Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu - Revision history

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updated details based on references additionally as per guidelines

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	{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2019}}
	{{Infobox ~~commander~~		{{Infobox military person
	\|name = Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu		\| name = Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu
	\|rank = [[~~Kamma~~ (~~caste~~)~~\|Kamma~~]] ~~Nayaka, 'Son~~ of ~~the Eating Dish' (Close subordinate~~ of [[~~Krishnadevaraya~~]] )		\| rank = Amara Nayaka {{sfn\|Wagoner\|1993\|p=121}}
			\| allegiance = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
			\| birth_place = [[Gandikota]]{{citation needed\|date=June 2019}}
			\| battles = *Battle with the Turks (1509–10)
			*[[Battle of Raichur]]
			*Battle of Krishna River
			*Capture of [[Pangal]]
			*Capture of Ganpura
			*Siege of [[Gulbarga]]
			*Battle of Juturu
			*Battle of Bedkalluu
			*Battle of Betamcherla
			*Battle of [[Adoni]]

			\| relations = [[Pemmasani Nayaks]]
			}}

	~~{{sfn\|Wagoner\|1993\|p=121}}~~		'''Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu''' was a vassal and military commander in the service of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. An inscription dated to 1544 CE, discovered in [[Tallaproddatur]], indicates that Ramalinga Nayudu held the ''nayankara'' (feudal jurisdiction) over that village.{{sfn\|Sriramamurty\|1964\|p=93}}
	~~\|allegiance =~~ [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
	~~\|birth_place =~~ [[~~Gandikota~~]]{{cn\|~~date=June 2019}}~~
	\|~~battles='Battle with the Turks' (1509-10)~~
	\|~~relations~~=~~[[Pemmasani Nayaks]]~~}}

	~~'''Pemmasani~~ Ramalinga Nayudu~~''' is named as a commander and 'chief general' of~~ the ~~Vijayanagara emperor~~ [[~~Krishnadevaraya~~]] ~~({{reign\|1509\|1529}})~~ in the ~~17th century~~ [[~~Telugu language\|Telugu~~]] text ''Rayavachakamu'',~~{{sfn\|~~Wagoner~~\|1993\|p=138}} and~~ a ~~later poetic rendition ''Krishnarajavijayam''.<ref>{{Citation\|last=Ramayya Pantulu\|first=J. \|date=1926\|chapter=Krishna Raya \|title=Journal of~~ the ~~Andhra Historical Society, Volume 2\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501963/page/n257\|publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society\|pages=216\|via=archive.org}}</ref>~~		Historical sources suggest that Ramalinga Nayudu belonged to the prominent [[Pemmasani Nayaks\|Pemmasani]] family, which played a significant role in governing the region of [[Gandikota]] during the 16th century. The 17th-century Telugu text ''Rayavachakamu'', analyzed by historian Phillip B. Wagoner, references Ramalinga Nayudu but does not clarify whether he served under [[Krishnadevaraya]] or a subsequent ruler from the [[Aravidu dynasty]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Wagoner\|1993\|p=240}}</ref>

	~~He was an army commander of a~~ [[~~Vijayanagara military~~]] ~~unit comprising nearly 80,000 soldiers~~.<ref>{{~~Cite book~~ \|~~title=Mysore Gazetteer: pts. 1-2 Historical (2 v.), pt. 3. Mediaeval. pt. 4. Modern~~ \|~~url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31737~~ \|~~first=Conjeeveram \|last=Hayavadana Rao \|publisher=Government Press \|year=1930 \|pages=1803 \|quote~~=sent for one of his generals Pemmasāni Rāmalinga, who presented himself before the king, and engaged to lead the forlorn hope. With 80,000 men (so says the Rāyavāchakamu), he “marched to the battle as to a marriage.”}}</ref> An inscription dated to 1544 AD, which was found in [[Tallaproddatur\|Tallaproddatu]], states that Pemmasani Ramalinga enjoyed the ''nayankara'' (feudal control) of the village.{{sfn\|Sriramamurty\|1964\|p=93}}

