Phosphoric acid fuel cell - Revision history

IrmaBracy4216 at 21:44, 19 February 2025

2025-02-19T21:44:23Z

>Dough34: /* Advantages and disadvantages */ spell out acronym, remove space, improve wording

2021-12-27T18:10:25Z

Advantages and disadvantages: spell out acronym, remove space, improve wording

New page

[[Image:Proton Exchange Fuel Cell Diagram.svg|thumb|Scheme of a phosphoric acid fuel cell]]
'''Phosphoric acid fuel cells''' ('''PAFC''') are a type of [[fuel cell]] that uses liquid [[phosphoric acid]] as an [[electrolyte]]. They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized. Developed in the mid-1960s and field-tested since the 1970s, they have improved significantly in stability, performance, and cost. Such characteristics have made the PAFC a good candidate for early stationary applications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/types-fuel-cells#phosphoric.|title = Types of Fuel Cells}}</ref>

==Design==
Electrolyte is highly concentrated or pure liquid phosphoric acid (H3PO4) saturated in a [[silicon carbide]] (SiC) matrix. Operating range is about 150 to 210 °C. The [[electrode]]s are made of [[carbon paper]] coated with a finely dispersed [[platinum]] [[catalyst]].

==Electrode reactions==

Anode reaction: 2H2(g) → 4H+ + 4e‾

Cathode reaction: O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e‾ → 2H2O

Overall cell reaction: 2 H2 + O2 → 2H2O

==Advantages and disadvantages==
At an operating range of 150 to 200 °C, the expelled water can be converted to steam for air and water heating ([[Cogeneration|combined heat and power]]). This potentially allows [[thermodynamic efficiency|efficiency]] increases of up to 70%.<ref>[http://energycenter.org/index.php/technical-assistance/renewables/fuel-cells Fuel Cells] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123204231/http://energycenter.org/index.php/technical-assistance/renewables/fuel-cells |date=November 23, 2010 }}</ref> PAFCs are [[carbon dioxide|CO2]]-tolerant and can tolerate a [[carbon monoxide|CO]] concentration of about 1.5%, which broadens the choice of fuels they can use. If gasoline is used, the sulfur must be removed.<ref name="FCorg">[http://www.fuelcells.org/basics/types.html Fuel Cells 2000 : Fuel Cell Basics : Types].</ref> At lower temperatures phosphoric acid is a poor ionic conductor, and CO poisoning of the platinum electro-catalyst in the anode becomes severe.<ref name="FuelcellHandbook">[http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/fuelcells/seca/pubs/fchandbook7.pdf] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123023857/http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/fuelcells/seca/pubs/fchandbook7.pdf |date=November 23, 2010 }}</ref> However, they are much less sensitive to CO than [[Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell|proton-exchange membrane fuel cells]] (PEMFC) and [[Alkaline fuel cell|alkaline fuel cells]] (AFC).

Disadvantages include rather low power density and chemically aggressive electrolyte.{{clarify|date=January 2012}}

==Applications==
[[File:PureCell System 400 CEP.jpg|thumb|PureCell System 400 CEP]]
PAFC have been used for stationary power generators with output in the 100 kW to 400 kW range and are also finding application in large vehicles such as buses.<ref name="FCToday">[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/about-fuel-cells/technologies/pafc Fuel Cell Today - Home Page].</ref>

Major manufacturers of PAFC technology include Doosan Fuel Cell America Inc.<ref>http://www.doosanfuelcell.com/en/main.do.</ref> (formerly [[ClearEdge Power]] & UTC Power<ref>[http://www.clearedgepower.com/news/clearedge-power-completes-acquisition-utc-power ClearEdge Power – Media Room].</ref>) and [[Fuji Electric]].

