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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Piprahwa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Piprahava
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Kapilavastu Stupas-Original-00020.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Stupa at Piprahwa
| pushpin_map = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_mapsize = 260
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.443000|N|83.127800|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
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| footnotes =
}}
{{BuddhasHolySites}}
'''Piprahwa''' ([[Hindi]]: '''पिपरहवा''') is a village near [[Siddharthnagar|Siddharthnagar city]] in [[Siddharthnagar district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. [[Kalanamak rice]], a scented and spicy variety of rice is grown in this area.{{sfn |Mishra|2005|p=}} It lies in the heart of the historical Buddha's homeland and is 12 miles from the world heritage site of [[Lumbini]] that is believed to be the place of [[Gautama Buddha|Gautama Buddha's]] birth.

Piprahwa is best known for its archaeological site and excavations that suggest that it may have been the burial place of the portion of the Buddha's ashes that were given to his own [[Shakya]] clan. A large [[stupa]] and the ruins of several monasteries as well as a museum are located within the site. Ancient residential complexes and shrines were uncovered at the adjacent mound of [[Ganwaria]].

==Excavation by William Claxton Peppe==

A buried stupa was discovered by [[William Claxton Peppe]], a [[British Raj|British colonial]] engineer and landowner of an estate at Piprahwa in January 1898. Following the [[Indian famine of 1896–97|severe famine]] that decimated Northern India in 1897, Peppe led a team in excavating a large earthen mound on his land. Having cleared away scrub and jungle, they set to work building a deep trench through the mound. After digging through 18 feet of solid brickwork, they came to a large stone [[coffer]] which contained five small vases containing bone fragments, ashes, and jewels.{{sfn |Peppe|1898|pp=573–88}} On one of the vases was a [[Brahmi script]] which was translated by [[Georg Bühler]], a leading European [[Epigraphy|epigraphist]] of the time, to mean:

[[File:Piprawa vase with relics of the Buddha.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Piprahwa vase with relics of the Buddha. The inscription reads ''...salilanidhane Budhasa Bhagavate...'' "Relics of the Buddha Lord"]]
<blockquote>
''Sukiti-bhatinaṃ sabhaginikanam sa-puta-dalanam iyaṃ salila-nidhane Budhasa bhagavate sakiyanam''{{sfn |Fleet|1907|pp=129-130}}
"This relic-shrine of divine Buddha (is the donation) of the Sakya-Sukiti brothers, associated with their sisters, sons, and wives,''{{sfn |Bühler|1898|p=388}} </blockquote>

This inscription implied that the bone fragments were part of the remains of Gautama Buddha, the founder of [[Buddhism]].{{sfn |Peppe|1898|pp=584–85}} Throughout the following decade or so, epigraphists debated the precise meaning of the inscription. [[Vincent Arthur Smith|Vincent Smith]], William Hoey, [[Thomas Rhys Davids]], and Emile Senart all translated the inscription to confirm that these were [[relic]]s of the Buddha.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Senart |first1=Emile |title=Note sur l'inscription de Piprahwa |journal=Journal Asiatique |date=1906 |issue=Jan-Feb |pages=132–136}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoey |first1=William |title=Piprahwa inscription |journal=The Pioneer |date=24 February 1898}}</ref>

In 1905, [[John Faithfull Fleet|John Fleet]], a former epigraphist of the Government of India, published a translation that agreed with this interpretation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fleet |first1=John |title=Notes on three Buddhist Inscriptions |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=October 1905|volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=679–691 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00033748 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1603205 }}</ref> However, on assuming the role of Secretary of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Asiatic Society]] from Thomas Rhys Davids, Fleet proposed a different reading:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John |title=The inscription on the Priprawa vase |date=1906 |publisher=Journal Of The Royal Asiatic Society Of Great Britain And Ireland For-1906 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70555/page/n163 149]- |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70555}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Inscribed Relic Casket from Piprahwa |website=Museums of India |publisher=National Portal and Digital Repository |url=http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/im_kol-19737A-B-10420|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622115928/http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/im_kol-19737A-B-10420 |archive-date=22 June 2015 }}</ref>

<blockquote>"This is a deposit of relics of the brethen of Sukiti, kinsmen of Buddha the Blessed One, with their sisters, their children and wives."{{sfn |Fleet|1907|pp=129-130}}</blockquote>[[File:Piprawa note by W.C. Peppe 1898.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Handwritten note by discoverer W.C. Péppe to [[Vincent Arthur Smith]] about the inscription, 1898]]

