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{{Short description|Species of conifer}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Pinus griffithii|Larix griffithii}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Bhutan pine tree.JPG
| image_caption = Tree at [[Tortworth Court]] arboretum
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Pinus wallichiana'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T42427A2979371 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42427A2979371.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Pinus
| parent = Pinus subsect. Strobus
| species = wallichiana
| authority = [[Albert Bruce Jackson|A. B. Jacks.]]
| synonyms = ''Pinus griffithii'' McClelland ''Pinus excelsa'' [[Nathaniel Wallich|Wall.]] ''Pinus chylla'' [[Loddiges|Lodd.]]
}}

'''''Pinus wallichiana''''' is a [[pinophyta|coniferous]] [[evergreen]] tree native to the [[Himalaya]], [[Karakoram]] and [[Hindu Kush]] mountains, from eastern Afghanistan east across northern Pakistan and north west India to Yunnan in southwest China. It grows in mountain valleys at altitudes of 1800–4300 m (rarely as low as 1200 m), reaching {{convert|30-50|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height. It favours a [[temperate climate]] with dry winters and wet summers. In Pashto, it is known as ''Nishtar''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%9A%D8%AA%D8%B1|title=نښتر - Wiktionary|website=en.wiktionary.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref>

This tree is often known as '''Bhutan pine''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | name = ''Pinus wallichiana'' A. B. Jacks. | id = 316268 | accessdate = 23 April 2014}}</ref> (not to be confused with the recently described Bhutan white pine, ''[[Pinus bhutanica]]'', a closely related species). Other names include '''blue pine''',<ref name=GRIN/> '''Himalayan pine'''<ref name=GRIN/> and '''Himalayan white pine'''.<ref name=GRIN/>

==Description==
The [[leaf|leaves]] ("needles") are in fascicles (bundles) of five and are 12–18 cm long. They are noted for being flexible along their length, and often droop gracefully. The cones are long and slender, 16–32 cm, yellow-buff when mature, with thin scales; the seeds are 5–6 mm long with a 20–30 mm wing.

Typical habitats are mountain screes and glacier forelands, but it will also form [[old-growth forest]]s as the primary species or in mixed forests with [[Cedrus deodara|deodar]], [[birch]], [[spruce]], and [[fir]]. In some places it reaches the [[tree line]].{{cn|date=April 2022}}

''P. wallichiana'' is the primary host for [[Himalayan dwarf mistletoe]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hawksworth |first1=Frank G. |last2=Wiens |first2=Delbert |title=Dwarf Mistletoes |date=April 1998 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-0-7881-4201-7 |pages=264–265 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dwarf_Mistletoes/bdfXQ4c5h4IC |access-date=16 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Uses==
The [[wood]] is moderately hard, durable and highly resinous. It is a good firewood but gives off a pungent resinous smoke. It is a commercial source of [[turpentine]] which is superior quality than that of ''[[Pinus roxburghii|P. roxburghii]]'' but is not produced so freely.

The tree became available through the European nursery trade in 1836, nine years after the Danish botanist [[Nathaniel Wallich]] first introduced seeds to England. It is a popular tree for planting in [[park]]s and large [[garden]]s, grown for its attractive foliage and large, decorative cones. It is also valued for its relatively high resistance to [[air pollution]], tolerating this better than some other conifers.

This plant<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/13150/i-Pinus-wallichiana-i/Details | title=''Pinus wallichiana'' AGM | publisher=Royal Horticultural Society | access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref> and its slow-growing [[cultivar]] 'Nana'<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/79725/i-Pinus-wallichiana-i-Nana/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - ''Pinus wallichiana'' 'Nana'
| access-date = 25 April 2018}}</ref> have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 78
| publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Bhutan pine foliage.JPG|Foliage
Bhutan-Paro-144-Abstieg vom Taktshang-Tigernest-Pinienzweig-gje.jpg|Branch with needles, Paro, Bhutan
File:Pinus wallichiana at VanDusen Botanical Garden.jpg|Cones, at [[VanDusen Botanical Garden]]
File:Arceuthobium minutissimum.jpg|''P. wallichiana'' branch infected with [[Himalayan dwarf mistletoe]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_wallichiana.php Gymnosperm Database: ''Pinus wallichiana'']
* [http://www.pinetum.org/cones/PNStrobus.htm Photo of cones (scroll half-way down)]
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Pinus+wallichiana&CAN=COMIND Plants for a future]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q747652}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pinus|wallichiana]]
[[Category:Trees of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Trees of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Trees of Nepal]]
[[Category:Trees of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Tibet]]
[[Category:Flora of West Himalaya]]
[[Category:Flora of East Himalaya]]
[[Category:Trees of temperate climates]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1938]]

Pinus wallichiana - Revision history

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