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{{Short description|One of the diadochi and the principal regent of Alexander's empire after his death}}{{other uses|Perdiccas (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Perdiccas
| native_name = Περδίκκας
| native_name_lang = grc
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Regent of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedon]]
| term_start = 323 BC
| term_end = 321/320 BC
| monarch = [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]]
| predecessor = [[Alexander the Great|Alexander III]] (as King)
| successor = [[Peithon]] and [[Arrhidaeus]]
| birth_date = {{circa}} 355 BC
| birth_place =
| death_date = 321/320 BC (aged 34–36)
| death_place =
| death_cause = Killed by his own soldiers
| occupation = General
| allegiance = [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]
| serviceyears = 335 – 321/320 BC
| battles = {{plainlist|
* [[Wars of Alexander the Great]]
* [[Wars of the Diadochi]]
}}
}}

'''Perdiccas''' ({{lang-el|Περδίκκας}}, ''Perdikkas''; {{circa}} 355 BC – 321/320 BC) was a general of [[Alexander the Great]]. He took part in the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] campaign against the [[Achaemenid Empire]], and, following Alexander's death in 323 BC, rose to become supreme commander of the imperial army, as well as regent for Alexander's half brother and intellectually disabled successor, [[Philip III of Macedon|Philip Arridaeus]] (Philip III).

He was the first of the [[Diadochi]] who fought for control over Alexander's empire. In his attempts to establish a power base and stay in control of the empire, he managed to make enemies of critical generals in the Macedonian army—including [[Antipater]], [[Craterus]] and [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]]—who decided to revolt against the regent. In response to this formidable coalition and a provocation from another general, [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]], Perdiccas invaded Egypt, but his soldiers revolted and killed him when the invasion foundered.

==Family background==
According to [[Arrian]], Perdiccas was the son of the Macedonian nobleman, Orontes,<ref>{{cite book | last = Austin | first = M.M. | title = The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1981 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_frP_nixH9IC&q=perdiccas+son+of+Orontes&pg=PA42 | isbn = 978-0-521-29666-3 }}</ref><ref>Arrian, ''Anabasis'', [https://archive.org/stream/L236ArrianIAnabasisOfAlexander14/L236-Arrian%20I%20Anabasis%20of%20Alexander%201-4#page/n275/mode/2up 3.11.9]</ref> a descendant of the independent princes of the Macedonian province of [[Orestis (region)|Orestis]].<ref>Arrian, ''Anabasis'', [https://archive.org/stream/L269ArrianAnabasisOfAlexanderI57/L269-Arrian%20Anabasis%20of%20Alexander%20I%3A5-7#page/n203/mode/2up 6.28.4]</ref> While his actual date of birth is unknown, he would seem to have been of a similar age to Alexander. He had a brother called [[Alcetas]]<ref>Arrian, ''Successors'', [http://www.attalus.org/translate/fgh.html#156.0 1.21]</ref> and a sister, Atalantê, who married [[Attalus (son of Andromenes)|Attalus]].<ref>Diodorus Siculus, ''The Library of History'', [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/18B*.html 18.37.2]</ref>

==Hetairos==
As the commander of a battalion of the [[Macedonian phalanx]] ([[Phalanx formation|heavy infantry]]), Perdiccas distinguished himself during the conquest of [[Thebes (Greece)|Thebes]] (335 BC), where he was severely wounded. Subsequently, he held an important command in the Indian campaigns of Alexander. In 324 BC, at the nuptials celebrated at [[Susa]], Perdiccas married the daughter of the [[satrap]] of [[Medes|Media]], a Persian named [[Atropates]]. When [[Hephaestion]] unexpectedly died the same year, Perdiccas was appointed his successor as commander of the [[Companion cavalry]] and ''[[chiliarch]]''. As Alexander lay dying in his bed, he gave his ring to Perdiccas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Anson|first=Edward M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWdiAwAAQBAJ|title=Alexander's Heirs: The Age of the Successors|date=2014|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1-4443-3962-8|pages=15|language=en}}</ref>

==Diadoch==
{{further information|Partition of Babylon}}
Following the [[death of Alexander the Great]] on the 11 June 323 BC in [[Babylon]], his generals met to discuss their next steps.<ref>Anson, Edward M. (2014) pp.11–15</ref> Perdiccas proposed that a final decision wait until Alexander's wife [[Roxana]], who was pregnant, had given birth. If the child was a boy, then Perdiccas proposed that the child be chosen as the new king. This meant that Perdiccas would be the regent and effectively the ruler of Alexander's empire until the boy was old enough to rule on his own. Despite misgivings amongst the other generals, most accepted Perdiccas' proposal.