This interpretation was firmly rejected by his contemporaries. Following such criticism Fleet wrote: "I now abandon my opinion".{{sfn|Allen|2008|page=212}} Epigraphists of the time subscribed instead to the translation by [[Auguste Barth]]:

<blockquote>"This receptacle of relics of the blessed Buddha of the Śākyas (is the pious gift) of the brothers of Sukīrti, jointly with their sisters, with their sons and their wives."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barth |first1=Auguste |title=The inscription on the Piprahwa vase |journal=Journal des Savants |date=October 1906 |volume=36 |page=124}}</ref></blockquote>

Over a hundred years later, in the 2013 documentary, ''[[Bones of the Buddha]]'', epigraphist Harry Falk of [[Freie Universität Berlin]] confirmed the original interpretation that the depositors believed these to be the remains of the Buddha himself. Falk translated the inscription as "these are the relics of the Buddha, the Lord" and concluded that the reliquary found at Piprahwa did contain a portion of the ashes of the Buddha and that the inscription is authentic.<ref>{{Citation|title=Secrets of the Dead: Bones of the Buddha - Transcript|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/ajax/printable/?id=1073|publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=16 April 2015}}</ref>

In 1997, [[Epigraphy|epigraphist]] and archaeologist [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]] noted the challenges that isolated finds present to paleographical study and to dating materials. He concluded that "the inscription may be confidently dated to the earlier half of the second century B.C." but noted that "the Piprahwa vase, found in the Basti District, U.P. (Uttar Pradesh), has an inscription scratched on the steatite stone in a careless manner. As the inscription refers to the remains of the Buddha, it was originally dated to the pre-[[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] period, but it has been brought down to the third century B.C. on a comparison with [[Brahmi script|Asokan Brahmi]]. The style of writing is very poor, and there is nothing in it that speaks of the hand of the [[Ashoka|Asokan]] scribes". {{sfn |Dani|1997|loc=Chapter 3}} Dani's dating of the inscription puts it around 250 years after the generally agreed 480 BCE death of the historical Buddha which suggests that the ''[[stupa]]'' itself was built after the Buddha's lifetime. The time difference is most likely explained by the [[Ashoka|Emperor Ashoka]]’s sudden conversion to Buddhism. After slaughtering tens of thousands to secure his kingdom, Ashoka issued a decree to build ''stupas'' and redistribute the Buddha’s remains across his kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strong |first1=John |title=The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ}}</ref>

Although there was some initial uncertainty about the translation, there is no record of any challenge to the authenticity of the find at the time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Falk |first1=Harry |title=The ashes of the Buddha |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2018 |pages=45}}</ref> However, in introducing the discovery to the members of the Royal Asiatic Society in April 1900, its secretary, [[Thomas Rhys Davids]], stressed that 'the hypothesis of forgery in this case is simply unthinkable'.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rhys Davids |first1=Thomas |title=Asoka and the Buddha relics |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=1901 |volume=XIV |page=398|url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/rhy1.htm}}</ref> Over a century later some have assumed that such doubts must have therefore existed most likely because government archaeologist, [[Alois Anton Führer|A.A. Führer]], had been working in the region and had recently been exposed for plagiarism and forgery. The possibility of forgery was explored by writer and historian Charles Allen in his book ''The Buddha and Dr. Fuhrer'' and in his documentary ''[[Bones of the Buddha]]''. He researches the unfolding of events at Piprahwa based on the letters of W.C. Péppe, Vincent Smith, and [[Alois Anton Führer|A.A. Führer]], and concludes that Führer was unable to interfere with the discovery of the inscription made by W.C. Péppe.{{sfn|Allen|2008|p={{page needed|date=December 2020}}}} [[Harry Falk (Indologist)|Harry Falk]], professor of [[Indology]] at the [[Free University of Berlin|Freie Universität]] in [[Berlin]], stated in the documentary that Führer could not have forged the Piprahwa reliquary inscription. Richard Salomon of the University of Washington notes that 'Forgeries tend to be either blatant imitations of genuine inscriptions, or totally aberrant texts, and if the Piprahwa inscription were a forgery - which I am certain is not the case - it would belong to the latter category.' He goes on 'the Piprahwa inscription rings true in all regards'.{{sfn|Allen|2008|page=261}}