India's [[DRDO]] has developed PAFC based [[air-independent propulsion]] for integration into their {{sclass-|Kalvari|submarine|||2015}}s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indianbuilt-scorpene-to-carry-critical-drdo-system/article6558305.ece| title=Indian-built Scorpene to carry critical DRDO system | work=The Hindu | date=3 Nov 2014 | accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1016372.ece | title=DRDO working on system to cut submarine vulnerability | date= 30 December 2010 | first=S. | last=Anandan | newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Glossary of fuel cell terms]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090710182002/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/71.html National Pollutant Inventory - Phosphoric acid fact sheet]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828192711/http://www.utcpower.com/ UTC Power Official Site]
* [http://www.smartplanet.com/photos/off-the-grid-10-fuel-cell-deployments-photos/6266998?tag=thumbnail-view-selector;get-photo-roto Photo Gallery of Fuel Cells Being Used Today]
* [http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2011/02/07/cox-communications-partners-with-utc-power-to-install-fuel-cells-in-california/ Cox Communications Installs Fuel Cells in California]
*[http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/fuelcells/fuelscells_phosacid.html D.O.E. -PAFC]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110923152407/http://www.fctec.com/fctec_types_pafc.asp Fuel Cell Basics]
* [http://www.earthtoys.com/emagazine.php?issue_number=06.04.01&article=fuelcells Alternative Energy Magazine]
* [http://www.environmentalleader.com/2010/08/31/supermarket-installs-400-kw-fuel-cell/ Supermarket Benefits From 400kW Fuel Cell]
* [http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/Grocery-Retail.pdf Stationary Fuel Cells at Retail and Grocery Sites]

{{Fuel cells}}

[[Category:Fuel cells]]

[[ko:연료전지#인산형 연료전지 (Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell, PAFC)]]
[[ja:燃料電池#りん酸形燃料電池 (PAFC)]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:14, 20 February 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Image:Proton Exchange Fuel Cell Diagram.svg\|thumb\|~~Scheme~~ of a phosphoric acid fuel cell]]		{{Short description\|Type of fuel cell}}
			[[Image:Proton Exchange Fuel Cell Diagram.svg\|thumb\|Diagram of a phosphoric acid fuel cell]]
	'''Phosphoric acid fuel cells''' ('''PAFC''') are a type of [[fuel cell]] that uses liquid [[phosphoric acid]] as an [[electrolyte]]. They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized. Developed in the mid-1960s and field-tested since the 1970s, they have improved significantly in stability, performance, and cost. Such characteristics have made the PAFC a good candidate for early stationary applications.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/types-fuel-cells#phosphoric.\|title = Types of Fuel Cells}}</ref>		'''Phosphoric acid fuel cells''' ('''PAFC''') are a type of [[fuel cell]] that uses liquid [[phosphoric acid]] as an [[electrolyte]]. They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized. Developed in the mid-1960s and field-tested since the 1970s, they have improved significantly in stability, performance, and cost. Such characteristics have made the PAFC a good candidate for early stationary applications.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/types-fuel-cells#phosphoric.\|title = Types of Fuel Cells}}</ref>

Line 7:		Line 8:
	==Electrode reactions==		==Electrode reactions==

	Anode reaction: 2H<sub>2</sub>(g) → 4H<sup>+</sup> + ~~4e‾~~		Anode reaction: 2H<sub>2</sub>(g) → 4H<sup>+</sup> + 4e


	Cathode reaction: O<sub>2</sub>(g) + 4H<sup>+</sup> + 4e‾ → 2H<sub>2</sub>O		Cathode reaction: O<sub>2</sub>(g) + 4H<sup>+</sup> + 4e‾ → 2H<sub>2</sub>O
Line 14:		Line 16:

