->Nittawinoda at 14:07, 27 October 2021

2021-10-27T14:07:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:37, 27 October 2021
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	'''''Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai''''' ({{lang-ta\|பெரும்பாணாற்றுப்படை}}, ''lit.'' "guide for bards with the large lute") is an ancient [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] poem in the ''Pattuppattu'' anthology of the [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=29, 56–57}} It contains 500 lines in the ''akaval'' meter.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=56–57}} It is one of five ''arruppatai'' genre poems and was a guide to other bards seeking a patron for their art. Set as a praise for chieftain Tonataiman Ilantiraiyan of the [[Kanchipuram\|Kanchi]] territory, it was composed by Uruttirankannanar sometime around 190–200 CE, states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=23}}{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=42 Chart 4}} While the poem is from the 2nd century, it was likely added to the ''Pattuppāṭṭu'' anthology in the 4th or 5th century CE, states Dennis Hudson – an Indologist and World Religions scholar.<ref name="SelbyPeterson2008p89">{{cite book\|author=D. Dennis Hudson\|editor=Martha Ann Selby and Indira Viswanathan Peterson\|title=Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0_lLAechPcC&pg=PA89 \|year=2008\|publisher=State University of New York Press\|isbn=978-0-7914-7945-2\|pages=89–93}}</ref>		'''''Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai''''' ({{lang-ta\|பெரும்பாணாற்றுப்படை}}, ''lit.'' "guide for bards with the large lute") is an ancient [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] poem in the ''Pattuppattu'' anthology of the [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=29, 56–57}} It contains 500 lines in the ''akaval'' meter.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=56–57}} It is one of five ''arruppatai'' genre poems and was a guide to other bards seeking a patron for their art. Set as a praise for chieftain Tonataiman Ilantiraiyan of the [[Kanchipuram\|Kanchi]] territory, it was composed by Uruttirankannanar sometime around 190–200 CE, states [[Kamil Zvelebil]] – a Tamil literature scholar.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1974\|p=23}}{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=42 Chart 4}} While the poem is from the 2nd century, it was likely added to the ''Pattuppāṭṭu'' anthology in the 4th or 5th century CE, states Dennis Hudson – an Indologist and World Religions scholar.<ref name="SelbyPeterson2008p89">{{cite book\|author=D. Dennis Hudson\|editor=Martha Ann Selby and Indira Viswanathan Peterson\|title=Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0_lLAechPcC&pg=PA89 \|year=2008\|publisher=State University of New York Press\|isbn=978-0-7914-7945-2\|pages=89–93}}</ref>

	The ''Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai'' poem, also referred to as '''''Perumpanattrupadai''''',{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=97}} is named after ''perumpanar'' – a class of minstrels who sang their bards while playing a large lute.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=57}} The poem provides a detailed description of the five ''tinai'' (landscapes) of Kanchi territory: mountainous (''kurinci''), forested (''palai''), pastoral (''mullai''), farmlands (''marutam''), coastal (''neytal'').{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=57}}<ref>{{cite journal\| title= Early South Indian Society and Economy: The Tinai Concept\| author= K. Sivathamby\| journal = Social Scientist\| volume = 3\| number=5\| year=1974\| pp= 20-37\| doi= 10.2307/3516448\| jstor= 3516448}}</ref> The capital city of [[Kanchipuram]] is described as a city of ancient might, fame, prosperity and abounding in religious festivals.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=56–57}}		The ''Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai'' poem, also referred to as '''''Perumpanattrupadai''''',{{sfn\|JV Chelliah\|1946\|p=97}} is named after ''perumpanar'' – a class of minstrels who sang their bards while playing a large lute.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=57}} The poem provides a detailed description of the five ''tinai'' (landscapes) of Kanchi territory: mountainous (''kurinci''), forested (''palai''), pastoral (''mullai''), farmlands (''marutam''), coastal (''neytal'').{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|p=57}}<ref>{{cite journal\| title= Early South Indian Society and Economy: The Tinai Concept\| author= K. Sivathamby\| journal = Social Scientist\| volume = 3\| number=5\| year=1974\| pp= 20-37\| doi= 10.2307/3516448\| jstor= 3516448}}</ref> The capital city of [[Kanchipuram]] is described as a city of ancient might, fame, prosperity and abounding in religious festivals.{{sfn\|Kamil Zvelebil\|1973\|pp=56–57}}

imported>Normal Name: Adding local short description: "Ancient Tamil poem", overriding Wikidata description "Ancient Tamil poem, a guide for bards with large lute (Sangam literature)" (Shortdesc helper)

