpg\|thumb\|Jain Temples]]
	[[File:~~લાખેણાનાં દેરાં~~ - ~~by Vijay Barot~~.jpg\|thumb\|Lakha Mandir Outer Wall]]		[[File:Outer wall of Lakhena Jain temple - Abhapur - Gujarat - DSC001.jpg\|thumb\|Lakha Mandir Outer Wall]]

	These 15th-century Jain temples are also located in Abhapur.<ref name="Guj19742" />		These 15th-century Jain temples are also located in Abhapur.<ref name="Guj19742" />
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	===Shiva-Shakti Temple===		===Shiva-Shakti Temple===
	The west-facing sandstone temple dedicated Shiva and Shakti is dated 15th century. It is a ''chaturangi'' (four-elements) temple having sanctum, ''antarala'', ''mandapa'' and ''pravesh-chawki''. On the exterior walls, there are sculptures of Indra and Indrani, Shiva and Parvati as well as [[Brahma]] and [[Brahmani]]. On the doorframe and elsewhere, there are sculptures of [[Surya]], the solar deity, and Suryani. Other sculptures include [[Ganesha]], [[Apsara]]s, ''darpankanya'' (girl holding a mirror), ascetics and animals.		The west-facing sandstone temple dedicated Shiva and Shakti is dated 15th century. It is a ''chaturangi'' (four-elements) temple having sanctum, ''antarala'', ''mandapa'' and ''pravesh-chawki''. On the exterior walls, there are sculptures of Indra and Indrani, Shiva and Parvati as well as [[Brahma]] and [[Brahmani (Matrika)\|Brahmani]]. On the doorframe and elsewhere, there are sculptures of [[Surya]], the solar deity, and Suryani. Other sculptures include [[Ganesha]], [[Apsara]]s, ''darpankanya'' (girl holding a mirror), ascetics and animals.

	There is a ruined but large Surya temple nearby. The image of the deity is lost.<ref name="Guj19742" />		There is a ruined but large Surya temple nearby. The image of the deity is lost.<ref name="Guj19742" />
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	==See also==		==See also==
	{{~~commonscat~~}}		{{commons category}}
	* [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]		* [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]

103.240.78.249: /* Flora and fauna */

2021-08-01T10:20:14Z

Flora and fauna

New page

{{refimprove|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox forest
| name = Polo Forest
| native_name = Vijaynagar forest
| native_lang =
| native_name2 =
| native_lang2 =
| photo = Polo Forest Area.jpg
| photo_caption = Polo forest
| photo_width =
| map = India Gujarat
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| map_width =
| coordinates = {{coord|display=title, inline}}
| county =
| region = Gujarat
| country = India
| elevation =
| area = {{convert|400|sqkm|acre}}
| max_area =
| date_max_area =
| status = State ownership
| established =
| visitation =
| visitation_year =
| events =
| authority =
| website =
| ecosystem = [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]
| classification_WWF = [[Indo-Malayan]]
| classification_EPA =
| classification_CEC =
| disturbance =
| forest_cover =
| species =
| indicator_plants =
| lesser_flora =
| fauna =
}}
'''Polo forest''', also known as '''Vijaynagar forest''', is a dry mixed [[deciduous]] forest near Abhapur village in Vijaynagar Taluka, [[Sabarkantha district]], [[Gujarat]], India. It is located at the foothills of the [[Aravalli range]] and on the banks of perennial Harnav river, spread over the area of {{convert|400|sqkm|acre}}.<ref name="GT"/>

==Flora and fauna==
[[File:Panoramic view of a lake within polo forest.jpg|thumb|A lake within Polo forest|300px]]
It is an example of [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|southern tropical dry deciduous forests]] with subtype dry teak forests (5A/C-1b) according to Champion & Seth classification.<ref name=":1" />

After monsoon, between September and December, the forest becomes lush. There are more than 450 species of medicinal plants, around 275 of birds, 30 of mammals, 9 species of fishes and 32 of reptiles. About 79 tree species, 24 of herbs and shrubs, 16 of climbers, 18 of grasses and bamboos are reported in the area. There are sloth bears, leopards, panthers, hyenas, water fowls, raptors, [[Passerine|passerines]], four-horned antelopes, [[Civet|common civet]], jungle cats, and flying squirrels. During winter, The forest attracts migratory birds during winter and wetland birds during monsoon.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://forests.gujarat.gov.in/polo-forest-site.htm|title=Polo Forest Site|website=Principal Chief Conservator of Forest & Head of the Forest Force (HoFF), Government of Gujarat|language=en|access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://gujenvis.nic.in/PDF/soe-forest.pdf|title=State of Environment Reports of Gujarat|publisher=The State ENVIS Hub : Status of Environment & Related Issues - Gujarat}}</ref> The forest also has the endangered [[Indian grey hornbill|Grey Hornbill]] and [[Brown-headed Barbet]].<ref name="GT" />

The forest is at the boundary of teak forests in India as teaks do not grow north of valley of Harnar river. It is a forest north of Narmada river where multiple levels of trees are easily distinguishable.<ref name=":1" />

==History==
There was a town established by the [[Parihar]] kings of [[Idar]] around the Harnav river probably in the 10th century. It was conquered by the [[Rathore]]s of [[Marwar]] in 15th century and came under [[Idar State]]. The town was located between two high hills, Kalaliyo and Mamrehchi, which blocks sunlight for the most days which probably resulted in the abandonment of the town.<ref name="GT"/>

The name ''Polo'' is derived from ''pol'' which literally means a gate in [[Marwari language]].<ref name="GT"/>

==Polo monuments==

The forest has ruins of several 15th-century Hindu and [[Jain]] temples such as Sharneshwar Shiva temple, Sadevant Savlinga na Dera, Surya Mandir and Lakhena na Dera. These temples are restored and managed by the state archaeology department.<ref name="Guj1974">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIxhAAAAIAAJ|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Sabarkantha|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|year=1974|pages=90–91}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