	==Advantages and disadvantages==		==Advantages and disadvantages==
	At an operating range of 150 to 200 °C, the expelled water can be converted to steam for air and water heating ([[Cogeneration\|combined heat and power]]). This potentially allows [[thermodynamic efficiency\|efficiency]] increases of up to 70%.<ref>[http://energycenter.org/index.php/technical-assistance/renewables/fuel-cells ~~Fuel Cells<!~~-~~- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive~~ \|~~url~~=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123204231/http://energycenter.org/index.php/technical-assistance/renewables/fuel-cells \|~~date~~=~~November~~ 23, 2010 }}</ref> PAFCs are [[carbon dioxide\|CO<sub>2</sub>]]-tolerant and can tolerate a [[carbon monoxide\|CO]] concentration of about 1.5%, which broadens the choice of fuels they can use. If gasoline is used, the sulfur must be removed.<ref name="FCorg">[http://www.fuelcells.org/basics/types.html Fuel Cells 2000 : Fuel Cell Basics : Types<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref> At lower temperatures phosphoric acid is a poor ionic conductor, and CO poisoning of the platinum electro-catalyst in the anode becomes severe.<ref name="FuelcellHandbook">[http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/fuelcells/seca/pubs/fchandbook7.pdf~~] {{webarchive~~ \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123023857/http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/fuelcells/seca/pubs/fchandbook7.pdf \|date=November 23, 2010 }}</ref> However, they are much less sensitive to CO than [[~~Proton~~-exchange membrane fuel cell~~\|proton-exchange membrane fuel cells~~]] (PEMFC) and [[~~Alkaline~~ fuel cell~~\|alkaline fuel cells~~]] (AFC).		At an operating range of 150 to 200 °C, the expelled water can be converted to steam for air and water heating ([[Cogeneration\|combined heat and power]]). This potentially allows [[thermodynamic efficiency\|efficiency]] increases of up to 70%.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Fuel Cells \|url=http://energycenter.org/index.php/technical-assistance/renewables/fuel-cells \|url-status=dead \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123204231/http://energycenter.org/index.php/technical-assistance/renewables/fuel-cells \|archivedate=Nov 23, 2010 \|website=Center for Sustainable Energy}}</ref> PAFCs are [[carbon dioxide\|CO<sub>2</sub>]]-tolerant and can tolerate a [[carbon monoxide\|CO]] concentration of about 1.5%, which broadens the choice of fuels they can use. If gasoline is used, the sulfur must be removed.<ref name="FCorg">[http://www.fuelcells.org/basics/types.html Fuel Cells 2000 : Fuel Cell Basics : Types<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127051636/http://www.fuelcells.org/basics/types.html \|date=2008-11-27 }}.</ref> At lower temperatures phosphoric acid is a poor ionic conductor, and CO poisoning of the platinum electro-catalyst in the anode becomes severe.<ref name="FuelcellHandbook">{{cite web \|url=http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/fuelcells/seca/pubs/fchandbook7.pdf \|title= Solid Oxide Fuel Cell\|website=www.netl.doe.gov \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123023857/http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/fuelcells/seca/pubs/fchandbook7.pdf \|archive-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> However, they are much less sensitive to CO than [[proton-exchange membrane fuel cell]]s (PEMFC) and [[alkaline fuel cell]]s (AFC).

	Disadvantages include rather low power density and chemically aggressive electrolyte.{{clarify\|date=January 2012}}		Disadvantages include rather low power density and chemically aggressive electrolyte.{{clarify\|date=January 2012}}
Line 20:		Line 22:
	==Applications==		==Applications==
	[[File:PureCell System 400 CEP.jpg\|thumb\|PureCell System 400 CEP]]		[[File:PureCell System 400 CEP.jpg\|thumb\|PureCell System 400 CEP]]
	PAFC have been used for stationary power generators with output in the 100 kW to 400 kW range and are also finding application in large vehicles such as buses.<ref name="FCToday">[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/about-fuel-cells/technologies/pafc Fuel Cell Today - Home Page<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref>		PAFC have been used for stationary power generators with output in the 100 kW to 400 kW range and are also finding application in large vehicles such as buses.<ref name="FCToday">[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/about-fuel-cells/technologies/pafc Fuel Cell Today – Home Page<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref>

	Major manufacturers of PAFC technology include Doosan Fuel Cell America Inc.<ref>http://www.doosanfuelcell.com/en/main.do.</ref> (formerly [[ClearEdge Power]] & UTC Power<ref>[http://www.clearedgepower.com/news/clearedge-power-completes-acquisition-utc-power ClearEdge Power – Media Room<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref>) and [[Fuji Electric]].		Major manufacturers of PAFC technology include Doosan Fuel Cell America Inc.<ref>{{cite web \| url=http://www.doosanfuelcell.com/en/main.do \| title=Doosan Fuelcell America }}</ref> (formerly [[ClearEdge Power]] & UTC Power<ref>[http://www.clearedgepower.com/news/clearedge-power-completes-acquisition-utc-power ClearEdge Power – Media Room<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref>) and [[Fuji Electric]].

