Peter Freyer - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:28, 1 September 2021
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	{{Short description\|Irish surgeon}}		{{Short description\|Irish surgeon}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=June ~~2022~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2020}}
	{{Use Irish English\|date=June ~~2022~~}}		{{Use Irish English\|date=June 2020}}
	{{Infobox medical person		{{Infobox medical person
	\| honorific_prefix = Sir		\| honorific_prefix = Sir
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	== Early life and education ==		== Early life and education ==
	Peter Johnson Freyer, named after his paternal grandfather who was a chief officer in the [[Irish Coast Guard]], was born in [[County Galway]] on 2 July 1851, the eldest child of landholder Samuel Freyer and his wife Celia Burke, who was a [[Roman Catholic]].<ref name=GoddardSept2020>{{Cite journal\|last1=Goddard\|first1=Jonathon\|last2=Dinneen\|first2=Michael D\|date=September 2020\|title=Sir Peter Freyer: the man who gave the world prostatectomy\|url=https://trendsinmenshealth.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/09/Sir-Peter-Frayer.pdf\|journal=Trends in Men's Health\|volume=11\|issue=5\|pages=29–32\|doi=10.1002/tre.770\|s2cid=221850437\|doi-access=free}}</ref> Freyer and his siblings however, were brought up as [[Protestant]], a likely effect of the influence of the [[Irish Church Missions]]s (ICM) on the people in the area at that time.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/><ref name="NUIMemorial">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.freyer.ie/history/\|title=Sir Peter Freyer Memorial Lecture & Surgical Symposium\|website=Sir Peter Freyer Surgical Symposium\|language=en-GB\|access-date=31 October ~~2022~~}}</ref> On 26 July of that year, he was baptised in [[Ballinakill]]'s parish church. In 1855, his father, who was a tenant of the ICM supporter [[Sir Christopher Lighton]], had in possession 17 acres of land at Moorneen and property and land in Knockbrack, both of which are located in [[Clifden]]. Twenty one years later, in 1876, when a list of those owning more than one acre was compiled, he was recorded as owning 210 acres.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/>		Peter Johnson Freyer, named after his paternal grandfather who was a chief officer in the [[Irish Coast Guard]], was born in [[County Galway]] on 2 July 1851, the eldest child of landholder Samuel Freyer and his wife Celia Burke, who was a [[Roman Catholic]].<ref name=GoddardSept2020>{{Cite journal\|last1=Goddard\|first1=Jonathon\|last2=Dinneen\|first2=Michael D\|date=September 2020\|title=Sir Peter Freyer: the man who gave the world prostatectomy\|url=https://trendsinmenshealth.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/09/Sir-Peter-Frayer.pdf\|journal=Trends in Men's Health\|volume=11\|issue=5\|pages=29–32\|doi=10.1002/tre.770\|s2cid=221850437\|doi-access=free}}</ref> Freyer and his siblings however, were brought up as [[Protestant]], a likely effect of the influence of the [[Irish Church Missions]]s (ICM) on the people in the area at that time.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/><ref name="NUIMemorial">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.freyer.ie/history/\|title=Sir Peter Freyer Memorial Lecture & Surgical Symposium\|website=Sir Peter Freyer Surgical Symposium\|language=en-GB\|access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref> On 26 July of that year, he was baptised in [[Ballinakill]]'s parish church. In 1855, his father, who was a tenant of the ICM supporter [[Sir Christopher Lighton]], had in possession 17 acres of land at Moorneen and property and land in Knockbrack, both of which are located in [[Clifden]]. Twenty one years later, in 1876, when a list of those owning more than one acre was compiled, he was recorded as owning 210 acres.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/>