===Sharaneshwar Shiva Temple===
[[File:Sarneshwar, Polo Forest.JPG|thumb|Sharneshwar Shiva Temple]]
The 15th-century Sharaneshwar temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] is located in Abhapur. It is a three-storeyed temple with fortified wall around it having gates in east and west. It is in dilapidated condition. It has a ''[[Garbhagriha|grabhgriha]]'', ''[[antarala]]'', ''gudhamandpa'' (central shrine), ''nandi-mandapa/sabhamandpa'' in front and ''pradakshina'' (ambulatory) around the central shrine. There are two porches on the sides. There is a ''[[Yagna kund|yagnakunda]]'' with well carved ''vedi'' in front of the temple. The ''mandovara'', ''pitha'' (base) and ''vedika'' are adorned with [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|post-Chaulukya style]]d carvings. The round pillars differ from this style and are plain with intervals of ringlets on the shaft and inverted lotus patterned capital and base. The ''[[shikhara]]'' and roofs of porches and ''[[mandapa]]'' are destroyed.<ref name="Guj19742">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIxhAAAAIAAJ|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Sabarkantha|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|year=1974|pages=90–91}}</ref> The carvings on exterior walls include double ''jangha'' adorned with images of [[Yama]], [[Bhairava]], [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Indra]], [[Parvati]], [[Indrani]], [[Ganesha]]; social life scenes; bands of humans, elephants, swans and plants. There are ruins of some minor temples nearby. There is a temple of four-handed [[Chamunda]] nearby.

A [[paliya]] (hero stone) in the compound records date of Vikram Samvat 1554 and Shaka Samvat 1420 and mentions Rao Bhana as the ruler of Idar.<ref name="Guj19742" />

===Lakhera’s Dera===
{{Main|Jain temples, Abhapur}}
[[File:History of polo forest.jpg|thumb|Lakhera’s Temple]]
[[File:Polo Monument and Vijaynagar Forest- Jain Temples.jpg|thumb|Jain Temples]]
[[File:લાખેણાનાં દેરાં - by Vijay Barot.jpg|thumb|Lakha Mandir Outer Wall]]

These 15th-century Jain temples are also located in Abhapur.<ref name="Guj19742" />
[[File:Sbl5.jpg|thumb|Carved [[jali]] screen on the [[mandapa]] of "Jain temple 1", 15th century]]
;Jain Temple 1
The large sandstone temple had well carved ceiling and perforated stone screens in the ''[[mandapa]]'' which have various natural and geometric patterns. It is two storeyed temple with ''gudhamandapa'' and ''antarala''. The ''trika-mandapa'' connects two ''mandapa''s at different levels. The antarala ceiling has a beautiful sculpture. The pillars are profusely carved and look similar to the [[Dilwara Temples|temples on Mount Abu]]. On the lintel of the doorframe of the sanctum, there is an image of Jain [[Tirthankara]] [[Parshwanatha]] with his attendant deity [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]] on the sides. It is approximately 150 feet by 70 feet in area and has turned black due to exposure to the sun and rain. The temple seem enclosed in a fortification and formerly surrounded by 52 ''devkulika'' shrines.<ref name="Guj19742" />

;Jain Temple 2
Built in bricks and marble, it was a ''tri-angi'' (tri-element) temple having sanctum, ''antarala'' and ''mandapa'' which can be identified from its surviving plinth. It also has Parshwanatha on its lintel of the doorframe of the sanctum. Adorned with [[Kirtimukha]] motifs, the threshold has images of [[Kubera]] on its both ends.

;Jain Temple 3
Similar to temple 2 in layout, it is also tri-element temple but with more ornamentation. Built in bricks and sandstone, this ''Nagara'' style temple has Indra as a guardian in the surviving doorframe of the ''mandapa''. On its exterior walls, it has images of [[Chakreshwari]], Padmavati and [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]] associated with Jain Tirthankara [[Rishabhanatha]], Parshwanatha and [[Neminatha]] respectively. It also has niches without images.

===Trayatan Shiva Temple (Temple with Kund)===

The east-facing sandstone Shiva temple located in Abhapur has only sanctum and ''mandapa'' surviving. The exterior walls are adorned with divinities, [[Apsara]]s and [[Vyala]]. There is a sandstone ''Kund'' (water tank) in northwest of the temple. It has steps in the right angles to the sides which become parallel when reach bottom. There are two ruined minor temples probably dedicated to Lakshminarayan and Shakti nearby which are locally known as Sasu Vahu temples.<ref name="Guj19742" />

===Shiva-Shakti Temple===
The west-facing sandstone temple dedicated Shiva and Shakti is dated 15th century. It is a ''chaturangi'' (four-elements) temple having sanctum, ''antarala'', ''mandapa'' and ''pravesh-chawki''. On the exterior walls, there are sculptures of Indra and Indrani, Shiva and Parvati as well as [[Brahma]] and [[Brahmani]]. On the doorframe and elsewhere, there are sculptures of [[Surya]], the solar deity, and Suryani. Other sculptures include [[Ganesha]], [[Apsara]]s, ''darpankanya'' (girl holding a mirror), ascetics and animals.

There is a ruined but large Surya temple nearby. The image of the deity is lost.<ref name="Guj19742" />

==Tourism==
The [[Government of Gujarat]] organises the Polo Festival every year.<ref name="GT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/12/82|title=Polo Monument and Vijaynagar Forest|website=Gujarat Tourism|language=en|access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref>

==See also==
{{commonscat}}
* [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0206]

[[Category:Environment of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Forests of India]]
[[Category:Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sabarkantha district]]