imported>Monkbot: Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 7 templates: del empty params (6×);

2020-12-12T00:05:21Z

Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 7 templates: del empty params (6×);

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{{for|the Hindu temple near Pindara, [[Jind]], [[Haryana]], India|Pindara Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Pindara temples
| image = Durvasa Rishi's Ashram. Dhyan Mandir, South West side view 1.jpg
| caption = Temple No. 1 from southwest, typical Maitraka superstructure is visible
| map_type = India Gujarat
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| coordinates = {{coord| 22.264560|N|69.252885|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Pindara, Gujarat|Pindara]], [[Devbhoomi Dwarka district]], [[Gujarat]]
| locale =
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]]
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Maitraka]]-[[Saindhava]] (neo-Dravidic Maitraka, [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]] and early Maha-Gurjara)
| temple_quantity = 5
| monument_quantity = 1 (''mandapa'')
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 7th to 10th century
}}
The '''temples at [[Pindara, Gujarat|Pindara]]''', locally known as '''Durvasa Rishi Ashram''', in Kalyanpur Taluka of [[Devbhoomi Dwarka district]], [[Gujarat]], India belongs to [[Maitraka]]-[[Saindhava]] period (7th to 10th century). The temples are located near sea, about eleven miles east of [[Dwarka]].<ref name="Nanavati Dhaky 1969">{{cite journal | last=Nanavati | first=J. M. | last2=Dhaky | first2=M. A. | title=The Maitraka and the Saindhava Temples of Gujarat| journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum | volume=26 | year=1969 | pages=58, 77–78 | doi=10.2307/1522666 | jstor=1522666 }}</ref><ref name="KU"/>

==History==
These temples are built between 7th and 10th century.<ref name="Gaur 2007">{{Cite journal|last=Gaur|first=A. S.|last2=Tripathi|first2=Sila|year=2007|others=Sundaresh, National Institute of Oceanography, Goa|title=A submerged temple complex off Pindara, on the northwestern coast of Saurashtra|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27667438|journal=Man and Environment|publisher=Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies|volume=XXXII|issue=2|pages=37–40|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> The ''Phamsana'' style temples belongs to middle of 8th century, built during the reign of [[Saindhava]]s. Large number of sculptures and Saindhava coins, for the first time, were found during the excavations in 1965.<ref name="Nanavati Dhaky 1969"/><ref name=Brill>{{cite book|title=Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-hwVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=978-90-04-03691-8|page=42|year=1928}}</ref> The monuments are associated with [[Durvasa]] Rishi by locals and called Durvasa Rishi Ashram.<ref name="KU" /><ref name="Subrahmanyam 1965">{{Cite journal|last=Subrahmanyam|first=R.|date=March–June 1965|title=Pindara and its Antiquities|journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute|publisher=Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|volume=XIV|issue=3–4|pages=419–439}}</ref>

The site is inscribed as the Monument of National Importance (N-GJ-121) and is maintained by Vadodara Circle of the [[Archeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_gujarat.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Gujarat - Archaeological Survey of India|website=asi.nic.in|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Pindara temples location plan.png|thumb|Location plan shows five temples and the pillared''mandapa''|left]]
There are five temples and a long pillared ''[[mandapa]]'' within an enclosure.<ref name="KU">{{cite book|title=Prāci-jyotī: Digest of Indological Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AL45AQAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Kurukshetra University|page=49}}</ref><ref name=Brill/><ref name="Subrahmanyam 1965" />

Temple No. 1 (old shrine/Sun Temple/Dhyan Mandir) is built in neo-Dravidic ''Phamsana'' type, according to the classification by [[Madhusudan Dhaky|M. A. Dhaky]] and J. M. Nanavati. It has square cella and plain walls on which rises a five tiered superstructure from a ''[[vimana]]-vedika'' base. These tiers has ''[[chandrashala]]'' engravings in decreasing numbers from five to two while the topmost tier is lost and there is ''karnakuta''s at the corners. The temple has lost its ''mandapa''. The temple may have been constructed in ''sandhara'' layout. If true, it seems that the exterior walls were disappeared long ago. This temple is east facing.<ref name="Nanavati Dhaky 1969"/><ref name="Sompura1968">{{cite book|last=Sompura|first=Kantilal F.|title=The Structural Temples of Gujarat, Upto 1600 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXTqAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Gujarat University|pages=501–502}}</ref>

Temples No. 2 and 3 are both of ''phamsana'' type, of penthouse variety. These temples show the early Maha-Gurjara architectural influence.<ref name="Nanavati Dhaky 1969"/><ref name="Subrahmanyam 1965" /> These temples are west facing.

Temple No. 2 has a ''[[Nagara architecture|Nagara]]'' ground plan and an open porch with short pillars on [[Dado (architecture)|dado]]. The dado, on its east side of the temple, has pillar-motif and niches, similar to the [[Gop Temple]]. The roof has only its lowermost course surviving and there is a row of dentils below it. Above the plain door-frame of this temple, there is a panel depicting the marriage of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]]. The faces of the demons in this panel has similarities with the panel found on the parapet of the Sun temple at Akhodar.<ref name="Nanavati Dhaky 1969"/>

Temple No. 3 is a square in plan and is smaller in size. It had a superstructure similar to the Temple No. 2.<ref name="Nanavati Dhaky 1969"/> Temple No. 4 is also similar to it but is east facing. These two temple has open porch with short pillars on dado. The west facing Temple No. 5 is a square cella with plain walls crowned by multi-tiered ''phamsana'' type superstructure.<ref name="Subrahmanyam 1965" />

In 2007, the remnants of the submerged temple complex were found north of the existing temple complex. The temple has only its ''jagati'' (plinth) surviving which suggest the temple was east facing. They also found the [[yoni]] of [[Lingam|Shivalinga]] suggesting that they were Shiva temples. The temple complex may have submerged due to [[Sea level rise|rise in sea level]] and [[seismic activity]].<ref name="Gaur 2007" />

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
Durvasa Rishi's Ashram - Dhyan Mandir 2, East side view.jpg|Temple No. 1
File:Durvasa Rishi's Ashram, Building 1.jpg|Temple No. 2
File:BATTIS PUTLI TEMPLE - PINDARA.jpg|The panel depicting the marriage of Shiva and Parvati, Temple No. 2
File:TEMPLE @ PINDARA TEMPLE COMPLEX.jpg|Temple No. 3
File:SHIVA TEMPLE - PINDARA.jpg|Temple No. 4
File:Durvasa_Rishi%27s_Ashram,_Complex_area.jpg|Temple No. 5 (right)
File:Durvasa Rishi's Ashram. Main entrance path.jpg|Pillared ''mandapa'' pathway
File:BATTIS PUTLI TEMPLE - PINDARA 2.jpg|Sculpture of [[Vishnu]] mounted on [[Garuda]]
File:PINDARA.jpg|Sculpture of head of Shiva
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Hindu temples in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Gujarat]]
[[Category:7th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:8th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:9th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:10th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Devbhoomi Dwarka district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Gujarat]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Gujarat]]

Pindara Group of Temples - Revision history

imported>Monkbot: Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 7 templates: del empty params (6×);