	Freyer was educated at Erasmus Smith's College, [[Galway]], and won a scholarship<ref name=":BAUS">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.baus.org.uk/museum/15/sir_peter_freyer\|title=Books & Articles on People in Urology: Sir Peter Freyer\|date=18 April 2019\|website=www.baus.org.uk\|publisher=[[British Association of Urological Surgeons]]}}</ref> to attend [[Queen's College, Galway\|Queen's College]] (now [[NUI Galway]]). He graduated in 1872 with a gold medal and a first class honors degree in Arts.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921">{{Cite journal\|date=21 September 1921\|title=Obituary: Sir Peter Freyer, K.C.B., M.A., M.D., ML.CH, Surgeon to St.Peter's Hospital; Lieutenant-Colonel Bengal Army (ret.)\|url=https://www.baus.org.uk/_userfiles/pages/files/Museum/1921%20-%20Obituary%20of%20Sir%20Peter%20Freyer.pdf\|journal=The British Medical Journal\|pages=464}}</ref> Two years later, in 1874, he earned his [[Doctor of Medicine\|MD]] and [[Master of Surgery\|M.Ch.]] having won another gold medal.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921"/><ref name=Campbell2009>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UN4TDAAAQBAJ&q=peter+freyer+irish+home+rule&pg=PA78\|title=The Irish Establishment 1879-1914\|last=Campbell\|first=Fergus\|date=2009\|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]\|isbn=9780199233229\|pages=78\|language=en}}</ref> While a medical student he also spent some time as a resident pupil at [[Dr Steevens' Hospital]] in Dublin. Following a short time working in Paris, he returned to sit the competitive examination of the Indian Medical Service.<ref name=Frey'sPapers>[http://vmserver52.nuigalway.ie/col_level.php?col=P57 Sir Peter Freyer's Papers]. 1805-1987. [[NUI Galway]]. Reference code P57.</ref>		Freyer was educated at Erasmus Smith's College, [[Galway]], and won a scholarship<ref name=":BAUS">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.baus.org.uk/museum/15/sir_peter_freyer\|title=Books & Articles on People in Urology: Sir Peter Freyer\|date=18 April 2019\|website=www.baus.org.uk\|publisher=[[British Association of Urological Surgeons]]}}</ref> to attend [[Queen's College, Galway\|Queen's College]] (now [[NUI Galway]]). He graduated in 1872 with a gold medal and a first class honors degree in Arts.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921">{{Cite journal\|date=21 September 1921\|title=Obituary: Sir Peter Freyer, K.C.B., M.A., M.D., ML.CH, Surgeon to St.Peter's Hospital; Lieutenant-Colonel Bengal Army (ret.)\|url=https://www.baus.org.uk/_userfiles/pages/files/Museum/1921%20-%20Obituary%20of%20Sir%20Peter%20Freyer.pdf\|journal=The British Medical Journal\|pages=464}}</ref> Two years later, in 1874, he earned his [[Doctor of Medicine\|MD]] and [[Master of Surgery\|M.Ch.]] having won another gold medal.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921"/><ref name=Campbell2009>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UN4TDAAAQBAJ&q=peter+freyer+irish+home+rule&pg=PA78\|title=The Irish Establishment 1879-1914\|last=Campbell\|first=Fergus\|date=2009\|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]\|isbn=9780199233229\|pages=78\|language=en}}</ref> While a medical student he also spent some time as a resident pupil at [[Dr Steevens' Hospital]] in Dublin. Following a short time working in Paris, he returned to sit the competitive examination of the Indian Medical Service.<ref name=Frey'sPapers>[http://vmserver52.nuigalway.ie/col_level.php?col=P57 Sir Peter Freyer's Papers]. 1805-1987. [[NUI Galway]]. Reference code P57.</ref>
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	In 1905, [[Astley Paston Cooper Ashhurst]], with an introductory letter from [[Richard Harte (surgeon)\|Richard Harte]], stopped over in London to observe Freyer. He described Freyer in a letter to his brother, as a "brusque, blunt, rather aggressive man in manner...He seems to have rather a high opinion of himself and I certainly thought him a skilful operator". He continued in his letter that Freyer "showed me his large collection of prostates, over a hundred in all" and pointed out a number from notable men including one from [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin\|Lord Kelvin]].<ref name=Zorgniotti1983/>		In 1905, [[Astley Paston Cooper Ashhurst]], with an introductory letter from [[Richard Harte (surgeon)\|Richard Harte]], stopped over in London to observe Freyer. He described Freyer in a letter to his brother, as a "brusque, blunt, rather aggressive man in manner...He seems to have rather a high opinion of himself and I certainly thought him a skilful operator". He continued in his letter that Freyer "showed me his large collection of prostates, over a hundred in all" and pointed out a number from notable men including one from [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin\|Lord Kelvin]].<ref name=Zorgniotti1983/>

	[[William Belfield]], [[Arthur Fergusson McGill\|Arthur McGill]] and Eugene Fuller had all performed, for [[benign prostatic hypertrophy\|benign large prostates]], the operation of removing the prostate through an incision made above the pubic bone but below the umbilicus and through the bladder.<ref name=SPBAUS>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.baus.org.uk/museum/94/suprapubic_prostatectomy\|title=Suprapubic Prostatectomy {{!}} The British Association of Urological Surgeons Limited\|website=www.baus.org.uk\|access-date=31 October ~~2022~~}}</ref> However it remained unpopular. Although Freyer was not the first to introduce this procedure, he is credited with popularising it, particularly following his report in 1920, presented at the RSM, on the low mortality of 1,674 cases of suprapubic prostatectomies, utilising suprapubic drainage post-operatively.<ref name=Freyer1>{{Cite journal\|last=Freyer\|first=P.\|date=1921\|title=President's Address: Modern Progress in Urinary Surgery\|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine\|volume=14\|issue=Sect Urol\|pages=1–11\|issn=0035-9157\|pmc=2152618\|pmid=19982053\|doi=10.1177/003591572101402001}}</ref><ref name=Ellis/><ref name="Elsworth">{{Cite journal\|last=Elsworth\|first=R. C.\|date=17 January 1903\|title=Total Extirpation of the Prostate: Freyer's Operation\|journal=[[British Medical Journal]]\|volume=1\|issue=2194\|pages=124–125\|issn=0007-1447\|pmc=2512811\|pmid=20760633\|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2194.124}}</ref><ref name=Tagart1961>{{Cite journal\|last=Tagart\|first=R. E. B.\|date=4 March 1961\|title=Prostatectomy by the Vesico-capsular Method\|url= \|journal=British Medical Journal\|language=en\|volume=1\|issue=5226\|pages=621–626\|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5226.621\|issn=0007-1447\|pmid=13774790\|pmc=1953517}}</ref> He stated;		[[William Belfield]], [[Arthur Fergusson McGill\|Arthur McGill]] and Eugene Fuller had all performed, for [[benign prostatic hypertrophy\|benign large prostates]], the operation of removing the prostate through an incision made above the pubic bone but below the umbilicus and through the bladder.<ref name=SPBAUS>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.baus.org.uk/museum/94/suprapubic_prostatectomy\|title=Suprapubic Prostatectomy {{!}} The British Association of Urological Surgeons Limited\|website=www.baus.org.uk\|access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref> However it remained unpopular. Although Freyer was not the first to introduce this procedure, he is credited with popularising it, particularly following his report in 1920, presented at the RSM, on the low mortality of 1,674 cases of suprapubic prostatectomies, utilising suprapubic drainage post-operatively.<ref name=Freyer1>{{Cite journal\|last=Freyer\|first=P.\|date=1921\|title=President's Address: Modern Progress in Urinary Surgery\|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine\|volume=14\|issue=Sect Urol\|pages=1–11\|issn=0035-9157\|pmc=2152618\|pmid=19982053\|doi=10.1177/003591572101402001}}</ref><ref name=Ellis/><ref name="Elsworth">{{Cite journal\|last=Elsworth\|first=R. C.\|date=17 January 1903\|title=Total Extirpation of the Prostate: Freyer's Operation\|journal=[[British Medical Journal]]\|volume=1\|issue=2194\|pages=124–125\|issn=0007-1447\|pmc=2512811\|pmid=20760633\|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2194.124}}</ref><ref name=Tagart1961>{{Cite journal\|last=Tagart\|first=R. E. B.\|date=4 March 1961\|title=Prostatectomy by the Vesico-capsular Method\|url= \|journal=British Medical Journal\|language=en\|volume=1\|issue=5226\|pages=621–626\|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5226.621\|issn=0007-1447\|pmid=13774790\|pmc=1953517}}</ref> He stated;

