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	'''Political cinema''', in the narrow sense of the term, is films that portray current or historical events or social conditions through a partisan perspective in order to inform or to agitate the spectator.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2009}}		'''Political cinema''', in the narrow sense of the term, is films that portray current or historical events or social conditions through a partisan perspective in order to inform or to agitate the spectator.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2009}}

	Political cinema exists in different forms, such as [[documentary film\|documentaries]], [[~~Short~~ film~~\|short films~~]], [[~~Feature~~ film~~\|feature films~~]], [[experimental film]]s, and even [[Animated political cartoons\|animated cartoons]].{{Citation needed\|date=March 2009}}		Political cinema exists in different forms, such as [[documentary film\|documentaries]], [[short film]]s, [[feature film]]s, [[experimental film]]s, and even [[Animated political cartoons\|animated cartoons]].{{Citation needed\|date=March 2009}}

	==Concept==		==Concept==
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	The broader meaning of 'political cinema' is argued to be that "all films are political;"<ref>Zimmer, Christian, and Lee Leggett. 1974. "All Films Are Political." ''[[SubStance]]'' 3(9):123–36. {{Doi\|10.2307/3684517}}. {{Jstor\|3684517}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Schoenbrun\|first=Jane\|title=All Movies are Political Movies. We Need to Do Better\|url=https://filmmakermagazine.com/100531-all-movies-are-political-movies-we-need-to-do-better/\|access-date=2021-03-10\|website=Filmmaker Magazine\|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Welle (www.dw.com)\|first=Deutsche\|title=Cinema is Always Political, Says Star Director Costa-Gavras {{!}} DW {{!}} 03.02.2008\|url=https://www.dw.com/en/cinema-is-always-political-says-star-director-costa-gavras/a-3099374\|access-date=2021-03-10\|website=DW.COM\|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Wayne, Mike. 2001. ''Political Film: The Dialectics of Third Cinema''. London: Pluto Press. [https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=bF6tXlB4HQwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Political+cinema&ots=wW8-J_8DO-&sig=yAwBA6QJEB03mLlS_FG5Y8uRYtY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Political%20cinema&f=false p. 1].</ref> even films that are ostensibly 'apolitical' and [[Escapist fiction\|escapist]], merely promising 'entertainment' as an escape from everyday life, can be understood as fulfilling a political function. The authorities in [[Nazi Germany]], for instance, knew this very well and organized a large production of deliberately escapist films.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2009}} In other 'entertainment' films, such as [[western (genre)\|western]]s, the ideological bias is evident in the distortion of historical reality. A "classical" western would rarely portray [[black cowboys]], although there were a great many of them in the [[American frontier]]. [[Hollywood film\|Hollywood]] cinema, which can be understood as the dominant industry of cinema, was often accused of misrepresenting black, female, gay, and working-class people.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2009}} More fundamentally, not only are the contents of individual films political, but the [[institution]] of cinema itself can also be taken as political as well. A huge number of people congregate, not to act together or to talk to each other, but to sit silently, after having paid for it, to be spectators separated from each other. [[Guy Debord]], a critic of the '[[The Society of the Spectacle\|society of the spectacle]]', for whom "separation is the alpha and omega of the spectacle," was therefore also violently opposed to cinema, even though he would make several films portraying his ideas.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2009}}		The broader meaning of 'political cinema' is argued to be that "all films are political;"<ref>Zimmer, Christian, and Lee Leggett. 1974. "All Films Are Political." ''[[SubStance]]'' 3(9):123–36. {{Doi\|10.2307/3684517}}. {{Jstor\|3684517}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Schoenbrun\|first=Jane\|title=All Movies are Political Movies. We Need to Do Better\|url=https://filmmakermagazine.com/100531-all-movies-are-political-movies-we-need-to-do-better/\|access-date=2021-03-10\|website=Filmmaker Magazine\|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Welle (www.dw.com)\|first=Deutsche\|title=Cinema is Always Political, Says Star Director Costa-Gavras {{!}} DW {{!}} 03.02.2008\|url=https://www.dw.com/en/cinema-is-always-political-says-star-director-costa-gavras/a-3099374\|access-date=2021-03-10\|website=DW.COM\|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Wayne, Mike. 2001. ''Political Film: The Dialectics of Third Cinema''. London: Pluto Press. [https://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=bF6tXlB4HQwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Political+cinema&ots=wW8-J_8DO-&sig=yAwBA6QJEB03mLlS_FG5Y8uRYtY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Political%20cinema&f=false p. 1].</ref> even films that are ostensibly 'apolitical' and [[Escapist fiction\|escapist]], merely promising 'entertainment' as an escape from everyday life, can be understood as fulfilling a political function. The authorities in [[Nazi Germany]], for instance, knew this very well and organized a large production of deliberately escapist films.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2009}} In other 'entertainment' films, such as [[western (genre)\|western]]s, the ideological bias is evident in the distortion of historical reality. A "classical" western would rarely portray [[black cowboys]], although there were a great many of them in the [[American frontier]]. [[Hollywood film\|Hollywood]] cinema, which can be understood as the dominant industry of cinema, was often accused of misrepresenting black, female, gay, and working-class people.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2009}} More fundamentally, not only are the contents of individual films political, but the [[institution]] of cinema itself can also be taken as political as well. A huge number of people congregate, not to act together or to talk to each other, but to sit silently, after having paid for it, to be spectators separated from each other. [[Guy Debord]], a critic of the '[[The Society of the Spectacle\|society of the spectacle]]', for whom "separation is the alpha and omega of the spectacle," was therefore also violently opposed to cinema, even though he would make several films portraying his ideas.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2009}}

	In order to differentiate between the narrow and broad notions of 'political cinema', film scholar [[Ewa Mazierska]] suggested to divide all such films into the categories of conformist or oppositional and marked or unmarked:<ref name=":0">Mazierska, Ewa. 2014. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305756380_Introduction_Marking_Political_Cinema Introduction: Marking Political Cinema]." ''Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media'' 55(1):35–44. {{Doi\|10.13110/framework.55.1.0033}}. </ref>		In order to differentiate between the narrow and broad notions of 'political cinema', film scholar [[Ewa Mazierska]] suggested to divide all such films into the categories of conformist or oppositional and marked or unmarked:<ref name=":0">Mazierska, Ewa. 2014. "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305756380_Introduction_Marking_Political_Cinema Introduction: Marking Political Cinema]." ''Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media'' 55(1):35–44. {{Doi\|10.13110/framework.55.1.0033}}.</ref>

	* Conformist ﬁlms "accept the political [[status quo]];" while oppositional ﬁlms reject it.		* Conformist ﬁlms "accept the political [[status quo]];" while oppositional ﬁlms reject it.

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