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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Gandikota Kingdom
|common_name = Gandikota Kingdom
|status =
|capital = [[Gandikota]]
|common_languages = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|image_flag=
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|currency = Gandikota [[Vijayanagara coinage|Varaha]]
|government_type =
|year_start = 1441<ref>Yadiki Kaifiat</ref>
|year_end = 1685<ref>Thimmanayunipeta Kaifiat</ref>
|demonym=|area_km2=|area_rank=|GDP_PPP=|GDP_PPP_year=|HDI=|HDI_year=|today=}}

'''Pemmasani Nayaks''' were a ruling clan in the [[south India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":1">{{citation |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |chapter=Mapping migrations of South Indian weavers before, during and after the Vijayanagara Period: Thirteenth and Eighteenth Centuries |editor-first1=Jan |editor-last1=Lucassen |editor-first2=Leo |editor-last2=Lucassen |title=Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th-21st Centuries) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCqiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |year=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27136-4 |page=99}}</ref>{{sfn|Wagoner, Tidings of the king|1993|p=240}} They came into prominence during [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] times as rulers of [[Gandikota]] over 300 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/stone-from-gandikota-fort-to-be-used/article7776577.ece|title=Stone from Gandikota fort to be used|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2016-12-21}}</ref><ref name="Gandikota 2016">Gandikota, by Tavva Obul Reddy, 2016, Telugu Samajam publishment</ref><ref>https://m.femina.in/life/travel/be-amazed-at-indias-grand-canyon-gandikota-andhra-pradesh-82639-2.html</ref><ref>https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/travel/canyon-viewpoint-soak-in-some-natural-beauty-while-camping-along-pennar-river/articleshow/45885349.cms</ref><ref name=Stein>Vijayanagara, [[Burton Stein]], Cambridge University Press, 1989, p.88, {{ISBN|0-521-26693-9}}</ref> After the [[Battle of Talikota]] in 1565 AD, the collapse of Vijayanagara Empire led to the emergence of Pemmasani Nayakas in the [[Rayalaseema]] region. They belonged to the [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] social group.<ref name=":1" />

==Origin==
According to Yadiki Kaifiat, Vijayanagara Emperor Phrauda Deva Raya granted Nayankarship of Yadiki to Pemmasani Timma Nayaka in 1424 - 1444 AD period marking the beginning of the rule of Pemmasani Nayakas. According to Tadipatri Kaifiat, Vijayanagara Emperor Sri Krishna Deva Raya granted Nayankarship of Tadipatri to Pemmasani Timma Nayaka between 1509 - 1529 AD period marking the beginning of the rule of Pemmasani Nayakas. After the collapse of Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 at the battle of Tallikota, Pemmasani Nayakas mostly ruled Gandikota region as autonomous kings for over 100 years from 1565 to 1685 AD.

==Sources==
Pemmasani Nayaks are known to be the feudatory rulers of Gandikota in the sixteenth century, serving under [[Aravidu dynasty]] (1542–1652), especially [[Aliya Rama Raya]].<ref name=Stein/> The late sixteenth century [[Telugu language|Telugu]] text ''Rayavachakamu'' mentions [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu]] as a Kamma chief serving [[Krishnadeva Raya]] ({{reign|1509|1529}}). It is not known whether he served Krishnadeva Raya or some later ruler.<ref>{{harvnb|Wagoner, Tidings of the king|1993|p=240}}: Pemmasani Ramalingama Nayadu [mentioned in the text] belonged to the influential Pemmasani family that ruled the Gandikota-''sima'' during the second half of the sixteenth century and provided several prominent ministers, including Pemmasani Timma, who served Vijayanagara under the Aravidu dynasty... It
is not clear whether he served Krishnadevaraya or a later ruler.</ref>

== Extent of rule ==
The Pemmasani Nayaks ruled [[Yadiki]], [[Gutti]] and [[Tadipatri]] with [[Gandikota]] as capital. The maximum extent of Pemmasanis feudatorial influence ranged from [[Gandikota]] to [[Kondapalli]] during the reign of [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayaka]] which includes areas like Gutti, Kurnool fort, Kondaveedu, Bellamkonda, Raichur, Kanchi, Tadipatri, Yadaki.<ref>"Aristocracy of South India" by Vadivelu</ref> They ruled from [[Gandikota]] as their capital. Pemmasanis ruled mostly as autonomous rulers of [[Gandikota]]. Pemmasanis helped [[Aravidu dynasty|Araveeti kings]] to ascend the throne of great [[Vijayanagar Empire]] when there was power shift between Tuluva and [[Araveedu]] dynasties after the [[Battle of Tallikota]] in 1565 A. D. where the Vijayanagar empire under Tuluva dynasty rule faced huge defeat against combined forces of Deccan Sultanates.{{Citation needed|date=January 2018}} Pemmasanis played a crucial role in protecting the Vijayanagar empire. This is evident from the prime location of land that Vijayanagar kings have provided to Pemmasanis in [[Hampi]] as camp when they visited the city.

