Pinus kesiya - Revision history

Ndizzy4glo: adjusted structure after review for clarity

2025-11-15T23:53:17Z

adjusted structure after review for clarity

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:23, 16 November 2025
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	{{Short description\|Species of conifer}}		{{Short description\|Species of conifer}}
	{{~~speciesbox~~		{{Speciesbox
	\| image = Pinus kesiya ~~Blanco2.453.jpg~~		\| image = Pine trees along Staunton Road (Sagada, Mountain Province; 12-02-2022).jpg
	\|image2=Pinus kesiya ~~Binga~~.jpg		\|image_caption=''Pinus kesiya'' forest in [[Sagada]], Luzon, Philippines
	\|image2_caption=~~Khasi pine in Benguet~~, [[~~Philippines~~]]		\|image2=Pericrocotus ethologus in Pinus kesiya, Doi Pha Hom Pok NP, Thailand 104701641.jpg
			\|image2_caption=Foliage and cones (with two [[long-tailed minivet]]s), [[Doi Pha Hom Pok National Park]], Thailand
	\| status = LC		\| status = LC
	\| status_system = IUCN3.1		\| status_system = IUCN3.1
	\| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=Farjon, A. \|date=2013 \|title=''Pinus kesiya'' \|volume=2013 \|~~page~~=e.T42372A2975925 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42372A2975925.en \|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>		\| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=Farjon, A. \|date=2013 \|title=''Pinus kesiya'' \|volume=2013 \|article-number=e.T42372A2975925 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42372A2975925.en \|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
	\| display_parents = 3		\| display_parents = 3
	\| genus = Pinus		\| genus = Pinus
	\| parent = Pinus subsect. Pinus		\| parent = Pinus subsect. Pinus
	\| species = kesiya		\| species = kesiya
	\| authority = [[John Forbes Royle\|Royle]] ex [[George Gordon (botanist)\|Gordon]]		\| authority = [[John Forbes Royle\|Royle]] ex [[George Gordon (botanist)\|Gordon]] (1840)
			\| subdivision_ranks = Varieties
			\| subdivision = See text
			\| subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677057-1 ''Pinus kesiya'' Royle ex Gordon]. ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 12 August 2024.</ref>
	}}		}}

	'''''Pinus kesiya''''' ('''Khasi pine''', '''Benguet ~~pine''' or '''three-needled~~ pine''') is one of the most widely distributed [[pine]]s in Asia. Its range extends south and east from the [[Khasi Hills]] in the northeast [[India]]n state of [[Meghalaya]], to ~~northern~~ [[~~Thailand~~]], [[~~Philippines~~]], [[~~Burma~~]], [[~~Cambodia~~]], [[~~Laos~~]], ~~southernmost~~ [[~~China~~]], and [[~~Vietnam~~]]. It is an important plantation species elsewhere in the world, including in southern [[Africa]] and [[South America]].<ref name=vietnam>{{Cite book		'''''Pinus kesiya''''' ('''Khasi pine''' or '''Benguet pine''') is one of the most widely distributed [[pine]]s in southeast Asia. Its range extends south and east from the [[Khasi Hills]] in the northeast [[India]]n state of [[Meghalaya]], to [[Burma]], northern [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], southernmost [[China]], [[Vietnam]], and the [[Philippines]]. It is an important plantation species elsewhere in the world, including in southern [[Africa]] and [[South America]].<ref name=vietnam>{{Cite book
	\|isbn = 1-872291-64-3		\|isbn = 1-872291-64-3
	\|last = Luu		\|last = Luu
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	\|url = http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/bm/conifer_manual.html		\|url = http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/bm/conifer_manual.html
	\|pages = 42–43		\|pages = 42–43
	\|~~url-status~~ = ~~dead~~		\|publisher = Nhà xuất bản Thế giới
	\|~~archiveurl~~ = https://web.archive.org/web/20070519165835/http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/bm/conifer_manual.html		\|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070519165835/http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/bm/conifer_manual.html
	\|~~archivedate~~ = 2007-05-19		\|archive-date = 2007-05-19
	}}</ref><ref name=icnaf>{{cite web\| url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18165 \|title=''Pinus kesiya'' \|work=AgroForestryTree Database \|publisher=International Centre for Research in Agroforestry\| ~~accessdate~~ = 17 April 2012}}</ref>		}}</ref><ref name=icnaf>{{cite web \|url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18165 \|title=''Pinus kesiya'' \|work=AgroForestryTree Database \|publisher=International Centre for Research in Agroforestry \|access-date=17 April 2012 \|archive-date=6 April 2012 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406080116/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18165 }}</ref>

