Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir - Revision history

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	== Initiatives by Indian government ==		== Initiatives by Indian government ==
	appointment of ~~interlocuters~~ and various committees		appointment of interlocutors and various committees

	The appointment of interlocutors as a tactic for coping with the Kashmir issue traces its origins back to the 1960s, when Prime minister Nehru appointed All Bahadur Shastri to manage tensions following the chaotic events of 1963. Since then, a number of such initiatives have been launched , including a three-member team of interlocutors the central government appointed in response to the 2010 unrest.		The appointment of interlocutors as a tactic for coping with the Kashmir issue traces its origins back to the 1960s, when Prime minister Nehru appointed All Bahadur Shastri to manage tensions following the chaotic events of 1963. Since then, a number of such initiatives have been launched , including a three-member team of interlocutors the central government appointed in response to the 2010 unrest.
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	=== Indo-Pakistani initiatives in relation to Kashmir ===		=== Indo-Pakistani initiatives in relation to Kashmir ===

	* The [[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus\|''Karavan-e-Aman'']] (''Caravan of Peace''), a bus service connecting [[Srinagar]] (Jammu and Kashmir) and [[Muzaffarabad]] (~~Azad~~ Kashmir), was started in 2005.<ref name=":3" /> In 2006, a second bus line started between [[Poonch (town)\|Poonch]] (Jammu and Kashmir) and [[Rawalakot]] (~~Azad~~ Kashmir).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/150371/intra-kashmir-bus-service-completes-six-years/\|title=Intra-Kashmir bus service completes six years\|last=Mughal\|first=Roshan\|date=16 April 2011\|website=The Express Tribune\|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Poonch-Rawalkot-bus-service-from-June-19/articleshow/1513929.cms\|title=Poonch-Rawalkot bus service from June 19\|last=PTI\|date=3 May 2006\|website=The Times of India\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230194955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Poonch-Rawalkot-bus-service-from-June-19/articleshow/1513929.cms\|archive-date=30 December 2018\|url-status=live\|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> In 2008 trade started on these routes, opening Jammu and Kashmir's traditional trading centres to the west for the first time since 1947.<ref name=":3" /> The trade is tightly regulated.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web\|url=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf\|title=Steps Towards Peace: Putting Kashmiris First\|date=3 June 2010\|website=International Crisis Group\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230195239/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf\|archive-date=30 December 2018\|url-status=live\|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> During times of heightened tension, the routes are closed, such as was the case from July to August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cross-loc-travel-and-trade-to-resume-on-srinagar-muzzaffarabad-route/articleshow/59898353.cms\|title=Cross-LoC travel and trade to resume on Srinagar-Muzzaffarabad route\|last=PTI\|date=3 August 2017\|website=The Times of India\|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>		* The [[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus\|''Karavan-e-Aman'']] (''Caravan of Peace''), a bus service connecting [[Srinagar]] (Jammu and Kashmir) and [[Muzaffarabad]] (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir), was started in 2005.<ref name=":3" /> In 2006, a second bus line started between [[Poonch (town)\|Poonch]] (Jammu and Kashmir) and [[Rawalakot]] (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/150371/intra-kashmir-bus-service-completes-six-years/\|title=Intra-Kashmir bus service completes six years\|last=Mughal\|first=Roshan\|date=16 April 2011\|website=The Express Tribune\|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Poonch-Rawalkot-bus-service-from-June-19/articleshow/1513929.cms\|title=Poonch-Rawalkot bus service from June 19\|last=PTI\|date=3 May 2006\|website=The Times of India\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230194955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Poonch-Rawalkot-bus-service-from-June-19/articleshow/1513929.cms\|archive-date=30 December 2018\|url-status=live\|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> In 2008 trade started on these routes, opening Jammu and Kashmir's traditional trading centres to the west for the first time since 1947.<ref name=":3" /> The trade is tightly regulated.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web\|url=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf\|title=Steps Towards Peace: Putting Kashmiris First\|date=3 June 2010\|website=International Crisis Group\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230195239/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf\|archive-date=30 December 2018\|url-status=live\|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> During times of heightened tension, the routes are closed, such as was the case from July to August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cross-loc-travel-and-trade-to-resume-on-srinagar-muzzaffarabad-route/articleshow/59898353.cms\|title=Cross-LoC travel and trade to resume on Srinagar-Muzzaffarabad route\|last=PTI\|date=3 August 2017\|website=The Times of India\|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>
	*The "Neemrana dialogue" was launched in 1991 as a track 2 initiative between India and Pakistan.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/neemrana-dialogue-india-pakistan-track-ii-initiative-dialogue-just-another-case-of-optics/1158357/\|title=Neemrana dialogue: India-Pakistan Track II initiative dialogue, just another case of optics?\|last=Shreyas\|first=Ananth\|date=7 May 2018\|website=The Financial Express\|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref> Due to the [[Mumbai attacks]], [[Uri attack]] and the following [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike]], there were no official talks between the two countries until April 2018.<ref name=":4" /> Topics discussed in the dialogue interaction in 2018 included Kashmir, [[Siachen conflict]] and the [[Line of Control]] situation.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-pakistan-revive-track-ii-diplomacy\|title=India, Pakistan Revive Track II Diplomacy\|last=Hussain\|first=Sajjad\|date=2 May 2018\|website=The Wire\|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/re-start-of-india-pakistan-track-ii-dialogue-a-political-message-say-sources-1224590-2018-05-02\|title=Re-start of India-Pakistan track II dialogue a 'political message', say sources\|last=Mohan\|first=Geeta\|date=2 May 2018\|website=India Today\|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref>		*The "Neemrana dialogue" was launched in 1991 as a track 2 initiative between India and Pakistan.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/neemrana-dialogue-india-pakistan-track-ii-initiative-dialogue-just-another-case-of-optics/1158357/\|title=Neemrana dialogue: India-Pakistan Track II initiative dialogue, just another case of optics?\|last=Shreyas\|first=Ananth\|date=7 May 2018\|website=The Financial Express\|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref> Due to the [[Mumbai attacks]], [[Uri attack]] and the following [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike]], there were no official talks between the two countries until April 2018.<ref name=":4" /> Topics discussed in the dialogue interaction in 2018 included Kashmir, [[Siachen conflict]] and the [[Line of Control]] situation.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-pakistan-revive-track-ii-diplomacy\|title=India, Pakistan Revive Track II Diplomacy\|last=Hussain\|first=Sajjad\|date=2 May 2018\|website=The Wire\|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/re-start-of-india-pakistan-track-ii-dialogue-a-political-message-say-sources-1224590-2018-05-02\|title=Re-start of India-Pakistan track II dialogue a 'political message', say sources\|last=Mohan\|first=Geeta\|date=2 May 2018\|website=India Today\|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref>