However, the infantry commander, [[Meleager (general)|Meleager]], disagreed with Perdiccas' plans. Meleager argued in favour of Alexander's half brother, Arridaeus, whom he considered first in succession. The infantry supported this proposal with Meleager's troops willing to fight in favour of Arridaeus.

== Regent ==
[[File: Philip III Arrhidaios Babylon mint struck under Perdikkas circa 323 320 BC.jpg|thumb|350px|Coin of [[Philip III Arrhidaios]] struck under Perdiccas in [[Babylon]], circa 323-320 BC. AR Tetradrachm (17.20 g, one h). Head of Herakles left, wearing lion skin headdress / [BASILEWS FILIPPOU], Zeus Aëtophoros seated right; wheel and monogram in left field, monogram below throne.]]
Through the [[Partition of Babylon]], a compromise was reached under which Perdiccas was to serve as "Regent of the Empire" and supreme commander of the imperial army. Arridaeus and the unborn child of Alexander's wife [[Roxana]] (the future [[Alexander IV of Macedon]]) were recognized as joint kings. While the general [[Craterus]] was officially declared "Guardian of the Royal Family", Perdiccas effectively held this position, as the joint kings were with him in Babylon. Perdiccas soon showed himself intolerant of any rivals and, acting in the name of the two kings, sought to hold the empire together under his own hand. Alexander the Great's second wife, [[Stateira II|Stateira]], was murdered. Perdiccas had Meleager arrested and murdered.

Perdiccas' authority as regent and his control over the royal family was immediately challenged. Perdiccas appointed [[Leonnatus]], one of Alexander's bodyguards or [[somatophylakes]], as satrap of [[Phrygia|Hellespontine Phrygia]] on the western coast of [[Asia Minor]]. However, instead of assuming that position, Leonnatus sailed to Macedonia when Alexander's sister, [[Cleopatra of Macedon|Cleopatra]], widow of king [[Alexander I of Epirus]], offered her hand to him. Upon learning of this, in spring 322 BC Perdiccas marched the imperial army towards Asia Minor to reassert his dominance as regent. Perdiccas ordered Leonnatus to appear before him to stand trial for disobedience, but Leonnatus died during the [[Lamian War]] before the order reached him.

At around the same time, [[Cynane]], Alexander's half-sister, arranged for her daughter, [[Eurydice II of Macedon|Eurydice II]], to marry the joint king, Arridaeus (Philip III). Fearful of Cynane's influence, Perdiccas ordered his brother [[Alcetas]] to murder her. The discontent expressed by the army at the plan to murder her and their respect for Eurydice as a member of the royal family persuaded Perdiccas not only to spare her life but to approve of the marriage to Philip III. Despite the marriage, Perdiccas continued to hold control over the affairs of the royal family firmly.

As regent and commander-in-chief, Perdiccas considered it essential to consolidate Alexander's empire. A critical step in achieving this was to conquer Cappadocia, which remained under Persian rule. However, [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]], the Macedonian satrap of [[Pamphylia]] and [[Lycia]], was unwilling to support Perdiccas when in 322 BC Perdiccas successfully invaded Cappadocia. When Perdiccas ordered Antigonus to appear before his court, Antigonus fled to Antipater's court in Macedonia.