	The common name "Khasi pine" is from the Khasi hills in India, and "Benguet pine" is from the landlocked province of [[Benguet]] in [[Luzon]], Philippines, where it is the dominant species of the [[Luzon tropical pine forests]]. The Benguet pine is sometimes treated as a separate species, '''''Pinus insularis'''''; however, the current opinion is to treat ~~these~~ as conspecific with ''P. kesiya''. The city of [[Baguio]] is nicknamed "The City of Pines", as it is noted for large stands of this tree.		The common name "Khasi pine" is from the Khasi hills in India, and "Benguet pine" is from the landlocked province of [[Benguet]] in [[Luzon]], Philippines, where it is the dominant species of the [[Luzon tropical pine forests]] (known as ''saleng'' in [[Ilocano language\|Ilocano]]<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Li \|first1=Paul Jen-kuei \|title=Some notes on animals and plants for Proto-Austronesian speakers \|journal=Language and Linguistics. 語言暨語言學 \|date=July 2022 \|page=266 \|doi=10.1075/lali.18.2.04li\|doi-access=free }}</ref>). The Benguet pine is sometimes treated as a separate species, '''''Pinus insularis'''''; however, the current opinion is to treat this as conspecific with ''P. kesiya'' var. ''langbianensis''.<ref name = powo/> The city of [[Baguio]] is nicknamed "The City of Pines", as it is noted for large stands of this tree.

	==Description==		==Description==
	[[File:Bark of Benguet Pine.JPG\|thumb\|upright\|left\|~~Bark of Benguet pine~~]]		[[File:Bark of Benguet Pine.JPG\|thumb\|upright\|left\|''Pinus kesiya'' bark]]

	''Pinus kesiya'' is a [[tree]] reaching up to {{Convert\|30–35\|m\|abbr=off}} tall with a straight, cylindrical trunk. The [[Bark (botany)\|bark]] is thick ~~and~~ dark brown, with deep longitudinal fissures. The branches are robust, red brown from the second year, the branchlets horizontal to ~~drooping~~. The [[leaves]] are needle-like, dark green, usually 3 per [[Fascicle (botany)\|fascicle]], {{Convert\|~~15–20~~\|cm\|abbr=off\|frac=2}} long, the fascicle sheath {{Convert\|1–2\|cm\|abbr=on\|frac=4}} long and persistent. The [[Conifer cone\|cones]] are ovoid, {{Convert\|5–9\|cm\|abbr=on\|frac=4}} long, often curved downwards, sometimes slightly ~~distorted~~; the scales of second-year cones are dense, the [[Pinus\|umbo]] a little convex, ~~sometimes acutely spinous~~. The scales have transverse and longitudinal ridges across the middle of the scale surface. The [[seed]]s are winged, {{Convert\|6–7\|mm\|frac=32}} long with a 1.5–2.5 cm wing. Pollination occurs in mid-spring, with the cones maturing ~~18–20~~ months after.{{Cn\|date=~~April 2021~~}}		''Pinus kesiya'' is a [[tree]] reaching up to {{Convert\|30–35\|m\|abbr=off}} tall with a straight, cylindrical trunk. The [[Bark (botany)\|bark]] is thick, dark brown, and scaly with deep longitudinal fissures. The branches are robust, red brown from the second year, the branchlets horizontal to upcurved. The [[leaves]] are needle-like, dark green, usually three per [[Fascicle (botany)\|fascicle]], {{Convert\|12–20\|cm\|abbr=off\|frac=2}} long, the fascicle sheath {{Convert\|1–2\|cm\|abbr=on\|frac=4}} long and persistent. The [[Conifer cone\|cones]] are ovoid, {{Convert\|5–9\|cm\|abbr=on\|frac=4}} long, often curved downwards, sometimes slightly oblique; the scales of second-year cones are dense, the [[Pinus\|umbo]] a little convex, with a small prickle. The scales have transverse and longitudinal ridges across the middle of the scale surface. The [[seed]]s are winged, {{Convert\|6–7\|mm\|frac=32}} long with a 1.5–2.5 cm wing. Pollination occurs in mid-spring, with the cones maturing 18–24 months after.<ref name="GD">{{cite web \| title=''Pinus kesiya'' description \| website=The Gymnosperm Database \| date=2025-11-11 \| url=https://www.conifers.org/pi/Pinus_kesiya.php \| access-date=2025-11-15}}</ref>