	<blockquote>On December 1, 1900, I performed for the first time my operation of total enucleation of the prostate, and in July, 1901, published in the ''British Medical Journal'', for the consideration of the profession at large, a lecture delivered by me at the Medical Graduates' College, giving a full description. of the operation, with details of four successful cases. I have now completed 1,674 cases of the operation, details of 1,550 of which have been recorded in the numerous papers published in the medical journals. I believe I may say that this operation is now almost universally practised by surgeons.<ref name=Freyer1/></blockquote>		<blockquote>On December 1, 1900, I performed for the first time my operation of total enucleation of the prostate, and in July, 1901, published in the ''British Medical Journal'', for the consideration of the profession at large, a lecture delivered by me at the Medical Graduates' College, giving a full description. of the operation, with details of four successful cases. I have now completed 1,674 cases of the operation, details of 1,550 of which have been recorded in the numerous papers published in the medical journals. I believe I may say that this operation is now almost universally practised by surgeons.<ref name=Freyer1/></blockquote>
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	[[Harold Ellis (surgeon)\|Harold Ellis]] later recalled that Freyer's procedure remained popular for some time, recounting that in 1948, as a house surgeon, he assisted in many of these.<ref name=Ellis/>		[[Harold Ellis (surgeon)\|Harold Ellis]] later recalled that Freyer's procedure remained popular for some time, recounting that in 1948, as a house surgeon, he assisted in many of these.<ref name=Ellis/>

	Every year, the Sir Peter Freyer Memorial Lecture and Surgical Symposium, established in 1975 by professor O'Beirn, is hosted by the Department of Surgery, [[NUI Galway]].<ref name="NUIMemorial"/> Past lecturers have included [[Peter Froggatt (academic)\|Peter Froggatt]] in 1984, [[Thomas E. Starzl ]] in 1985, [[Mutsuo Sugiura]] in 1986, [[Thomas J. Fogarty]] in 1987, [[Bernard Fisher (scientist)]] in 1988, [[Norman Stanley Williams]] in 1989, [[Geoffrey Duncan Chisholm]] in 1991, [[Patrick J. Kelly (surgeon)\|Patrick J. Kelly]] in 2001, [[Ara Darzi, Baron Darzi of Denham\|Ara Darzi]] in 2002, [[Steven D. Wexner]] in 2004, [[Peter T. Scardino]] in 2006 and [[Patrick Gullane]] in 2009.<ref name="NUIMemorialLectures">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.freyer.ie/about-freyer-symposium/\|title=Sir Peter Freyer Memorial Lecture & Surgical Symposium\|website=Sir Peter Freyer Surgical Symposium\|language=en-GB\|access-date=3 November ~~2022~~}}</ref>		Every year, the Sir Peter Freyer Memorial Lecture and Surgical Symposium, established in 1975 by professor O'Beirn, is hosted by the Department of Surgery, [[NUI Galway]].<ref name="NUIMemorial"/> Past lecturers have included [[Peter Froggatt (academic)\|Peter Froggatt]] in 1984, [[Thomas E. Starzl ]] in 1985, [[Mutsuo Sugiura]] in 1986, [[Thomas J. Fogarty]] in 1987, [[Bernard Fisher (scientist)]] in 1988, [[Norman Stanley Williams]] in 1989, [[Geoffrey Duncan Chisholm]] in 1991, [[Patrick J. Kelly (surgeon)\|Patrick J. Kelly]] in 2001, [[Ara Darzi, Baron Darzi of Denham\|Ara Darzi]] in 2002, [[Steven D. Wexner]] in 2004, [[Peter T. Scardino]] in 2006 and [[Patrick Gullane]] in 2009.<ref name="NUIMemorialLectures">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.freyer.ie/about-freyer-symposium/\|title=Sir Peter Freyer Memorial Lecture & Surgical Symposium\|website=Sir Peter Freyer Surgical Symposium\|language=en-GB\|access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref>

	A detailed account of Freyer is given in C. P. MacLoughlin's "From Sellerna to Harley Street".<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPk0izuveg0C&q=freyer&pg=PT447\|title=Connemara: The Last Pool of Darkness\|last=Robinson\|first=Tim\|date=2008\|publisher=Penguin UK\|isbn=9780141889726\|language=en}}</ref>		A detailed account of Freyer is given in C. P. MacLoughlin's "From Sellerna to Harley Street".<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPk0izuveg0C&q=freyer&pg=PT447\|title=Connemara: The Last Pool of Darkness\|last=Robinson\|first=Tim\|date=2008\|publisher=Penguin UK\|isbn=9780141889726\|language=en}}</ref>

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{{Short description|Irish surgeon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Irish English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox medical person
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| name = Peter Freyer
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|KCB|size=100%}}
| image = Peter Freyer.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Sir Peter Freyer by Alice Grant. n.d.
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 2 July 1851
| birth_place = [[Galway]], Ireland
| death_date = 9 September 1921
| death_place = London, England
| death_cause =
| nationality = Irish
| citizenship =
| education = *Erasmus Smith's College, [[Galway]]
*[[Queen's College, Galway|Queen's College]]
*[[Dr Steevens' Hospital]]
| occupation = [[Urologist]]
| years_active =
| known_for = *Operations on bladder stones
*Suprapubic prostatectomy for [[benign prostatic hypertrophy|benign large prostates]]
*First president of the section of [[urology]] of the [[Royal Society of Medicine]]
| relations =
| website =
| profession = [[Surgeon]]
| field =
| work_institutions = *[[Prince of Wales Hospital (Benares)]]
*[[St Peter's Hospital, Covent Garden|St Peter's Hospital for stone]]
*[[Queen Alexandra Military Hospital]]
*[[King Edward VII's Hospital]]
| specialism = Urology
| research_field = Prostate surgery
| notable_works =
| prizes =
| child =
| module2 =
| signature =
}}

