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	~~[[File:Peter Calvocoressi.jpg\|thumb\|right]]~~
	'''Peter John Ambrose Calvocoressi''' (17 November 1912 – 5 February 2010){{sfn\|Anonymous\|2010}} was a [[British people\|British]] lawyer, Liberal politician, historian, and publisher. He served as an intelligence officer at [[Bletchley Park]] during [[World War II]].		'''Peter John Ambrose Calvocoressi''' (17 November 1912 – 5 February 2010){{sfn\|Anonymous\|2010}} was a [[British people\|British]] lawyer, Liberal politician, historian, and publisher. He served as an intelligence officer at [[Bletchley Park]] during [[World War II]].

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
[[File:Peter Calvocoressi.jpg|thumb|right]]
'''Peter John Ambrose Calvocoressi''' (17 November 1912 – 5 February 2010){{sfn|Anonymous|2010}} was a [[British people|British]] lawyer, Liberal politician, historian, and publisher. He served as an intelligence officer at [[Bletchley Park]] during [[World War II]].

==Early years==
Calvocoressi was born in [[Karachi]], now in [[Pakistan]], to a family of [[Greeks|Greek]] origins from the island of [[Chios]].{{sfn|Calvocoressi|2001|p=14}} His mother, Irene ([[Married and maiden names|née]] Ralli), was descended from one of the founders of [[Ralli Brothers]], who were prominent Greek families of Chios who came to London at the time of the [[Greek Diaspora#Modern times|Greek Diaspora]]. When he was three months old, the family moved to [[Liverpool]], [[England]].{{sfn|Anonymous|2010}}

Calvocoressi's father Pandia had spent the first seven years of his life in Manchester and the next ten at San Stefano (on the outskirts of [[Istanbul]]). He attended the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] from the age of 17 for three years and then joined the family firm in New York.{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}} Pandia Calvocoressi and Irene Ralli married in London in 1910.<ref>{{Citation |title = Family Genealogy Pages: Pantias John (John) Calvocoressi |url = http://www.agelastos.com/genealogy/getperson.php?personID=i2028&tree=agelasto}}</ref> Shortly afterwards Pandia was posted to India where Calvocoressi was born. His mother and maternal grandmother were both born in India but spent most of their lives in England.{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}}

In 1926 he was elected a scholar of [[Eton College|Eton]] in second place, a position which he retained for the greater part of the next five years. Switching from the standard Classical curriculum to History, he was taught by, among others, the young [[Robert Birley]]. At [[Balliol College, Oxford]], in 1931–1934, he was tutored in Modern History mainly by B. H. Sumner and [[Vivian Hunter Galbraith|V. H. Galbraith]], obtaining a First.{{sfn|Irvine|Tusa|2010}}

==Career==
He was [[Call to the Bar|called to the Bar]] in 1935 and worked in Chancery Chambers until the outbreak of World War II. He spent most of the war as an [[RAF Intelligence]] officer at GC&CS [[Bletchley Park]].{{sfn|Calvocoressi|2001}} He worked in '[[Hut 3]]', where decrypted [[Enigma machine|Enigma]] messages were translated and analysed, and [[Ultra]] intelligence was prepared for dispatch to commanders in the field. Calvocoressi rose to be head of the Air Section, which dealt with [[Luftwaffe]] intelligence.<ref>{{ Citation | last = Calvocoressi | first = Peter | year = 1980 | title = Top Secret ULTRA | publication-place = London | publisher = Cassell | isbn = 9780304305469 }}</ref> In summer 1945, he was accredited by British Intelligence to obtain evidence for all four Chief Prosecutors at the [[Nuremberg Trials|International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg]].{{sfn|Irvine|Tusa|2010}} As a member of the British prosecution team, he cross-examined former German Field Marshal [[Gerd von Rundstedt]] during the trial. Calvocoressi later advised the US Chief Prosecutor (General [[Telford Taylor]]), who had been his Bletchley colleague, in some of the American follow-up trials (1946–1949).{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}}

In 1945, he contested the General Election, as the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] candidate for [[Nuneaton (UK Parliament constituency)|Nuneaton]],{{sfn|Irvine|Tusa|2010}} finishing third.{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}}

In 1950–1955 he worked at the Royal Institute for Foreign Affairs ([[Chatham House]]), writing five volumes in the series of ''Annual Surveys of International Affairs'', which had previously been written by [[Arnold J. Toynbee|Arnold Toynbee]]. From 1955 to 1966, he was a partner in the publishing firms of [[Chatto and Windus]] and the [[Hogarth Press]]. From 1966 to 1973, he was Reader in International Relations at the [[University of Sussex]], a post which was created for him.{{sfn|Irvine|Tusa|2010}}