	Khasi pine usually grows in pure stands or mixed with broad-leaved trees~~, but does not form open pine forests~~.~~{{Cn\|date~~=~~April 2021}}~~		Khasi pine usually grows in pure stands or mixed with broad-leaved trees.<ref name="GD"/>

	{{~~Clear left~~}}		==Taxonomy==
			''Pinus kesiya'' is a member of the largely Eurasian nominate group ''Pinus'' subgenus ''Pinus'', section ''Pinus'', distinguished by the cone umbo having an offset prickle on the umbo.<ref>{{cite journal \| last=Klaus \| first=Wilhelm \| title=Neue Beobachtungen zur Morphologie des Zapfens von ''Pinus'' und ihre Bedeutung für die Systematik, Fossilbestimmung, Arealgestaltung und Evolution der Gattung / New Observations on the Morphology of ''Pinus''-Cones and Their Bearing on Taxonomy, Fossil Determination, Distribution, and Evolution of the Genus \| journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution \| publisher=Springer \| volume=134 \| issue=3/4 \| year=1980 \| issn=03782697 \| jstor=23642506 \| pages=137–171 \| url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23642506 \| access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref>

			Two [[variety (botany)\|varieties]] are accepted by the [[Plants of the World Online]] database:<ref name = powo/>
			*''Pinus kesiya'' var. ''kesiya''
			*''Pinus kesiya'' var. ''langbianensis'' {{small\|(A.Chev.) Gaussen ex Bui}}
			They are only minimally distinct, with var. ''langbianensis'' cited as having on average shorter needles 12–16 cm long as opposed to 12–20 cm in var. ''kesiya'';<ref name="GD"/> not all authors consider them distinct, treating the species as monotypic.<ref name="Businský2008">{{cite book \| last=Businský \| first=Roman \| title=The genus ''Pinus'' L., pines : contribution to knowledge \| date=2008 \| isbn=978-80-85116-60-1 \| language=cs }}</ref>

	==Uses==		==Uses==
	The soft and light [[timber]] of ''Pinus kesiya'' can be used for a wide range of applications, including boxes, paper pulp, and temporary electric poles. It is intensely used for timber, both sourced in natural forests and plantations.<ref name=vietnam/><ref name=icnaf/>		The soft and light [[timber]] of ''Pinus kesiya'' can be used for a wide range of applications, including boxes, paper pulp, and temporary electric poles. It is intensely used for timber, both sourced in natural forests and plantations.<ref name=vietnam/><ref name=icnaf/>

	The good-quality [[resin]] is not abundant and has not been much used except during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines for the production of [[turpentine]].{{Cn\|~~date~~=~~April 2021}}~~		The good-quality [[resin]] is not abundant and has not been much used except during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines for the production of [[turpentine]].<ref>{{cite web\|publisher=[[The Field Museum]]\|url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/vanishing_treasures/V_Pines.htm\|website=Vanishing Treasures\|first1=Lawrence R.\|last1=Heaney\|first2=Jacinto C., Jr.\|last2=Regaldo \|title=Philippine Pines\|date=2007}}</ref>
			{{Clear left}}
	==~~See also~~==
	*''[[Casuarina equisetifolia]]'', the agoho pine

	==References==		==References==
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	{{Taxonbar\|from=Q1939271}}		{{Taxonbar\|from=Q1939271}}
			{{Authority control}}

	[[Category:Pinus\|Kesiya]]		[[Category:Pinus\|Kesiya]]
	[[Category:Trees of China]]		[[Category:Trees of China]]
	[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]		[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
	~~[[Category:State symbols of Rwanda]]~~
	[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]		[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]
	[[Category:Trees of Indo-China]]		[[Category:Trees of Indo-China]]
	[[Category:Trees of the Philippines]]		[[Category:Trees of the Philippines]]
			[[Category:Plants described in 1840]]

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External links

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:55, 7 October 2022
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	[[Category:Trees of China]]		[[Category:Trees of China]]
	[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]		[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
			[[Category:State symbols of Rwanda]]
	[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]		[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]
	[[Category:Trees of Indo-China]]		[[Category:Trees of Indo-China]]
	[[Category:Trees of the Philippines]]		[[Category:Trees of the Philippines]]