The main ''stupa'' at Piprahwa, one of the earliest so far discovered in India, was built in three phases. In the 6th-5th century BCE, around the time of the death of the Buddha, it was raised by piling up natural earth from the surrounding area. This was in accordance with a request of the Buddha who had asked that he be buried under the earth "heaped up as rice is heaped in an alms bowl."{{sfn|Allen|2008|page=9}} Phase II occurred during Ashoka’s rule (and was likely completed after his death around 235 BCE) as part of the Emperor’s mission to "distribute the relics of the exalted one."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strong |first1=John |title=Ashokavadana}}</ref> Ashoka opened up the original ''stupas'' containing the relics of the Buddha, then restored the ''stupa'' and interred a portion of what he had taken. The remaining relics were distributed to other new ''stupas''. At Piprahwa, the restoration consisted of filling thick clay over the structure and of building two tiers to reach a height of 4.55m. In phase III, during the [[Kushan]] period, the ''stupa'' was extensively enlarged and reached a height of {{Convert|6.35|m|ft}}. The largest structure after the ''stupa'' is the Eastern Monastery that measures 45.11m x 41.14m with a courtyard and more than thirty cells around it. The complex includes an additional Southern Monastery, Western Monastery, and Northern Monastery.<ref name=Stupa>{{cite web |title=The Stupa |website=Kapilavastu Museum |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |url=http://kapilavastumuseum.in/Kapilavastums/monastaries_structures|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315212256/http://kapilavastumuseum.in/Kapilavastums/monastaries_structures |archive-date=15 March 2016 }}</ref>

==Distribution of the relics==
[[File:Piprawa five reliquaries.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The five reliquaries discovered in Piprahwa.]]
[[File:Piprawa vase with relics of the Buddha inscription.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Portion of the Piprahwa vase inscription. The inscription reads '''...𑀲𑀮𑀺𑀮𑀦𑀺𑀥𑀸𑀦𑁂 𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀲 𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀢𑁂...''' ''...salilanidhane Budhasa Bhagavate...'' "Relics of the Buddha Lord" ([[Brahmi script]]).]]
[[Prisdang|Prince Prisdang]] (aka Jinavaravansa), a former ambassador to Siam and cousin to the [[Chulalongkorn|King Rama V]], had been ordained as a Buddhist monk in Sri Lanka and arrived at Piprahwa shortly after the discovery. He soon learned that W.C. Peppe had placed his finds at the disposal of the government.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent |title=Government Correspondence |date=1898 |issue=741}}</ref><ref name="Reuters1898">{{cite news |title=The relics of Buddha |url=https://newspaperarchive.com/london-standard-dec-19-1898-p-5/ |access-date=February 14, 2019 |agency=Reuters |newspaper=The Standard |date=December 19, 1898}}</ref> His eloquent arguments to persuade British government officials to donate the bone relics to the King of Siam to share with Buddhist communities in other countries received some support from lower level British officials and worked their way up to the Viceroy. It was an obvious solution that might appease Buddhists who were upset that the recently discovered [[Bodh Gaya]], believed to be the place of the Buddha's enlightenment, had remained under [[Hinduism|Hindu]] control. It was also a gesture of goodwill to a country that was being courted by the French, Russian, and Dutch superpowers of the time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rey |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=The Return of the Buddha |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |pages=106–110}}</ref> In 1899, a ceremony was held and the bone relics were handed off to an emissary of King Rama V and traveled to [[Bangkok]]. Prisdang’s request to be involved was not realized.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Loos |first1=Tamara |title=Bones around my neck |date=2016 |publisher=Cornell University |page=120}}</ref>{{sfn |Jinavaravansa|Jumsai|2003|p=214}}

The bone relics were immediately distributed across several locations, including [[Wat Saket|Golden Mount Temple]] in [[Bangkok|Bangkok, Thailand]],{{sfn |Jinavaravansa|Jumsai|2003|p=214}} [[Shwedagon Pagoda|Shwedagon pagoda]] in [[Yangon|Rangoon, Myanmar]], [[Mahamuni Buddha Temple|Arakan pagoda]] in [[Mandalay|Mandalay, Myanmar]], Dipaduttamarama Temple in [[Colombo|Colombo, Sri Lanka]], Waskaduwe Vihara in [[Kalutara|Kalutara, Sri Lanka]],<ref name=Nanayakkara/> and the Marichiwatta ''stupa'' in [[Anuradhapura|Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka]].{{sfn|Allen|2008|page=212}}

The majority of the gold and jewelry relic offerings were donated by the Indian government to the [[Indian Museum, Kolkata]]. Today, a replica urn is on display.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Falk |first1=Harry |title=The Ashes of the Buddha |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2017|volume=27|page=53}}</ref> Photographs of the items are on display at the Kapilavastu Museum at Piprahwa that is visited by Buddhist pilgrims.