2021-06-30T02:51:10Z

Adding local short description: "Ancient Tamil poem", overriding Wikidata description "Ancient Tamil poem, a guide for bards with large lute (Sangam literature)" (Shortdesc helper)

New page

{{Short description|Ancient Tamil poem}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Sangam literature}}
{{italic}}
__NOTOC__

'''''Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai''''' ({{lang-ta|பெரும்பாணாற்றுப்படை}}, ''lit.'' "guide for bards with the large lute") is an ancient [[Tamil language|Tamil]] poem in the ''Pattuppattu'' anthology of the [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=29, 56–57}} It contains 500 lines in the ''akaval'' meter.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=56–57}} It is one of five ''arruppatai'' genre poems and was a guide to other bards seeking a patron for their art. Set as a praise for chieftain Tonataiman Ilantiraiyan of the [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] territory, it was composed by Uruttirankannanar sometime around 190–200 CE, states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=23}}{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=42 Chart 4}} While the poem is from the 2nd century, it was likely added to the ''Pattuppāṭṭu'' anthology in the 4th or 5th century CE, states Dennis Hudson – an Indologist and World Religions scholar.<ref name="SelbyPeterson2008p89">{{cite book|author=D. Dennis Hudson|editor=Martha Ann Selby and Indira Viswanathan Peterson|title=Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0_lLAechPcC&pg=PA89 |year=2008|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-7945-2|pages=89–93}}</ref>

The ''Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai'' poem, also referred to as '''''Perumpanattrupadai''''',{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=97}} is named after ''perumpanar'' – a class of minstrels who sang their bards while playing a large lute.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=57}} The poem provides a detailed description of the five ''tinai'' (landscapes) of Kanchi territory: mountainous (''kurinci''), forested (''palai''), pastoral (''mullai''), farmlands (''marutam''), coastal (''neytal'').{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=57}}<ref>{{cite journal| title= Early South Indian Society and Economy: The Tinai Concept| author= K. Sivathamby| journal = Social Scientist| volume = 3| number=5| year=1974| pp= 20-37| doi= 10.2307/3516448| jstor= 3516448}}</ref> The capital city of [[Kanchipuram]] is described as a city of ancient might, fame, prosperity and abounding in religious festivals.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=56–57}}

The poem is a source of cultural and sociological information about ancient Kanchipuram and nearby regions, along with the government and economic systems under Tamil chieftains.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=56–57}}{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=97–101}} Of sociological interest are the distinctive lifestyles of robbers who are described in ''Perumpanattrupadai'' as living in fortified villages, while the lifestyle of hunters, fishermen, farmers, and herdsmen are described to be different.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=56–57}} The poem mentions Neerpayattu as a thriving seaport, the city of Kanchi as having suburbs, the ruler as someone generous to the bards.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=97–101}} The chieftain Ilantiraiyan is of historic importance since he is mentioned in other Sangam literature, such as in ''[[Purananuru]]'' and ''[[Natrinai]]'', as well as described as a poet that adds to his own fame.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=97–98}}

In the cultural context, the poem mentions a ''yupa'' post (a form of Vedic altar) and a [[Brahmin]] village.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=98–99}} [[Vedas]] are recited by these Brahmins, and even their parrots are mentioned in the poem as those who sing the Vedic hymns. People in these Vedic villages did not eat meat, nor raise fowls. They ate rice, salad leaves boiled in ghee, pickles and vegetables.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=98–100}} Elsewhere, the hunters are described as meat-eaters, herdsmen relied on milk, yoghurt and ghee, fishermen ate a variety of fish, while farmers ate the meat of domestic fowl, beans, fruits and farm produce. Rice was a staple in all landscapes.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=99–100}} Rice was also a major part of any offerings to the gods in temples and on festivals, according to several lines in the poem, such as over lines 267–269.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Monica Smith| year=2006| title= The Archaeology of Food Preference|journal = American Anthropologist| volume=108| issue=3| pp=480-493}}</ref>