	According to ''Rayavachakamu'', he was a commander for the ~~Vijayanagar~~ king [[Krishnadevaraya]] at a certain 'Battle with the Turks'.<ref>{{citation \|last=Aiyangar \|first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami \|title=Sources of Vijayanagar History \|publisher=University of Madras \|year=1919 \|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofvijayan00krisrich/page/240 \|pages=241}}</ref> Historian Venkataramanayya identified the battle as the one fought at Devni or Dewani (unidentified) in 1509–1510, within a year of Krishnadevaraya's accession. But some elements of the narrative are also reminiscent of the [[Battle of Raichur]].{{sfn\|Wagoner\|1993\|loc=pp. 210–211, note 2}}<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book \|title=The History of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdmcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 \|year=2010 \|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing \|isbn=978-1-61530-201-7 \|pages=143–}}</ref>		Ramalinga was named as a commander and 'chief general' of the Vijayanagara emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] ({{reign\|1509\|1529}}) in ''Rayavachakamu'',{{sfn\|Wagoner\|1993\|p=138}} and a later poetic rendition ''Krishnarajavijayam''.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Ramayya Pantulu \|first=J. \|title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 2 \|date=1926 \|pages=216 \|chapter=Krishna Raya \|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501963/page/n257 \|publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society \|via=archive.org}}</ref> According to ''Rayavachakamu'', he was an army commander of a [[Vijayanagara military]] unit comprising nearly 80,000 soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Hayavadana Rao \|first=Conjeeveram \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31737 \|title=Mysore Gazetteer: pts. 1-2 Historical (2 v.), pt. 3. Mediaeval. pt. 4. Modern \|publisher=Government Press \|year=1930 \|pages=1803 \|quote=sent for one of his generals Pemmasāni Rāmalinga, who presented himself before the king, and engaged to lead the forlorn hope. With 80,000 men (so says the Rāyavāchakamu), he “marched to the battle as to a marriage.”}}</ref> He was mentioned as a commander for the Vijayanagara king [[Krishnadevaraya]] at a certain 'Battle with the Turks'.<ref>
	Ramalinga is said to have played a crucial role in winning the battle against combined armies of [[Adil Shahi dynasty\|Kalburgie]], [[Qutb Shahi dynasty\|Golconda]] and [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate\|Ahmednagar]] for [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref>{{citation \|last=Rao \|first=M. Rama \|title=Krishnadeva Raya \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaE5AQAAIAAJ \|year=1971 \|publisher=National Book Trust \|page=17}}</ref> Krishnadevaraya honoured him with gold threaded clothes and jewels following this victory.<ref>{{harvnb\|Sriramamurty\|1964\|p=92}: "Krishnaraya presented Ramalinganayudu with gold threaded clothes and jewels and honoured him greatly for contributing to the victory."}}</ref>		{{citation \|last=Aiyangar \|first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami \|title=Sources of Vijayanagar History \|publisher=University of Madras \|year=1919 \|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofvijayan00krisrich/page/240 \|pages=241}}</ref> Historian Venkataramanayya identified the battle as the one fought at Devni or Dewani (unidentified) in 1509–1510, within a year of Krishnadevaraya's accession. But some elements of the narrative are also reminiscent of the [[Battle of Raichur]] in 1520.{{sfn\|Wagoner\|1993\|loc=pp. 210–211, note 2}}<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book \|title=The History of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdmcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 \|year=2010 \|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing \|isbn=978-1-61530-201-7 \|pages=143–}}</ref> Ramalinga is said to have played a crucial role in winning the battle against combined armies of [[Adil Shahi dynasty\|Kalburgie]], [[Qutb Shahi dynasty\|Golconda]] and [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate\|Ahmednagar]] for [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref>{{citation \|last=Rao \|first=M. Rama \|title=Krishnadeva Raya \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaE5AQAAIAAJ \|year=1971 \|publisher=National Book Trust \|page=17}}</ref> Krishnadevaraya honoured him with gold threaded clothes and jewels following this victory.<ref>{{harvnb\|Sriramamurty\|1964\|p=92}: "Krishnaraya presented Ramalinganayudu with gold threaded clothes and jewels and honoured him greatly for contributing to the victory."}}</ref>