To strengthen his control over the empire, Perdiccas agreed to marry [[Nicaea of Macedonia|Nicaea]], the daughter of [[Antipater]], the regent of Macedon. However, he broke off the engagement in 322 BC when [[Olympias]], mother of Alexander the Great, offered him the hand of Alexander's full sister [[Cleopatra of Macedon|Cleopatra]]. Given the intellectual disability of Philip III and the limited acceptance of the boy, [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]], due to his mother being a Persian, the marriage would have given Perdiccas a claim as Alexander's true successor, not merely as regent.

== Civil War and Invasion of Egypt==
As a result of these events and actions, Perdiccas earned Antipater's animosity, while Antigonus had reason to fear Perdiccas. Another general, [[Craterus]], was also unhappy at being ignored by Perdiccas despite his important position within the army when Alexander was alive. So Antipater, Craterus and Antigonus agreed to revolt against Perdiccas.

In late 321 BC, Perdiccas intended to send Alexander's body back to [[Vergina|Aegae]] in [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)| Macedonia]], the traditional place of burial for the Macedonian Royal Family. [[Arrhidaeus]] was chosen to escort the body back to [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)| Macedonia]]. However, when Alexander's remains were passing through Syria, [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]], the satrap of Egypt, was able to bribe the escort and seize the body. Ptolemy brought Alexander's remains back to Egypt, where they were housed in the city of [[Memphis, Egypt| Memphis]]. Perdiccas regarded Ptolemy's action as an unacceptable provocation and decided to invade Egypt.

Perdiccas marched to attack Ptolemy in Egypt, but when he reached the most easterly tributary of the [[Nile]] near [[Pelusium]], he discovered that the opposite side was garrisoned. In response, he marched upstream to find a suitable point to cross, soon coming across a ford which led to the cities of [[Tanis]] and [[Avaris]] on the other side of the Nile. However, a fort defended by an Egyptian force known as the 'Camel's Rampart' inhibited his advance. Perdiccas then ordered his [[war elephants]] and [[Argyraspides|Silver Shield]] infantry to attack. A larger army under Ptolemy arrived, denying Perdiccas an easy victory. Despite this disadvantage, the attack proceeded, but Perdiccas was overwhelmed and forced to retreat and search for another crossing. He came across one near [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]], but when he attempted the crossing, the water became deeper, and many of his men drowned.

== Death ==
Following what was so far a disastrous campaign, a mutiny broke out amongst Perdiccas' troops, who were disheartened by his failure to make progress in Egypt. Perdiccas was murdered by his officers ([[Peithon]], [[Antigenes (general)|Antigenes]], and [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]]) some time in either 321 or 320 BC. His officers and the rest of his army defected to [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book | last=Austin | first=M. M. | year=1994 | title=The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: a Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-29666-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Green |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Green (historian) |year=1990 |title=[[Alexander to Actium]] |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-05611-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/alexandertoactiu0000gree/page/3 3–15] }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Hornblower |editor-first=S. |editor2-last=Spawforth |editor2-first=T. |year=2000 |title=Who's Who in the Classical World |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-280107-4 |page=282 }}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster | Perdiccas}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.livius.org/pen-pg/perdiccas/perdiccas.htm | title=Perdiccas | website=Livius.org | first=Jona | last=Lendering | author-link=Jona Lendering}}
* {{cite web | url=http://virtualreligion.net/iho/perdiccas.html | first=Mahlon H. | last=Smith | title=Perdiccas | website=Into His Own | publisher=American Theological Library Association | year=2008}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Alexander the Great|Alexander III]]|as=King}}
{{s-ttl|title=Regent of Macedon|years=323–321/320 BC}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Peithon]] {{Nobold|and}} [[Arrhidaeus]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Armenian kings}}
{{MacedonKings}}
{{Diadochi}}
{{Alexander's Generals}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:350s BC births]]
[[Category:320s BC deaths]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Greek people]]
[[Category:4th-century BC regents]]
[[Category:Regents of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)]]
[[Category:Ancient Macedonian generals]]
[[Category:Generals of Alexander the Great]]
[[Category:Ancient Orestians]]
[[Category:Trierarchs of Nearchus' fleet]]
[[Category:Ancient Macedonian murder victims]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Macedonians]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Perdiccas - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article