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Pnar language - Revision history
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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{short description|Austroasiatic language spoken in India and Bangladesh}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Pnar<br />
| altname = Jaiñtia<br />
| nativename = ''{{lang|pbv|Ka Ktien Pnar}}''<br />
| pronunciation = {{IPA|lang=pbv|/kɑ kt̪eːn pnɑr/}}<br />
| states = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]<br />
| nation = <br />
| ethnicity = [[Pnar people]]<br />
| speakers = 319,324<br />
| date = 2011 census<br />
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><br />
| familycolor = Austroasiatic<br />
| fam2 = [[Khasi–Palaungic languages|Khasi-Palaungic]]<br />
| fam3 = [[Khasic languages|Khasic]]<br />
| fam4 = Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam<br />
| dia1 = <br />
| iso3 = pbv<br />
| glotto = pnar1238<br />
| glottorefname = Pnar<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pnar''' ({{lang|pbv|Ka Ktien Pnar}}), also known as '''Jaiñtia''', part of the [[Khasi language]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Katuic languages: classification, reconstruction and comparative lexicon |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |date=2005 |publisher=Lincom Europa |isbn=3-89586-802-7 |series=LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 58 |location=Muenchen}}</ref> is an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language spoken in [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]].<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
Pnar has 30 phonemes: 7 vowels and 23 consonants. Other sounds listed below are phonetic realizations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ring |first=Hiram |date=2012 |title=A phonetic description and phonemic analysis of Jowai-Pnar |url=https://www.academia.edu/2040472 |journal=Mon-Khmer Studies |language=en |volume=40 |pages=133–175}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! [[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
! [[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
! [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|- <br />
! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
| {{IPA|/i/}}<br />
| {{IPA|[ɨ]}}<br />
| {{IPA|/u/}} <br />
|- <br />
! [[Near-close vowel|Near-close]]<br />
| {{IPA|[ɪ]}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|[ʊ]}}<br />
|- <br />
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]<br />
| {{IPA|/e/}} <br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|/o/}} <br />
|- <br />
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA|[ə]}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]<br />
| {{IPA|/ɛ/}}<br />
| {{IPA|[ʌ]}}<br />
| {{IPA|/ɔ/}}<br />
|- <br />
! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|/ɑ/}} <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center<br />
! colspan=2| <br />
! [[labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
! [[dental consonant|Dental]]<br />
! [[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
| {{IPA|/m/}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|/n/}}<br />
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}}<br />
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan=4| [[stop consonant|Plosive]]<br />
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small><br />
| {{IPA|/p/}}<br />
| {{IPA|/t̪/}}<br />
| {{IPA|/t/}}<br />
| {{IPA|/tʃ/}}<br />
| {{IPA|/k/}}<br />
| {{IPA|/ʔ/}}<br />
|- <br />
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small><br />
| {{IPA|/b/}} <br />
| {{IPA|/d̪/}} <br />
| {{IPA|/d/}} <br />
| {{IPA|/dʒ/}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|- <br />
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small><br />
| {{IPA|/pʰ/}}<br />
| {{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|[tʃʰ]}}<br />
| {{IPA|/kʰ/}}<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]] [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small><br />
| {{IPA|[bʱ]}} <br />
| {{IPA|[d̪ʱ]}} <br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|[dʒʱ]}}<br />
| <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
! colspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|/s/}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|/h/}}<br />
|- <br />
! colspan=2| [[trill consonant|Trill]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|/r/}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan=2| [[approximant consonant|Approximant]]<br />
! <small>[[central consonant|central]]</small><br />
| {{IPA|/w/}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|/j/}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
! <small>[[lateral consonant|Lateral]]</small><br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA|/l/}}<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Syllable structure ==<br />
Syllables in Pnar can consist of a single nucleic vowel. Maximally, they can include a complex onset of two consonants, a diphthong nucleus, and a coda consonant. A second type of syllable contains a syllabic nasal/trill/lateral immediately following the onset consonant. This syllabic consonant behaves as the rhyme. (Ring, 2012: 141–2)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis |last=Choudhary |first=Narayam Kumar |title=Word Order in Pnar |date=2004 |degree=Masters |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |url=http://nkchoudhary.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/word-order-in-pnar.pdf |page=87 |access-date=2009-08-14}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis |last=Ring |first=Hiram |title=A Grammar of Pnar |date=2015 |degree=PhD |publisher=Nanyang Technological University |url=https://www.academia.edu/11943811}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)<br />
* [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-D187-C@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-D187-C@view]] Pnar in RWAAI Digital Archive<br />
<br />
{{Languages of Northeast India}}<br />
{{Austroasiatic languages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Khasian languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Meghalaya]]</div>
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