In 1973 he was enticed back to publishing by the offer of the newly created post of Editor-in-Chief of [[Penguin Books]]. He was appointed Publisher and Chief Executive of Penguin in the following year. But he fell into disagreements with Penguin's parent company [[Longman|Pearson Longman]], and was removed in 1976.{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}}

During this period (1955-1976) he was for ten years a part-time member of the [[United Nations]] [[Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights]], and was Chairman of the Africa Bureau, the [[London Library]], Chios Charities, and [[Open University]] Enterprises Ltd. He also served on the governing bodies of Chatham House, the [[Institute of Strategic Studies]], and [[Amnesty International]].{{sfn|Irvine|Tusa|2010}}

He wrote twenty books, mostly on contemporary history; one of these – ''World Politics Since 1945'' – passed through nine editions. ''Threading My Way'', an autobiography, appeared in 1994. He set private life before and above his career and never had cause to question this priority.{{Citation needed|date= June 2018}}

In 1990, he was awarded an [[honorary doctorate]] by the Open University.

==Bibliography==
* ''Nuremberg: The Facts, the Law and the Consequences'', 1948
* ''Survey of International Affairs 1947-1948'', 1952
* ''Survey of International Affairs 1949-1950'', 1953
* ''Survey of International Affairs 1951'', 1954
* ''Survey of International Affairs 1952'', 1955
* ''Survey of International Affairs 1953'', 1956
* ''Middle East Crisis'' (with Guy Wint), 1957
* ''South Africa and World Opinion'', 1961
* ''World Order and New States: Problems of Keeping the Peace'', 1962
* ''Suez: Ten Years After'' (with Anthony Moncrieff), 1967
* ''World Politics Since 1945'', 1968; 2008, 9th ed.
* ''Total War: Causes and Courses of the Second World War'' (with Guy Wint and John Pritchard), 1972
* ''The British Experience 1945-75'', 1978
* ''Freedom to Publish'' (with Ann Bristow), 1980
* ''Top Secret Ultra'', 1980
* ''From Byzantium to Eton: A Memoir of a Millennium'', 1980
* ''New Alignments'' (with Philip Windsor), 1982
* ''Independent Africa and the World'', 1985
* ''A Time for Peace'', 1987
* ''Who's Who in the Bible'', 1987
* ''Resilient Europe: A Study of the Years 1870-2000'', 1991
* ''The Cold War as Episode'', 1993
* ''Threading My Way'', 1994 (autobiography)
* ''Fall Out: World War II and the Shaping of Postwar Europe'', 1997
* ''The Penguin History of the Second World War'', 2 vol., 1999
* ''World Politics 1945-2000'', 2000 (= 8th ed. of ''World Politics Since 1945'')
* ''Television In College Education'', 2005

==See also==
*[[History of cryptography]]
*[[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma]]

==Notes==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110604052508/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst;jsessionid=FnPVP7Fq8MqG1vyQLxf9ZwpyJ4XnPQY1GRkhwYpv9L1bpZ21q72P!-1454462376!1280456806?a=o&d=5000158183 ''Interview with Peter Calvocoressi''] by Roger Adelson

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==

*{{Citation |last = Anonymous |title = Obituary: Peter Calvocoressi |newspaper = Daily Telegraph |date = 5 February 2010 |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/7168318/Peter-Calvocoressi.html }}
*{{Citation |last = Calvocoressi |first = Peter |author-link = Peter Calvocoressi |title = Top Secret Ultra |place = Cleobury Mortimer, England |publisher = M & M Baldwin |year = 2001 | edition = 2nd |isbn = 978-0947712419}}
*{{Citation | last = Irvine | first = Ian |last2 = Tusa |first2 = John |author2-link = John Tusa | title = Obituary: Peter Calvocoressi | newspaper = The Guardian | date = 8 February 2010 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/feb/08/peter-calvocoressi-obituary }}

==External links==
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80009480 Imperial War Museum Interview from 1987]
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/8www0013003 Imperial War Museum Interview from 1993]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Calvocoressi, Peter}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Sussex]]
[[Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British historians]]
[[Category:British people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:GCHQ cryptographers]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People from Karachi]]
[[Category:Bletchley Park people]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Chatham House people]]
[[Category:Foreign Office personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:English barristers]]

Peter Calvocoressi - Revision history

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