	He is the son of [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu II]] and Machamma.{{sfn\|Sriramamurty\|1964\|pages=90-92}}		He was the son of [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu II]] and Machamma.{{sfn\|Sriramamurty\|1964\|pages=90-92}} The [[Pemmasani Nayaks]] were a martial clan. During the [[Aravidu dynasty\|Aravidu Dynasty]] of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Pemmasanis were in prominence as the chieftains of [[Gandikota]] ''sima'' and ministers at the Vijayanagara court.<ref>{{harvnb\|Stein\|1989\|p=88}}: "The Pemmasani family of Gandikota and Nandyala chiefs were part of the widely ramified coalition of Aliya Rama Raja and contributed to the latter's overwhelming power in the middle of the sixteenth century; they continued long after Rama Raja's time to hold great power in the erstwhile eastern heartland of the Vijayanagara kingdom."</ref>{{sfn\|Wagoner\|1993\|p=240}} [[Burton Stein]] relays that the Pemmasanis controlled numerous small villages and many large towns and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the sixteenth century.<ref>{{harvnb\|Stein\|1989\|p=88}}: "Controlling numerous villages and many large towns, these powerful chiefs commanded large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of Vijayanagara forces during the sixteenth century."</ref>
	The [[Pemmasani Nayaks]] were a martial clan. During the [[Aravidu dynasty\|Aravidu Dynasty]] of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Pemmasanis were in prominence as the chieftains of [[Gandikota]] ''sima'' and ministers at the Vijayanagara court.<ref>{{harvnb\|Stein\|1989\|p=88}}: "The Pemmasani family of Gandikota and Nandyala chiefs were part of the widely ramified coalition of Aliya Rama Raja and contributed to the latter's overwhelming power in the middle of the sixteenth century; they continued long after Rama Raja's time to hold great power in the erstwhile eastern heartland of the Vijayanagara kingdom."</ref>{{sfn\|Wagoner\|1993\|p=240}}
	[[Burton Stein]] relays that the Pemmasanis controlled numerous small villages and many large towns and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the sixteenth century.<ref>{{harvnb\|Stein\|1989\|p=88}}: "Controlling numerous villages and many large towns, these powerful chiefs commanded large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of Vijayanagara forces during the sixteenth century."</ref>

	Ramalinga and his brother, [[Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu\|Erra Timmanayudu]], fought and won various battles for [[~~Aliya~~ Rama Raya]], including the Battle of Juturu, Battle of [[Bethamcherla\|Betamcherla]], Battle of Bedakallu, and Battle of [[Adoni]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Sriramamurty\|1964\|p=92}}: "The Pemmasani brothers fought on behalf of Rāmarāya and obtained victories at Jūtūru, Betamcherla, Bedakallu, and Ādōni."</ref> It was mainly with their cooperation that Rama Raya won the succession conflict following the death of [[Achyuta Deva Raya\|Achyuta Devaraya]] against Salakaraju Tirumala.<ref>{{harvnb\|Sriramamurty\|1964\|p=92}}: "It was mainly with their cooperation and support [Pemmasani Brothers] that Rama Raya succeeded in destroying Salakaraju."</ref>		Ramalinga and his brother, [[Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu\|Erra Timmanayudu]], fought and won various battles for [[Rama Raya (statesman)\|Rama Raya]], including the Battle of Juturu, Battle of [[Bethamcherla\|Betamcherla]], Battle of Bedakallu, and Battle of [[Adoni]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Sriramamurty\|1964\|p=92}}: "The Pemmasani brothers fought on behalf of Rāmarāya and obtained victories at Jūtūru, Betamcherla, Bedakallu, and Ādōni."</ref> It was mainly with their cooperation that Rama Raya won the succession conflict following the death of [[Achyuta Deva Raya\|Achyuta Devaraya]] against Salakaraju Tirumala.<ref>{{harvnb\|Sriramamurty\|1964\|p=92}}: "It was mainly with their cooperation and support [Pemmasani Brothers] that Rama Raya succeeded in destroying Salakaraju."</ref>

	== See also ==		== See also ==
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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayaka, Pemmasani Ramalinga}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayaka, Pemmasani Ramalinga}}
	[[Category:Telugu people]]		[[Category:Telugu people]]
	~~[[Category:History of Karnataka]]~~
	[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]		[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
	[[Category:Year of death unknown]]		[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
	[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]]		[[Category:Nayaks of the Vijayanagara Empire]]
	[[Category:~~History of Andhra Pradesh~~]]		[[Category:Vijayanagara generals]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox commander
|name = Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu
|rank = [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] Nayaka, 'Son of the Eating Dish' (Close subordinate of [[Krishnadevaraya]] )

{{sfn|Wagoner|1993|p=121}}
|allegiance = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
|birth_place = [[Gandikota]]{{cn|date=June 2019}}
|battles='Battle with the Turks' (1509-10)
|relations=[[Pemmasani Nayaks]]}}

'''Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu''' is named as a commander and 'chief general' of the Vijayanagara emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] ({{reign|1509|1529}}) in the 17th century [[Telugu language|Telugu]] text ''Rayavachakamu'',{{sfn|Wagoner|1993|p=138}} and a later poetic rendition ''Krishnarajavijayam''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Ramayya Pantulu|first=J. |date=1926|chapter=Krishna Raya |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 2|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501963/page/n257|publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society|pages=216|via=archive.org}}</ref>