'''Sir Peter Freyer''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB}} (2 July 1851 – 9 September 1921) was an Irish surgeon with an expertise in [[urology|genitourinary surgery]], best known at first as an [[Indian Medical Service]] (IMS) officer, for making popular the procedure for crushing [[bladder stones]] to allow them to be evacuated through the natural passages, a procedure known as a [[litholapaxy]]. Following retirement from the IMS after 20 years of service in India, he returned to England and popularized a procedure for [[benign prostatic hypertrophy|benign large prostates]]. This was known as the suprapubic [[prostatectomy]], a transvesical prostatectomy or the [[Freyer operation]], where the prostate is removed through an abdominal incision above the pubic bone but below the umbilicus and through the bladder, and it included using [[suprapubic cystostomy|suprapubic drainage]] post-operatively.

He entered the [[Indian Medical Service|Bengal Medical Service]] as a surgeon in 1875 and served almost exclusively in civil employment in the [[North-West Provinces|North-Western Provinces and Oudh]] in the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces of India]]. While based at [[Moradabad]] in 1888, he successfully operated on [[Muhammad Mushtaq Ali Khan]], the [[Nawab of Rampur]], crushing his bladder stone with a [[lithotrite]]. Freyer defended the remuneration he received from the Nawab, which had caused a controversy with the [[British Raj|British establishment in India]] at the time. This and an eye injury caused while serving the civil surgeoncy of [[Benares]] contributed to Freyer taking early retirement and returning to England in 1896.

In England he set up a private practice in Harley Street and was appointed a consulting surgeon in the surgery of the urinary organs at [[St Peter's Hospital, Covent Garden|St Peter's Hospital for stone]], London. He first performed the procedure of suprapubic prostatectomy in 1900, on a man who then survived 12 years. Although Freyer was not the first to introduce this operation, despite his claim otherwise causing the second significant controversy in his career, he is credited with popularising it. In 1920, he was elected the first president of the section of urology of the [[Royal Society of Medicine]] and in his presidential address, claimed to have performed 1,674 of these operations with a low mortality.

The Department of Surgery, [[NUI Galway]], hosts the annual Sir Peter Freyer Memorial Lecture and Surgical Symposium in his honour, and the [[James Hardiman Library]] at the NUI hold around 660 items of his memorabilia.

== Early life and education ==
Peter Johnson Freyer, named after his paternal grandfather who was a chief officer in the [[Irish Coast Guard]], was born in [[County Galway]] on 2 July 1851, the eldest child of landholder Samuel Freyer and his wife Celia Burke, who was a [[Roman Catholic]].<ref name=GoddardSept2020>{{Cite journal|last1=Goddard|first1=Jonathon|last2=Dinneen|first2=Michael D|date=September 2020|title=Sir Peter Freyer: the man who gave the world prostatectomy|url=https://trendsinmenshealth.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/09/Sir-Peter-Frayer.pdf|journal=Trends in Men's Health|volume=11|issue=5|pages=29–32|doi=10.1002/tre.770|s2cid=221850437|doi-access=free}}</ref> Freyer and his siblings however, were brought up as [[Protestant]], a likely effect of the influence of the [[Irish Church Missions]]s (ICM) on the people in the area at that time.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/><ref name="NUIMemorial">{{Cite web|url=https://www.freyer.ie/history/|title=Sir Peter Freyer Memorial Lecture & Surgical Symposium|website=Sir Peter Freyer Surgical Symposium|language=en-GB|access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> On 26 July of that year, he was baptised in [[Ballinakill]]'s parish church. In 1855, his father, who was a tenant of the ICM supporter [[Sir Christopher Lighton]], had in possession 17 acres of land at Moorneen and property and land in Knockbrack, both of which are located in [[Clifden]]. Twenty one years later, in 1876, when a list of those owning more than one acre was compiled, he was recorded as owning 210 acres.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/>

Freyer was educated at Erasmus Smith's College, [[Galway]], and won a scholarship<ref name=":BAUS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.baus.org.uk/museum/15/sir_peter_freyer|title=Books & Articles on People in Urology: Sir Peter Freyer|date=18 April 2019|website=www.baus.org.uk|publisher=[[British Association of Urological Surgeons]]}}</ref> to attend [[Queen's College, Galway|Queen's College]] (now [[NUI Galway]]). He graduated in 1872 with a gold medal and a first class honors degree in Arts.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921">{{Cite journal|date=21 September 1921|title=Obituary: Sir Peter Freyer, K.C.B., M.A., M.D., ML.CH, Surgeon to St.Peter's Hospital; Lieutenant-Colonel Bengal Army (ret.)|url=https://www.baus.org.uk/_userfiles/pages/files/Museum/1921%20-%20Obituary%20of%20Sir%20Peter%20Freyer.pdf|journal=The British Medical Journal|pages=464}}</ref> Two years later, in 1874, he earned his [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] and [[Master of Surgery|M.Ch.]] having won another gold medal.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921"/><ref name=Campbell2009>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UN4TDAAAQBAJ&q=peter+freyer+irish+home+rule&pg=PA78|title=The Irish Establishment 1879-1914|last=Campbell|first=Fergus|date=2009|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199233229|pages=78|language=en}}</ref> While a medical student he also spent some time as a resident pupil at [[Dr Steevens' Hospital]] in Dublin. Following a short time working in Paris, he returned to sit the competitive examination of the Indian Medical Service.<ref name=Frey'sPapers>[http://vmserver52.nuigalway.ie/col_level.php?col=P57 Sir Peter Freyer's Papers]. 1805-1987. [[NUI Galway]]. Reference code P57.</ref>