The ''Perumpanattrupadai'' mentions [[Vishnu]] and describes him as the god who is "tall, dark-skinned" and as one from whom "the four-faced god was born" (a Puranic legend about [[Brahma]] being born from Vishnu's navel).{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=98–99}} The poem also mentions a mother goddess ([[Parvati]], Uma), whom it alludes to as "beauteous queen whose great womb bore the red god" ([[Murugan]]). In its similes, it mentions the [[Ganges]] river, the [[Pandavas]] of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', and the [[Yoga]] adept ''[[rishi]]s'' (sages).{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=98–103}} According to Hudson, the poem is notable that it explicitly mentions three temples and alludes to one additional temple for these gods.<ref name="SelbyPeterson2008p89"/> The similes used in the poem are those found in the Vedic and [[Puranas|Puranic]] mythologies of [[Hinduism]].<ref name="SelbyPeterson2008p89"/>

In the context of government structure and economic activity, the poem mentions the [[Kanchi]] king surrounding himself with counselors, as having a fair system to adjudicate disputes and deliver justice, someone who was ruthless against his enemies and robbers. He rode lotus-topped chariot.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=99–100}} His coastal regions had lighthouses and other infrastructure to guide the ships, swan-shaped lamps were imported from the ''yavanas'' (Greek-Romans, or foreigners to Tamil region), farmers using bullocks as aid to agriculture, blacksmith using bellows made from animal skin (''kollan''),<ref>{{cite book|author=R Thapar|title=Indian Journal of History of Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KLraAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=National Institute of Sciences of India|page=468}}</ref> the production of salt and its export, pepper trade, and merchant highways guarded by soldiers.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=99–100}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Vinod Chandra Srivastava|title=History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvjZVwYVmNcC&pg=PA619 |year=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-521-6|pages=619–620}}</ref>

A variety of religious festivals and sports are mentioned in the poem, in which both men and women participated.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|pp=100–101}} The poem has at least 73 similes.{{sfn|JV Chelliah|1946|p=102}}

==See also==
* [[Eighteen Greater Texts]]
* [[Sangam literature]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{ref begin|30em}}
*{{cite book|author= JV Chelliah|title= Pattupattu - Ten Tamil Idylls (Tamil Verses with Englilsh Translation)| year= 1946|url = https://archive.org/details/PattupattuTenTamilIdylls_20180715/page/n1| publisher= Tamil University (1985 print)}}
* {{cite book| title= Pattuppattu with a commentary by Naccinarkkiniyar (4th Edition) | author= U. V. Swaminatha Aiyar| year=1950| publisher= UV Swaminathaiyer Library }}
* {{cite book|author=Shu HikoSaka|title=Tamil poetry through the ages, 2. Pattuppattu: Ten idylls|oclc= 633702288|year= 2000|publisher= Institute of Asian Studies}}
* {{cite book |author=Edward Jewitt Robinson |title=Tamil Wisdom: Traditions Concerning Hindu Sages and Selections from Their Writings |year=2001 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location = New Delhi}}
* Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
* {{cite book|title=Tamil Literature|last=Pillai|first=M. S. Purnalingam|year=1994|pages=115|publisher=Asian Educational Services|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&pg=PA115|isbn=81-206-0955-7}}
* {{cite book|title=The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia|last=Ray|first=Himanshu Prabha |year=2003|publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge|location=Cambridge|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C |isbn=9780521011099}}
* Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|9780231150651}}
*{{cite book|author=Takanobu Takahashi|title=Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC |year=1995|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10042-3}}
*{{cite book|author=Eva Maria Wilden|title=Manuscript, Print and Memory: Relics of the Cankam in Tamilnadu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuPmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2014|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-035276-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-03591-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC|year=1974| publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn= 978-3-447-01582-0}}
* {{cite book|title=Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature|last=Zvelebil|first=Kamil|author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|year=1992|pages=73|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC&pg=PA73|isbn=90-04-09365-6}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perumpanattrupadai}}
{{Tamil language}}
[[Category:Sangam literature]]

Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai - Revision history

->Nittawinoda at 14:07, 27 October 2021

imported>Normal Name: Adding local short description: "Ancient Tamil poem", overriding Wikidata description "Ancient Tamil poem, a guide for bards with large lute (Sangam literature)" (Shortdesc helper)