He was an army commander of a [[Vijayanagara military]] unit comprising nearly 80,000 soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Mysore Gazetteer: pts. 1-2 Historical (2 v.), pt. 3. Mediaeval. pt. 4. Modern |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31737 |first=Conjeeveram |last=Hayavadana Rao |publisher=Government Press |year=1930 |pages=1803 |quote=sent for one of his generals Pemmasāni Rāmalinga, who presented himself before the king, and engaged to lead the forlorn hope. With 80,000 men (so says the Rāyavāchakamu), he “marched to the battle as to a marriage.”}}</ref> An inscription dated to 1544 AD, which was found in [[Tallaproddatur|Tallaproddatu]], states that Pemmasani Ramalinga enjoyed the ''nayankara'' (feudal control) of the village.{{sfn|Sriramamurty|1964|p=93}}

According to ''Rayavachakamu'', he was a commander for the Vijayanagar king [[Krishnadevaraya]] at a certain 'Battle with the Turks'.<ref>{{citation |last=Aiyangar |first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |title=Sources of Vijayanagar History |publisher=University of Madras |year=1919 |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofvijayan00krisrich/page/240 |pages=241}}</ref> Historian Venkataramanayya identified the battle as the one fought at Devni or Dewani (unidentified) in 1509–1510, within a year of Krishnadevaraya's accession. But some elements of the narrative are also reminiscent of the [[Battle of Raichur]].{{sfn|Wagoner|1993|loc=pp. 210–211, note 2}}<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |title=The History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdmcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |year=2010 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |isbn=978-1-61530-201-7 |pages=143–}}</ref>
Ramalinga is said to have played a crucial role in winning the battle against combined armies of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Kalburgie]], [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda]] and [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]] for [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref>{{citation |last=Rao |first=M. Rama |title=Krishnadeva Raya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaE5AQAAIAAJ |year=1971 |publisher=National Book Trust |page=17}}</ref> Krishnadevaraya honoured him with gold threaded clothes and jewels following this victory.<ref>{{harvnb|Sriramamurty|1964|p=92}: "Krishnaraya presented Ramalinganayudu with gold threaded clothes and jewels and honoured him greatly for contributing to the victory."}}</ref>

He is the son of [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu II]] and Machamma.{{sfn|Sriramamurty|1964|pages=90-92}}
The [[Pemmasani Nayaks]] were a martial clan. During the [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu Dynasty]] of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Pemmasanis were in prominence as the chieftains of [[Gandikota]] ''sima'' and ministers at the Vijayanagara court.<ref>{{harvnb|Stein|1989|p=88}}: "The Pemmasani family of Gandikota and Nandyala chiefs were part of the widely ramified coalition of Aliya Rama Raja and contributed to the latter's overwhelming power in the middle of the sixteenth century; they continued long after Rama Raja's time to hold great power in the erstwhile eastern heartland of the Vijayanagara kingdom."</ref>{{sfn|Wagoner|1993|p=240}}
[[Burton Stein]] relays that the Pemmasanis controlled numerous small villages and many large towns and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the sixteenth century.<ref>{{harvnb|Stein|1989|p=88}}: "Controlling numerous villages and many large towns, these powerful chiefs commanded large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of Vijayanagara forces during the sixteenth century."</ref>

Ramalinga and his brother, [[Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu|Erra Timmanayudu]], fought and won various battles for [[Aliya Rama Raya]], including the Battle of Juturu, Battle of [[Bethamcherla|Betamcherla]], Battle of Bedakallu, and Battle of [[Adoni]].<ref>{{harvnb|Sriramamurty|1964|p=92}}: "The Pemmasani brothers fought on behalf of Rāmarāya and obtained victories at Jūtūru, Betamcherla, Bedakallu, and Ādōni."</ref> It was mainly with their cooperation that Rama Raya won the succession conflict following the death of [[Achyuta Deva Raya|Achyuta Devaraya]] against Salakaraju Tirumala.<ref>{{harvnb|Sriramamurty|1964|p=92}}: "It was mainly with their cooperation and support [Pemmasani Brothers] that Rama Raya succeeded in destroying Salakaraju."</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Pemmasani Nayaks]]
*[[Pemmasani Timma Nayaka]]
*[[Battle of Raichur]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |first=Burton |last=Stein |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA1 |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Sriramamurty |first=Y. |chapter=History of the Pemmasani Family |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 30, Parts 1-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgDjAAAAMAAJ |date=1964 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |pages=89–104}}
** {{citation |chapter=The Pemmasani Family |title=Studies in the History of the Telugu country during the Vijayanagara period 1336 to 1650 A D |last=Sriramamurty |first=Y. |publisher=Karnatak University/Shodhganga |date=1973 |hdl=10603/107988 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/107988/10/10_chapter%206.pdf }}
* {{citation |last=Wagoner |first=Phillip B. |title=Tidings of the king: a translation and ethnohistorical analysis of the Rāyavācakamu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_A1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1495-3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayaka, Pemmasani Ramalinga}}
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]