== Indian Medical Service ==
[[File:The modern treatment of stone in the bladder by litholapaxy - a description of the operation and instruments with cases illustrative of the difficulties and complications met with (1886) (14594067838).jpg|thumb|The treatment of stone in the bladder by litholapaxy<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/moderntreatmento1886frey|title=The modern treatment of stone in the bladder by litholapaxy : a description of the operation and instruments with cases illustrative of the difficulties and complications met with|last=Freyer|first=P. J. (Peter Johnston)|date=1886|publisher=London : J. & A. Churchill|others=Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine|page=[https://archive.org/details/moderntreatmento1886frey/page/15 15]}}</ref>|alt=|419x419px]]

===Admission to the Bengal Medical Service===
Freyer came first in the competitive examination for a commission as a [[Physician|medical officer]] in the [[Indian Medical Service|Bengal Medical Service]], which later became part of the IMS. Entering the service as a surgeon on 30 September 1875, he became a civil surgeon in [[Azamgarh]] in April 1877. He started publishing his medical articles in ''[[The Indian Medical Gazette]]'' in 1878.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/><ref name=":BAUS"/> Subsequently, he became a surgeon-major and surgeon lieutenant-colonel after 12 and 20 years' service respectively and retired from service on 3 May 1896. He served almost exclusively in civil employment in the [[North-West Provinces|North-Western Provinces and Oudh]] in the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces of India]], where he then held the civil surgeoncies successively of [[Moradabad]], [[Bareilly]], [[Allahabad]], [[Mussoorie]] and [[Benares]], and was also for a short time surgeon on the staff of the Lieutenant-Governor.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/><ref name=":FreyerObit1921" />

===The controversy in India===
During his time in India, he became reputable in [[cataract]] surgery<ref name=Frey'sPapers/> and the operation of removing bladder stones, litholapaxy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goddard|first=Jonathan C.|date=2014|title=BAUS at war|journal=British Journal of Urology International|language=en|volume=113|issue=S5|pages=2–6|doi=10.1111/bju.12793|pmid=24865238|s2cid=35558312|issn=1464-410X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Ellis>[[Harold Ellis (surgeon)|Ellis, Harold]]. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OsZWFyUYtDQC&pg=PA121&dq=peter+freyer&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwia8LbX1s3lAhWNi1wKHYg0AbkQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=peter%20freyer&f=false "The Birth of Modern Surgery"] in ''A History of Surgery''. Greenwich Medical Media Limited, London (2001), p. 121-122. {{isbn|1841101818}}</ref><ref name="Crawford,Dirom (1914)">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/b21352148_0|title=A history of the Indian Medical Service, 1600-1913|last1=Crawford|first1=Dirom Grey|last2=London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine|date=1914|publisher=London : Thacker|others=London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Library & Archives Service|page=[https://archive.org/details/b21352148_0/page/n197 180]}}</ref> In 1888,<ref name=Goddard2012>Goddard, J. C. [https://www.baus.org.uk/_userfiles/pages/files/museum/4-sir-peter-freyer.pdf Sir Peter Freyer"]. ''Urology News''. Vol, 16, No. 4 (May/June 2012), p. 24.</ref> while based at [[Moradabad]], Freyer operated on the [[Nawab of Rampur]], [[Muhammad Mushtaq Ali Khan]],<ref name=Fitzpatrick >Fitzpatrick, Kieran. [https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ec61af36-51c0-457b-a59c-a3a51127bafc/download_file?safe_filename=Fitzpatrick_Kieran.pdf&file_format=application%2Fpdf&type_of_work=Thesis Tense Networks: Exploring medical professionalization, career making and practice in an age of global empire, through the lives and careers of Irish surgeons in the Indian Medical Service, c. 1850- 1920]. Thesis for Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of History at the University of Oxford. St John’s College, University of Oxford (2016)</ref> crushing his bladder stone with a [[lithotrite]].<ref name=":FreyerObit1921"/> In return for his services, the Nawab gave Freyer a lakh (100,000) of rupees, equivalent to £10,000, or £598,900 at the time.<ref name=Fitzpatrick /> He also treated General Azim Uddin Khan, the Nawab's chief administrator.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/> This remuneration caused conflict between Freyer and his superiors in the Indian Government of the time, the [[British Raj|British administrative authority in India]]. Freyer had been attending to the Nawab for over 16 months, providing regular treatment including the operation.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921"/> The government of India raised objections to the receipt by a medical officer of so large a sum of money, and first ordered him to return the money to the Nawab, and later either to do so or to retire from the service. Arguing that there were no grounds in any regulation of the time, he refused to either return the fees or to resign.<ref name=Zorgniotti1983/> He was of the opinion that he had earned the money and in doing so had broken no role of the service, but had only done what he was entitled to do. In the end, his view of the case prevailed. The grant and receipt of this large fee, however, was what gave rise to the rules and regulations regarding acceptance of fees from Indian chiefs and gentlemen of high position, which although were later amended on fairly reasonable terms, proved unpopular with IMS officers who in turn put the blame on Freyer.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921"/><ref name=Zorgniotti1983/><ref name=O'Donoghue>{{Cite journal|last1=O'Donoghue|first1=J. P.|last2=Noble|first2=J. G.|date=2006-04-01|title=Sir Peter Freyer - A Distinguished Irish Doctor|url=https://www.eusupplements.europeanurology.com/article/S1569-9056(06)60612-X/pdf|journal=European Urology Supplements|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=174|doi=10.1016/S1569-9056(06)60612-X|issn=1569-9056}}</ref>

===Later years in India===
In 1894, Freyer represented the [[British Raj|Indian government]] at the International Medical and Surgical Congress in Rome, where he presented his study on 598 cases of bladder stone removal by transurethral lithopaxy, using the same technique as [[Henry Jacob Bigelow]]. At the time, the mortality for open lithotomy was 12.5%, but Freyer demonstrated a 1.84% mortality.<ref name=O'Donoghue/>