== List of rulers ==
This is the list of Pemmasani Kings:<ref name="Muthevi Ravindranath 2018">Muthevi Ravindranath, [http://www.logili.com/biography-autobiography/sri-krishnadevarayalu-vamsa-moolalu-muthevi-ravindranath/p-7488847-19899411326-cat.html#variant_id=7488847-19899411326 Sri Krishna deva rayalu vamsamoolalu], Savithri Publications, 2018.</ref><ref name="Gandikota 2016"/>
*[[Pemmasani Timmanayudu|Pemmasani Kumara Veera Timma Nayaka]] (1441 - 1462) A. D.
* Pemmasani Chenna vibhudu (1462 - 1505) A. D.
* [[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu|Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayaka]] (1505 - 1540) A. D.
* Pemmasani Bangaru Timma Nayaka (1540 - 1565) A. D.
* Pemmasani Narasimha Nayaka (1565 - 1598) A. D.
* Pemmasani Timma Nayaka (1598 - 1623) A. D.
* Pemmasani Chinna Timma Nayaka (1623 - 1652) A. D.
* Pemmasani Veera Kumara Timma Nayaka (1652 - 1685) A. D.

== Rule==
The first ruler of Pemmasani clan was [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu]] who fought many a battle and won the trust of [[Bukka Raya]].

Veera Thimma had a son by name Chennappa who had two sons Ramalinga Naidu and Peda Thimma Naidu. Ramalinga ruled Gandikota (1509-1530 CE) during the time of [[Krishna Deva Raya]]. Ramalinga had 80,000 soldiers under him and he played a crucial role in the victory of Krishna Deva Raya over the combined armies of [[Gulbarga|Kalaburagi]], [[Golkonda]] and [[Ahmednagar]].<ref>Krishnadeva Raya, M. Rama Rao, 1971, National Book Trust, New Delhi, p. 17</ref> His exploits in the battle were extolled by many [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poets. He was the most feared by the Generals of [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]], [[Ahmednagar]] and [[Golconda]].{{sfn|Wagoner, Tidings of the king|1993|pp=138-139}}

Thimma Naidu II participated in the expeditions of [[Krishna Deva Raya]] and captured [[Udayagiri Fort|Udayagiri]], [[Addanki]], [[Kondapalli]], [[Rajahmundry]] and Katakam ([[Cuttack]]). He also played a crucial role in the conquest of Ummattur.<ref name=":0" />

After the death of Krishna Deva Raya in 1529, his son-in-law [[Rama Raya]] took control of the kingdom. The Bahamani sultan colluded with Salakam Timmaraja and raided Vijayanagar. Ramaraya took refuge in Gandikota. Bangaru Thimma Naidu vanquished Bahamanis in a fierce battle at Komali, killed Salakam Timmaraja and restored the throne to Ramaraya.<ref name=":0">Further Sources of Vijayanagar History by K. A. Nilakanta Sastry, 1946, https://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory</ref>

== Kuruvikulam ==
After the battle of Talikota, one section of Gandikota Pemmasani family migrated to [[Tamil Nadu]] and established [[Kuruvikulam]] Zamindari. This is the most prominent Zamindari estate in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It existed from 1565 to 1949.<ref>Aristocracy of South India, Vadivelu Modaliar, 1904</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Gandikota]]
*[[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]]
*[[Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayaka]]
*[[Pemmasani Timma Nayaka]]
*[[Kuruvikulam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Wagoner |first=Phillip B. |title=Tidings of the king: a translation and ethnohistorical analysis of the Rāyavācakamu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_A1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1495-3 |ref={{sfnref|Wagoner, Tidings of the king|1993}}}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu monarchs]]

Pemmasani Nayaks - Revision history

Ekyaschool: typo fix

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