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{{About|the Mughal official in the 16th century CE|the Timurid prince in the 14th century CE|Pir Muhammad (son of Jahangir)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
'''Maulana Pir Muhammad Khan Shirwani'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924073036752/page/n269/mode/2up?view=theater|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians p. 257|first1=Henry|last1=Elliot|first2=John|last2=Downson|date=1867|publisher=London: Trübner & Co.|via=Wayback Machine}}</ref> was a senior official of the [[Mughal Empire]] and a commander in the [[Mughal army]].

==Background==
Pir Muhammad was the Vakil-i-Mutlaq (general manager) of the [[regent]] of the Mughal Empire, [[Bairam Khan]], who had granted him the titles of [[Khan (title)|Khan]] and [[Sultan]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924073036752/page/n269/mode/2up?view=theater|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians p. 257|first1=Henry|last1=Elliot|first2=John|last2=Downson|date=1867|publisher=London: Trübner & Co.|via=Wayback Machine}}</ref> However, in 1559,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/abulfazl/000_namah_02.html|title=Akbarnama, Volume 2, ch. 21|first=Abu'l Fazl|last=Ibn Mubarak|via=Columbia University}}</ref> he was temporarily dismissed by Bairam due to his arrogance and ordered to go to [[Mecca]] for Hajj (pilgrimage). He was replaced by Haji Muhammad Sistani, one of Bairam's subordinates.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924073036752/page/n258/mode/2up?view=theater|title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians p. 258|first1=Henry|last1=Elliot|first2=John|last2=Downson|date=1867|publisher=London: Trübner & Co.|via=Wayback Machine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/abulfazl/000_namah_02.html|title=Akbarnama, Volume 2, ch. 21|first=Abu'l Fazl|last=Ibn Mubarak|via=Columbia University}}</ref> This displeased Akbar as the dismissal of a senior official without prior consultation with the emperor was a sign of blatant disrespect on Bairam's part and Akbar decided to dismiss Bairam. Pir Muhammad, who had travelled till [[Gujarat]] and made his way back to [[Rajputana]], was sent secret messages by Akbar to be ready to return.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ|title=The Great Mughals and their India p. 144–145|first=Dirk|last=Collier|date=1 March 2016|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=9789384544980|via=Google Books}}</ref> Later in 1560, when Bairam was ordered by Akbar to go to Hajj, on the insistence of his political opponents [[Maham Anga]] and [[Adham Khan]], Pir Muhammad (who had returned to the Mughal court) was sent to trail him and 'pack him off to Mecca'. When Bairam became aware of Pir Muhammad's approach, he took it as an insult and decided to turn back and rebel. At the sight of Bairam's Turkoman horse archers, Pir Muhammad hastily retreated.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ|title=The Great Mughals and their India p. 146|first=Dirk|last=Collier|date=1 March 2016|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=9789384544980|via=Google Books}}</ref>

==Conquest of Malwa==
In early 1561, Akbar sent Adham Khan and Pir Muhammad to lead an army to capture [[Malwa]] (in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] and south-eastern [[Rajasthan]], India. The ruler of Malwa, [[Baz Bahadur]] attempted to resist them at his capital, [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]], but was deserted by his best officers and defeated, though he managed to escape<ref>{{cite book |title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605 |last=Smith |first=Vincent, Arthur |year=1919 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y_BBAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Baz+Bahadur}}</ref> to [[Khandesh]], leaving behind his harem, treasure and war elephants.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |title=The New Cambridge History of India |date=1995 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=18 |chapter=The Mughal Empire}}</ref> Adham Khan and Pir Muhammad then conducted a general massacre in Malwa, killing women, children and even [[Sayyids]], who were descendants of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]].<ref name="auto2"/> Adham Khan kept all of the captive women and choice spoils for himself. His insolence infuriated Akbar, who dismissed him and the campaign of Malwa was left in command of Pir Muhammad, who was tasked to capture the fugitive Baz Bahadur.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ|title=The Great Mughals and their India p. 150–152|first=Dirk|last=Collier|date=1 March 2016|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=9789384544980|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Richards3">{{Cite book
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| pages = 14–15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA14|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2
| last = Richards
| first = John F.
| title = The Mughal Empire
| year = 1996
}}</ref>

Pir Muhammad went south and captured [[Bijargarh]] (in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]) again with general massacre and invaded the kingdom of Khandesh, were Baz Bahadur had taken refuge. He also captured the fortress of [[Asirgarh]] and marched towards [[Burhanpur]] (both in present-day southern [[Madhya Pradesh]]), destroying everything on his way and conducting general massacres. At Burhanpur, however, he was defeated by a coalition of three rulers: Baz Bahadur himself, [[Farooqui dynasty#Miran Mubarak Khan II|Mubarak Khan II]], ruler of Khandesh and [[Tufal Khan]], ruler of [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]] (in present-day [[Maharashtra]]).<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ|title=The Great Mughals and their India p. 153|first=Dirk|last=Collier|date=1 March 2016|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=9789384544980|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal |last1=King |first1=L. White |title=History and Coinage of Malwa |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society |date=1903 |volume=3 |pages=358 |jstor=42680007 }}</ref><ref name="Richards3"/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/DHULIA/his_mediaeval%20period.html |title=Dhulia district gazetteer – history, medieval period}}</ref>

==Death==
Outnumbered by this coalition, Pir Muhammad hastily retreated towards Malwa.<ref name="auto2"/> Having reached the [[Narmada River]] at night, he insisted at crossing it immediately despite his officers cautioning him not to do so. In the middle of the river, he fell off from his horse and died of drowning.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="Richards3"/>

==Legacy==
Following his death, the leaderless Mughal army retreated from Malwa and Baz Bahadur temporarily recovered his kingdom. In 1562, Akbar sent Abdullah Khan Uzbeg to capture Malwa who managed to restore Mughal authority in the region.<ref name="Richards3"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> Baz Bahadur remained a fugitive till he surrendered to Akbar in 1570. Akbar pardoned him and made him a musician at his court.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="Richards3"/>

==In popular culture==
In the Indian [[historical fiction]] television series [[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]], which ran on the channel [[Sony Entertainment Television]] from 2013 to 2015, Pir Muhammad Khan was portrayed by actor [[Kunal Bakshi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/newbie-vaishali-takkar-and-kunal-bakshi-enter-sony-tvs-maharana-pratap-141211 | title=Newbie Vaishali Takkar and Kunal Bakshi to enter Sony TV's Maharana Pratap | publisher=Tellychakkar.com | date=12 November 2014 | accessdate=18 October 2022}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mughal generals]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shirwani, Pir Muhammad Khan}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1561 deaths]]

Pir Muhammad Khan Shirwani - Revision history

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