Following a promotion to the civil surgeoncy of Benares, he became surgeon to the [[Prince of Wales Hospital (Benares)|Prince of Wales Hospital in Benares]], later renamed the Shiv Prasad Gupta Hospital.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6PRFAQAAIAAJ&q=Shiv+Prasad+Gupta+Hospital+prince+of+wales|title=Uttar Pradesh district gazetteers|date=1965|publisher=The University of California|pages=373|language=en}}</ref> His troubles with his superiors in India and an eye injury from an assault by a patient at the Benares asylum contributed to Freyer taking early retirement in 1896 and he returned to England.<ref name="NUIMemorial"/><ref name=":FreyerObit1921" /> He had served in the IMS for more than 20 years.<ref name=Zorgniotti1983/>

== Career in London==
[[File:St. Peter's Hospital, Covent Garden 01.JPG|thumb|Former buildings of St. Peter's Hospital]]
In 1897, Freyer was appointed a consulting surgeon in the surgery of the urinary organs at [[St Peter's Hospital, Covent Garden|St Peter's Hospital for stone]], London,<ref name="Crawford,Dirom (1914)"/> at a time when it was customary for young surgeons to tour French and English surgical centres.<ref name=Zorgniotti1983/> In August 1900, on route to Paris from New York, [[Ramon Guiteras]] made a stopover in London.<ref name=Zorgniotti1983/> Guiteras presented his suprapubic prostatectomy, which he modified from [[Eugene Fuller]]'s version and then wrote to Fuller that "Dr. Freyer was very much pleased with the description of the operations, and said that he would try the method".<ref name=Crane2010/> The following year, in 1901 in the ''[[British Medical Journal]]'', Freyer published his first four cases of suprapubic prostatectomy.<ref name=Zorgniotti1983>[[Adrian Zorgniotti|Zorgniotti, Adrian W.]] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Z5K-BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53&dq=nawab+rampur+freyer&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn-aeRtNDlAhXPOcAKHd7hDs8Q6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=nawab%20rampur%20freyer&f=false Chapter 7. Suprapubic prostatectomy: An Anglo-Indian success story] in ''Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy'' edited by Frank Hinman. [[Springer-Verlag]], New York (1983), pp. 51- 54. {{isbn|978-1-4612-54768}}. </ref><ref name="NUIMemorial"/><ref name=Crane2010>Crane, Genevieve and Bloom, David (1 August 2010) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45149490_Ramon_Guiteras_Founder_of_the_American_Urological_Association_Surgeon_Sportsman_and_Statesman Ramon Guiteras: Founder of the American Urological Association, Surgeon, Sportsman and Statesman]. ''[[The Journal of Urology]]''. Vol. 184, No. 1, pp. 447-452. {{doi|10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.146}}.</ref> He became an immediate success and was referred to by [[Lord Moynihan]] as a "Pee Free-er".<ref name=Zorgniotti1983/><ref name=Crane2010/> Freyer performed before international audiences, running his own commentary and even speaking Hindi and French with some visiting surgeons.<ref name=Mulvihill2002>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exics12jmtwC&q=Stone+of+the+Bladder%2C+1900.+freyer&pg=PA312|title=Ingenious Ireland: A County-by-County Exploration of the Mysteries and Marvels of the Ingenious Irish|last=Mulvihill|first=Mary L.|date=2002|publisher=Town House|isbn=1-86059-145-0|location=Dublin|pages=312|language=en|chapter=8. Mayo, Galway and Clare}}</ref><ref name=Morson>Morson, Clifford (1 August 1949) [https://pmj.bmj.com/content/postgradmedj/25/286/ii.full.pdf "Sir Peter Freyer and Sir John Thomson Walker"]. Editorial in the ''Postgraduate Medical Journal''. pp. 353-358.</ref> His claims of introducing the surgery without credit to Fuller led Fuller to later state that "if he wishes to claim to be the original scratcher in connection with suprapubic prostatectomy, I certainly will not protest against that his only valid claim."<ref name=Crane2010/>

In 1905, [[Astley Paston Cooper Ashhurst]], with an introductory letter from [[Richard Harte (surgeon)|Richard Harte]], stopped over in London to observe Freyer. He described Freyer in a letter to his brother, as a "brusque, blunt, rather aggressive man in manner...He seems to have rather a high opinion of himself and I certainly thought him a skilful operator". He continued in his letter that Freyer "showed me his large collection of prostates, over a hundred in all" and pointed out a number from notable men including one from [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Lord Kelvin]].<ref name=Zorgniotti1983/>

[[William Belfield]], [[Arthur Fergusson McGill|Arthur McGill]] and Eugene Fuller had all performed, for [[benign prostatic hypertrophy|benign large prostates]], the operation of removing the prostate through an incision made above the pubic bone but below the umbilicus and through the bladder.<ref name=SPBAUS>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baus.org.uk/museum/94/suprapubic_prostatectomy|title=Suprapubic Prostatectomy {{!}} The British Association of Urological Surgeons Limited|website=www.baus.org.uk|access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> However it remained unpopular. Although Freyer was not the first to introduce this procedure, he is credited with popularising it, particularly following his report in 1920, presented at the RSM, on the low mortality of 1,674 cases of suprapubic prostatectomies, utilising suprapubic drainage post-operatively.<ref name=Freyer1>{{Cite journal|last=Freyer|first=P.|date=1921|title=President's Address: Modern Progress in Urinary Surgery|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=14|issue=Sect Urol|pages=1–11|issn=0035-9157|pmc=2152618|pmid=19982053|doi=10.1177/003591572101402001}}</ref><ref name=Ellis/><ref name="Elsworth">{{Cite journal|last=Elsworth|first=R. C.|date=17 January 1903|title=Total Extirpation of the Prostate: Freyer's Operation|journal=[[British Medical Journal]]|volume=1|issue=2194|pages=124–125|issn=0007-1447|pmc=2512811|pmid=20760633|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2194.124}}</ref><ref name=Tagart1961>{{Cite journal|last=Tagart|first=R. E. B.|date=4 March 1961|title=Prostatectomy by the Vesico-capsular Method|url= |journal=British Medical Journal|language=en|volume=1|issue=5226|pages=621–626|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5226.621|issn=0007-1447|pmid=13774790|pmc=1953517}}</ref> He stated;