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2022-05-14T08:28:22Z

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{{Short description|Species of conifer}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Pinus kesiya Blanco2.453.jpg
|image2=Pinus kesiya Binga.jpg
|image2_caption=Khasi pine in Benguet, [[Philippines]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |date=2013 |title=''Pinus kesiya'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T42372A2975925 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42372A2975925.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| display_parents = 3
| genus = Pinus
| parent = Pinus subsect. Pinus
| species = kesiya
| authority = [[John Forbes Royle|Royle]] ex [[George Gordon (botanist)|Gordon]]
}}

'''''Pinus kesiya''''' ('''Khasi pine''', '''Benguet pine''' or '''three-needled pine''') is one of the most widely distributed [[pine]]s in Asia. Its range extends south and east from the [[Khasi Hills]] in the northeast [[India]]n state of [[Meghalaya]], to northern [[Thailand]], [[Philippines]], [[Burma]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]], southernmost [[China]], and [[Vietnam]]. It is an important plantation species elsewhere in the world, including in southern [[Africa]] and [[South America]].<ref name=vietnam>{{Cite book
|isbn = 1-872291-64-3
|last = Luu
|first = Nguyen Duc To
|author2 = Philip Ian Thomas
|title = Conifers of Vietnam
|year = 2004
|url = http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/bm/conifer_manual.html
|pages = 42–43
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070519165835/http://www.ceh.ac.uk/sections/bm/conifer_manual.html
|archivedate = 2007-05-19
}}</ref><ref name=icnaf>{{cite web| url=http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18165 |title=''Pinus kesiya'' |work=AgroForestryTree Database |publisher=International Centre for Research in Agroforestry| accessdate = 17 April 2012}}</ref>

The common name "Khasi pine" is from the Khasi hills in India, and "Benguet pine" is from the landlocked province of [[Benguet]] in [[Luzon]], Philippines, where it is the dominant species of the [[Luzon tropical pine forests]]. The Benguet pine is sometimes treated as a separate species, '''''Pinus insularis'''''; however, the current opinion is to treat these as conspecific with ''P. kesiya''. The city of [[Baguio]] is nicknamed "The City of Pines", as it is noted for large stands of this tree.

==Description==
[[File:Bark of Benguet Pine.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Bark of Benguet pine]]

''Pinus kesiya'' is a [[tree]] reaching up to {{Convert|30–35|m|abbr=off}} tall with a straight, cylindrical trunk. The [[Bark (botany)|bark]] is thick and dark brown, with deep longitudinal fissures. The branches are robust, red brown from the second year, the branchlets horizontal to drooping. The [[leaves]] are needle-like, dark green, usually 3 per [[Fascicle (botany)|fascicle]], {{Convert|15–20|cm|abbr=off|frac=2}} long, the fascicle sheath {{Convert|1–2|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} long and persistent. The [[Conifer cone|cones]] are ovoid, {{Convert|5–9|cm|abbr=on|frac=4}} long, often curved downwards, sometimes slightly distorted; the scales of second-year cones are dense, the [[Pinus|umbo]] a little convex, sometimes acutely spinous. The scales have transverse and longitudinal ridges across the middle of the scale surface. The [[seed]]s are winged, {{Convert|6–7|mm|frac=32}} long with a 1.5–2.5 cm wing. Pollination occurs in mid-spring, with the cones maturing 18–20 months after.{{Cn|date=April 2021}}

Khasi pine usually grows in pure stands or mixed with broad-leaved trees, but does not form open pine forests.{{Cn|date=April 2021}}

{{Clear left}}

==Uses==
The soft and light [[timber]] of ''Pinus kesiya'' can be used for a wide range of applications, including boxes, paper pulp, and temporary electric poles. It is intensely used for timber, both sourced in natural forests and plantations.<ref name=vietnam/><ref name=icnaf/>

The good-quality [[resin]] is not abundant and has not been much used except during the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines for the production of [[turpentine]].{{Cn|date=April 2021}}

==See also==
*''[[Casuarina equisetifolia]]'', the agoho pine

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pinus kesiya}}
* [http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/kesiya.htm Gymnosperm Database: ''Pinus kesiya'']
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252002/1010.pdf Suitability of ''Pinus kesiya'' for tree-ring analyses]
* {{WWF ecoregion|name=Luzon Tropical Forests|id=im0302}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1939271}}

[[Category:Pinus|Kesiya]]
[[Category:Trees of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Assam (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Trees of Indo-China]]
[[Category:Trees of the Philippines]]