W. C. Peppe was allowed to retain a number of duplicates which are exhibited in museums today.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent |title=Government Correspondence |journal=British Library |date=1898 |issue=740 /III-2790-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Next stop Nirvana |journal=Rietberg Museum Newsletter |date=November 2018}}</ref> He also gave some pieces to Prince Prisdang and Prisdang's Buddhist master, Sri Subuthi.{{sfn|Allen|2008|pages=209–210}}<ref name=Nanayakkara>{{cite news |last1=Nanayakkara |first1=Rasika |title=Exposition of Sacred relics |publisher=The Island |date=January 25, 2013 |url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=71148}}</ref> A box of 12 flowers was most likely given to Thomas Rhys Davids and the Royal Archaeological Society and discovered as part of a clean up at the Buddhist Society headquarters in London in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mackenzie |first1=Vicki |title=Buried with the Buddha |newspaper=The Sunday Times |date=21 March 2004}}</ref>

On 16 December 2554 ( 2011), a portion of these Kapilvatthu Buddha Relics was offered to the Sangha of Ratanawan Monastery. In January, 2012, some of these relics were enshrined in the Buddha Homage Reliquary Hall, Ratanawan Monastery, Thailand.

Many senior monks participated in this auspicious ceremony including [[Ajahn Sumedho]] and [[Ajahn Viradhammo]].

==Excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India==
[[File:Stupas-Original-00021.jpg|thumbnail|Southern monastery]]
From 1971-1973, a team of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] led by K.M. Srivastava resumed excavations at the Piprahwa stupa site. The team discovered a casket containing fragments of charred bone, at a location several feet deeper than the coffer that W.C. Peppe had previously excavated. As the relic containers were found in the deposits from the period of [[Northern Black Polished Ware]], Srivastava dated the find to the fifth-fourth centuries [[Common Era|BCE]], which would be consistent with the period in which the Buddha is believed to have lived.{{sfn |Srivastava|1980|pp=103–10}} He also discovered 13 sealings which bore the same legend in Kushan script: 'Of the community of the monks of great Kapilavastu'. Today, the ancient sites of Piprahwa and Ganwaria host the Kapilavastu Museum, controlled by the Archaeological Survey of India.<ref name=Stupa/>

The bone fragments recovered by Srivastava's team are currently located at the [[National Museum, New Delhi]].{{sfn |Srivathsan|2012|pp=}} In 1978, the Indian government allowed their share of the discovery to be exhibited in Sri Lanka and more than 10 million people paid homage. They were also exhibited in Mongolia in 1993, Singapore in 1994, South Korea in 1995, Thailand in 1996, and again in Sri Lanka in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kapilavastu relics arrive in Sri Lanka |newspaper=Daily Mirror |date=2012-08-19}}</ref>