<blockquote>On December 1, 1900, I performed for the first time my operation of total enucleation of the prostate, and in July, 1901, published in the ''British Medical Journal'', for the consideration of the profession at large, a lecture delivered by me at the Medical Graduates' College, giving a full description. of the operation, with details of four successful cases. I have now completed 1,674 cases of the operation, details of 1,550 of which have been recorded in the numerous papers published in the medical journals. I believe I may say that this operation is now almost universally practised by surgeons.<ref name=Freyer1/></blockquote>

Morson, however, later stated that Freyer performed a total of 1,337 prostatectomies.<ref name=Morson1946>Morson, Clifford (1946). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2059084/pdf/brmedj03836-0026b.pdf The Catheter and the Prostate]. Corresppondance in [[British Medical Journal]]. P. 888. </ref> The number of articles and lectures Freyer gave, in addition to the publicity surrounding the controversies regarding his claims that he had introduced the operation, likely helped make the procedure widely known.<ref name=Ellis/><ref name="Elsworth"/><ref name=Tagart1961/> In addition to the scandal in India caused by receiving fees from the Nawab, being accepted into the London's medical circles was not likely helped by being Irish.<ref name=Zorgniotti1983/>

[[Albert Clifford Morson|A. Clifford Morson]] had later noted that Freyer was just one of two surgeons appointed without a [[FRCS]].<ref name=Zorgniotti1983/> He also recounted a story where a general practitioner referred to Freyer as a "quack".<ref name=Morson1961> Morson, Clifford (30 December 1961) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1970942/pdf/brmedj03030-0066c.pdf The Case of the Plastic Surgeons], Corresppondance in [[British Medical Journal]]. P. 1780. </ref> However, the operation had a lower mortality in Freyer’s hands compared to others, at a time before antibiotics and with only basic anaesthesia. Freyer’s skill lay in his speed.<ref name=BJU1946>[https://www.baus.org.uk/_userfiles/pages/files/Museum/1946-ASM-Programme.pdf "Tre Treatment of Benign Enlargement of Prostate"]. British Association of Urological Surgeons Scientific held at the Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln’s Inn Fields on 28 June 1946. [[BJU International|The British Journal of Urology]]. Vol. 18, No. 3 (September 1946), pp. 105-121.</ref>

[[John Thomson-Walker]], first honorary secretary of the section of urology at the RSM,<ref name=Cuthbert1957/> later described Freyer's surgery as "decided, purposive and rapid, and in some operations, especially that of litholapaxy, the manipulation was graceful".<ref name=":FreyerObit1921"/>

When [[Cuthbert Dukes]] became president of the urology section of the RSM in 1956, he disclosed that when he took up the appointment of pathologist at St Peters 26 years previously, he had come to be in possession of the medical notes and pathological specimen of the prostate removed from Freyer's first transvesical prostatectomy case of John Thomas in 1900. Thomas survived 12 years, and wrote to Freyer in 1912 "I must say I am perfectly right in my urinary organs and for which I shall never be able to thank you enough".<ref name=Cuthbert1957>{{Cite journal|last=Dukes|first=Cuthbert E.|date=May 1957|title=Behind the Scenes in Urology|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=50|issue=5|pages=355–362|issn=0035-9157|pmc=1889307|pmid=13431895|doi=10.1177/003591575705000517}}</ref> The procedure was later superseded by the retropubic prostatectomy popularised by [[Terence Millin]] following his publication of the technique in 1945.<ref>Goddard, J. C. (January/February 2019).[https://trendsinmenshealth.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2019/01/History-of-the-Prostate-pt-1-v2-lsw.pdf "The history of the prostate, part one: say what you see"]. ''Trends in Urology & Men’s Health'', pp. 28-30. </ref>

===Other roles===
In 1902, he became examiner in surgery at the [[University of Durham]] and from 1904 to 1909 he was a [[List of honorary medical staff at King Edward VII's Hospital for Officers|member of the honorary medical staff]] of [[King Edward VII's Hospital for Officers]]. Thereafter he was appointed a consulting surgeon to the [[Queen Alexandra Military Hospital]], Millbank, London.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/> In 1904, he was awarded the [[Arnott Memorial Medal]] for original surgical work.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921" />

==First World War==
When the [[First World War]] began in 1914, Freyer rejoined for service as consulting surgeon to [[Queen Alexandra Military Hospital|Queen Alexandria's military hospital]], to be Indian hospitals in England, and to the eastern command in general.<ref name="NUIMemorial"/>

He received the [[Companion of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath|CB]] on 1 January 1917 and the [[Order of the Bath|KCB]] six months later on 4 June 1917.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921" />

Between 10 April 1918 and 10 April 1919, he held a temporary colonelcy in the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]] and upon resignation of post was promoted to an honorary full colonelcy on the retired list.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921" />

In October 1919, he received an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/>

==Later career==
After the war and with a greater recognition of urology as a specialty, Freyer at the age of 69, was elected the first president of the section of [[urology]] of the RSM in 1920, when the RSM's president was [[Sir Humphry Rolleston]].<ref name=":FreyerObit1921" /><ref name=Cuthbert1957/><ref name=GoddardTrends>[[Jonathan Charles Goddard|Goddard, J. C.]] (September/October 2017) [https://www.practicaldiabetes.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/09/31-33.-BAUS-history.pdf "Vis Unita Fortior united strength is stronger"]. ''[[Trends in Urology and Men's Health]]'', pp. 31-33. </ref>

His presidential address covered the achievements in urology over the previous 45 years and he hoped the section would result in a co-ordination of work in the field of urology. Freyer was succeeded the following year by [[Thomas Horder, 1st Baron Horder|Lord Horder]],<ref name=Cuthbert1957/> and the section continued with meetings and with its annual president’s address.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921" /><ref name=GoddardTrends/>

==Personal and family==
Freyer married Isabelle McVittie, daughter of Robert McVittie of Dublin, and they had one son, [[Dermot Freyer|Dermot Johnston]] and one daughter, Kathleen Mary. In 1914, Isabelle died.<ref name="NUIMemorial"/>