	India's [[DRDO]] has developed PAFC based [[air-independent propulsion]] for integration into their {{~~sclass-~~\|Kalvari\|submarine\|\|\|2015}}s.<ref>{{cite news \| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indianbuilt-scorpene-to-carry-critical-drdo-system/article6558305.ece\| title=Indian-built Scorpene to carry critical DRDO system \| work=The Hindu \| date=3 Nov 2014 \| accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1016372.ece \| title=DRDO working on system to cut submarine vulnerability \| date= 30 December 2010 \| first=S. \| last=Anandan \| newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>		India's [[DRDO]] has developed PAFC based [[air-independent propulsion]] for integration into their {{Sclass\|Kalvari\|submarine\|\|\|2015}}s.<ref>{{cite news \| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indianbuilt-scorpene-to-carry-critical-drdo-system/article6558305.ece\| title=Indian-built Scorpene to carry critical DRDO system \| work=The Hindu \| date=3 Nov 2014 \| accessdate=2015-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1016372.ece \| title=DRDO working on system to cut submarine vulnerability \| date= 30 December 2010 \| first=S. \| last=Anandan \| newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
Line 37:		Line 39:
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828192711/http://www.utcpower.com/ UTC Power Official Site]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828192711/http://www.utcpower.com/ UTC Power Official Site]
	* [http://www.smartplanet.com/photos/off-the-grid-10-fuel-cell-deployments-photos/6266998?tag=thumbnail-view-selector;get-photo-roto Photo Gallery of Fuel Cells Being Used Today]		* [http://www.smartplanet.com/photos/off-the-grid-10-fuel-cell-deployments-photos/6266998?tag=thumbnail-view-selector;get-photo-roto Photo Gallery of Fuel Cells Being Used Today]
	* [http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2011/02/07/cox-communications-partners-with-utc-power-to-install-fuel-cells-in-california/ Cox Communications Installs Fuel Cells in California]		* [http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2011/02/07/cox-communications-partners-with-utc-power-to-install-fuel-cells-in-california/ Cox Communications Installs Fuel Cells in California] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203074606/http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2011/02/07/cox-communications-partners-with-utc-power-to-install-fuel-cells-in-california/ \|date=2011-12-03 }}
	*[http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/fuelcells/fuelscells_phosacid.html D.O.E. -PAFC]		*[http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/fuelcells/fuelscells_phosacid.html D.O.E. -PAFC]
	* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110923152407/http://www.fctec.com/fctec_types_pafc.asp Fuel Cell Basics]		* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110923152407/http://www.fctec.com/fctec_types_pafc.asp Fuel Cell Basics]
	* [http://www.earthtoys.com/emagazine.php?issue_number=06.04.01&article=fuelcells Alternative Energy Magazine]		* [http://www.earthtoys.com/emagazine.php?issue_number=06.04.01&article=fuelcells Alternative Energy Magazine] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917054335/http://www.earthtoys.com/emagazine.php?issue_number=06.04.01&article=fuelcells \|date=2011-09-17 }}
	* [http://www.environmentalleader.com/2010/08/31/supermarket-installs-400-kw-fuel-cell/ Supermarket Benefits From 400kW Fuel Cell]		* [http://www.environmentalleader.com/2010/08/31/supermarket-installs-400-kw-fuel-cell/ Supermarket Benefits From 400kW Fuel Cell]
	* [http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/Grocery-Retail.pdf Stationary Fuel Cells at Retail and Grocery Sites]		* [http://www.fuelcells.org/info/charts/Grocery-Retail.pdf Stationary Fuel Cells at Retail and Grocery Sites]