==Location of ancient Kapilavastu==
Srivastava's discovery of the terracotta sealings bearing the name Kapilavastu has led some scholars to believe that modern-day Piprahwa was the site of the ancient city of [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]], the capital of the [[Shakya]] kingdom, where [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama]] spent the first 29 years of his life.{{sfn |Peppe|1898|pp=573–88}}{{sfn |Bühler|1898|p=388}}{{sfn |Srivastava|1980|pp=103–10}}{{sfn |Srivastava|1979|pp=61-74}} Others suggest that the original site of Kapilavastu is located {{Convert|16|km|mi}} to the northwest, at [[Tilaurakot]], in what is currently [[Kapilvastu District]] in [[Nepal]].{{sfn |Allen|2008|p=262}}{{sfn |Tuladhar|2002 |pp=1-7}}{{sfn |Sharda|2015|pp=}}
This question is especially important to scholars of Buddhist history, as Kapilavastu was the capital of the [[Shakya]] kingdom. King [[Śuddhodana]] and Queen [[Maya (mother of Buddha)|Māyādevī]] lived at Kapilavastu, as did their son Prince [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama]] until he [[Great Renunciation|left the palace]] at 29 years of age.<ref name=EoB2010>{{cite book|last=Trainor|first=K|editor-last=Keown|editor-first=D|editor2-last=Prebish|editor2-first=CS|title=Encyclopedia of Buddhism|chapter=Kapilavastu|pages=436–7|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0-415-55624-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ&q=kapilavatthu}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Piprahwa}}
*[[Bhattiprolu]]
*[[Bimaran casket]]
*[[Relics associated with Buddha]]
*[[Sanchi]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=The Buddha and Dr Führer: an archaeological scandal|last=Allen|first=Charles|publisher=Haus Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-1-905791-93-4|edition=1st|location=London|author-link=Charles Allen (writer)}}
* {{Citation|last=Allen|first=Charles|title=What happened at Piprahwa: A chronology of events relating to the excavation in January 1898 of the Piprahwa Stupa in Basti District, North-Western Provinces and Oude (Uttar Pradesh), India, and the associated 'Piprahwa Inscription', based on newly available correspondence|year=2012|journal=Zeitschrift für Indologie und Südasienstudien|volume=29|pages=1–19 |oclc=64218646}}
* {{cite journal|last=Bühler|first=Georg|title=Preliminary note on a recently discovered Sakya inscription|jstor=25207982|date=April 1898|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=Correspondence: Note 14|pages=387–389}}
* {{Citation|last=Dani|first=AH|title=Indian Palaeography|year=1997|author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani|pages=56|edition=3rd|location=New Delhi|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|isbn=978-8121500289}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Inscription on the Piprahwa Vase |date=1907 |jstor=25210369 |last1=Fleet |first1=J. F. |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=39 |pages=105–130|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00035541 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2085195 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jinavaravansa |first1=P. C. |last2=Jumsai |first2=Sumet |year=2003 |jstor=23731479 |title=The Ratna Chetiya Dipaduttamarama, Colombo |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka |series=New |volume=48 |pages=213–236}}
* {{Citation|last=Mishra|first=S|title=Kalanamak: the future of Indian scented rice?|date=2005-09-15|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/10106|work=Down To Earth magazine|location=New Delhi|publisher=Society for Environmental Communications |access-date=2014-11-29}}
* {{Citation|last=Peppe|first=WC|title=The Piprahwa Stupa, containing relics of Buddha|jstor=25208010|date=July 1898|journal=With a Note by V.A. Smith. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|issue=Article XXIII |pages=573–88}}{{Subscription required |via=[[JSTOR]]}}
* {{Citation|title=UP's Piprahwa is Buddha's Kapilvastu?|date=4 May 2015|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/UPs-Piprahwa-is-Buddhas-Kapilvastu/articleshow/47143085.cms?|last=Sharda |first=Shailvee|journal=Times of India}}
* Smith, V. A. (Oct., 1898), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208045 The Piprāhwā Stūpa], Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, p. 868 {{Subscription required |via=[[JSTOR]]}}
* {{Citation|last=Srivastava|first=KM|title=Kapilavastu and Its Precise Location|jstor=29756506|year=1979|journal=East and West|volume=29|issue=1/4|pages=61–74}}{{Subscription required |via=[[JSTOR]]}}
* {{Citation|last=Srivastava|first=KM|title=Archaeological Excavations at Piprāhwā and Ganwaria and the Identification of Kapilavastu|url=http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8511/2418 |year=1980 |journal=The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume=13|issue=1|pages=103–10}}
*{{cite book |last1=Srivastava, KM |title=Excavations at Piprahwa and Ganwaria (Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India No 94) |date=1996 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=New Delhi |url=http://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/82482.pdf}}
* {{Citation|last=Srivathsan|first=A|title=Gautama Buddha, four bones and three countries|date=2012-08-20|url=http://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/gautama-buddha-four-bones-and-three-countries/ |newspaper=Colombo Telegraph |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|access-date=2014-11-29}}
* {{Citation|last =Tuladhar|first =Swoyambhu D.|title =The Ancient City of Kapilvastu - Revisited|date = November 2002|journal = Ancient Nepal|issue = 151|pages = 1–7 |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_151_01.pdf}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.piprahwamuseum.com Piprahwa Museum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160109173203/http://kapilavastumuseum.in/ ASI]

{{Authority control}}
{{Siddharthnagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Siddharthnagar district]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buddhist archaeological sites]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]

Piprahwa - Revision history

Sergkwi: adjusted structure to improve readability for clarity

Kamal Guha: Uttar Pradesh Buddhist sites added

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