Freyer was seen to be a "staunch [[Irish Home Rule movement|Home Ruler]]", and the papers held at the NUI, Galway, provide evidence that he was friends with the Redmond brothers, [[Willie Redmond|William]] and [[John Redmond|John]], who he operated on in March 1918. John subsequently died post-operatively. He was also friends with [[T P O'Connor]], an Irish Nationalist member of Parliament.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/>

== Death and legacy==
Freyer died from a [[cerebral haemorrhage]]<ref name=Morson/> at 27 Harley St., London, on 9 September 1921, aged 70 years.<ref name=":FreyerObit1921"/> He was buried beside his father in the Church of Ireland cemetery at Clifden, [[County Galway]].<ref name=Fitzpatrick /><ref name=Frey'sPapers/>

A portrait of Freyer, painted by Alice Grant in 1919, hangs in the boardroom of St Peter's Hospital for Stone.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/>

[[Harold Ellis (surgeon)|Harold Ellis]] later recalled that Freyer's procedure remained popular for some time, recounting that in 1948, as a house surgeon, he assisted in many of these.<ref name=Ellis/>

Every year, the Sir Peter Freyer Memorial Lecture and Surgical Symposium, established in 1975 by professor O'Beirn, is hosted by the Department of Surgery, [[NUI Galway]].<ref name="NUIMemorial"/> Past lecturers have included [[Peter Froggatt (academic)|Peter Froggatt]] in 1984, [[Thomas E. Starzl ]] in 1985, [[Mutsuo Sugiura]] in 1986, [[Thomas J. Fogarty]] in 1987, [[Bernard Fisher (scientist)]] in 1988, [[Norman Stanley Williams]] in 1989, [[Geoffrey Duncan Chisholm]] in 1991, [[Patrick J. Kelly (surgeon)|Patrick J. Kelly]] in 2001, [[Ara Darzi, Baron Darzi of Denham|Ara Darzi]] in 2002, [[Steven D. Wexner]] in 2004, [[Peter T. Scardino]] in 2006 and [[Patrick Gullane]] in 2009.<ref name="NUIMemorialLectures">{{Cite web|url=https://www.freyer.ie/about-freyer-symposium/|title=Sir Peter Freyer Memorial Lecture & Surgical Symposium|website=Sir Peter Freyer Surgical Symposium|language=en-GB|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>

A detailed account of Freyer is given in C. P. MacLoughlin's "From Sellerna to Harley Street".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QPk0izuveg0C&q=freyer&pg=PT447|title=Connemara: The Last Pool of Darkness|last=Robinson|first=Tim|date=2008|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9780141889726|language=en}}</ref>

In 1980, the Department of Surgery at NUI Galway acquired Freyer's personal papers and memorabilia from his grandsons. Subsequently, in 2002, the [[James Hardiman Library]] at the NUI acquired them and now hold around 660 items consisting of his letters, newspaper cuttings, official records, photographs, memorabilia and publications. Other items have also been added.<ref name=Frey'sPapers/>

The Freyer Unit in [[Galway Clinic]] is named in his honour.<ref name="Gal">{{cite web |title=Freyer Unit {{!}} Galway Clinic |url=https://www.galwayclinic.com/departments/nursing/freyer-unit |website=www.galwayclinic.com |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
===Articles===
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5000880/ "On the Instruments Required in the Operation of Litholapaxy"]. ''[[The Indian Medical Gazette]]''. Vol. 21, No. 1 (January 1886), p. 1-7. {{PMID|28999493}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5152238/pdf/indmedgaz71409-0029.pdf "The Symptoms of Stone in the Kidney"]. ''The Indian Medical Gazette''. Vol. 35, No. 1 (January 1900), pp. 14-15. {{PMID|29003274}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505938/pdf/brmedj08517-0001.pdf "A Clinical Lecture on Total Extirpation of the Prostate for Radical Cure of Enlargement of that Organ: With Four Successful Cases: Delivered at the Medical Graduates' College, London, June 26th"]. ''British Medical journal''. Vol. 2, Issue 2116 (20 July 1901), pp. 125-9. {{doi|10.1136/bmj.2.2116.125}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2340709/pdf/brmedj06981-0007.pdf "Total Enucleation of the Prostate: A Further Series of 550 Cases of the Operation"]. ''[[British Medical Journal]]''. Vol. 1, No. 3031 (1 February 1919), p. 121–124. {{PMID|20769349}} {{doi|10.1136/bmj.1.3031.121}}
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2152618/pdf/procrsmed01397-0005.pdf "President's Address: Modern Progress in Urinary Surgery"]. ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine]]''. Section of Urology. Vol. 14 (27 May 1921), p. 1-11. {{PMID|19982053}}

===Books===
*[https://archive.org/stream/clinicallectures1908frey/clinicallectures1908frey#page/n5/mode/1up ''Clinical Lectures on the Surgical Diseases of the Urinary Organs'']. William Wood & Company, New York (1909).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*"From Sellerna to Harley St". Dr C P MacLoughlin of Clifden in the ''Journal of the Clifden and Connemara Heritage Group'' Vol. I No. 1 (1993)
*[https://pmj.bmj.com/content/postgradmedj/25/286/373.full.pdf "Prostatic Surgery"]. T. J. D. Lane. ''Postgraduate Medical Journal''. 1 August 1949

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://archives.library.nuigalway.ie/cgi-bin/tabbedlist.cgi?P57 Certificates mainly recording Peter Freyer's academic career at the Queen's University in Ireland.]. 1869-1919, NUI Galway Archives
*[https://www.iitos.ie/trainees/sir-peter-freyer-surgical-symposium.367.html Sir Peter Freyer Surgical Symposium]. Department of Surgery, NUI Galway.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Freyer, Peter}}
[[Category:1851 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:Irish surgeons]]
[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers]]
[[Category:Irish urologists]]
[[Category:People from County Galway]]
[[Category:Physicians of Dr Steevens' Hospital]]
[[Category:Irish knights]]
[[Category:Royal Army Medical Corps officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:King Edward VII's Hospital]]