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
'''Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir''' includes confidence-building measures at a [[nation-state]] level between the governments of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], [[track two diplomacy]], as well as initiatives by [[non-governmental organisation]]s (NGOs), institutes and individuals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR281.pdf|title=Tourism and Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir|last1=Chari|first1=P. R.|last2=Chandran|first2=D. Suba|date=July 2011|website=United States Institute for Peace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921171421/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR281.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2018|access-date=30 December 2018|last3=Akhtar|first3=Shaheen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/362706|title=Track-2 diplomacy on Kashmir under way|date=24 June 2004|website=DAWN|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230190717/https://www.dawn.com/news/362706|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> The purpose of [[peacebuilding]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] include conflict prevention and reduction of hostilities in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. Many countries such as Russia, United States and China have also played a deescalatory role with regard to tensions in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/g-parthasarathy/india-too-has-an-all-weather-friend/article29452072.ece|title=India, too, has an all-weather friend|last=Parthasarathy|first=G.|date=19 September 2019|website=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=2019-11-29|quote=Lavrov, in response, “emphasised the need for de-escalation of tensions”.}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2017/02/chinas-kashmir-policies-and-crisis-management-south-asia|title=China's Kashmir Policies and Crisis Management in South Asia|website=United States Institute of Peace|language=en|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/us-senators-urge-india-and-pakistan-to-de-escalate-tensions-on-jammu-kashmir-issue-1568429792404.html|title=US senators urge India and Pakistan to 'de-escalate tensions' on J&K issue|last=PTI|date=14 September 2019|website=Livemint|access-date=2019-11-02}}</ref>

== Background ==
In 27 years, between 1990 and 2017, [[insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]] has claimed a total of 41,000 lives (14,000 civilians, 5,000 security personnel and 22,000 militants) according to government figures made available in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-anatomy-of-kashmir-militancy-in-numbers/story-UncrzPTGhN22Uf1HHe64JJ.html|title=41,000 deaths in 27 years: The anatomy of Kashmir militancy in numbers|last1=Jacob|first1=Jayanth|last2=Naqshbandi|first2=Aurangzeb|date=25 September 2017|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504154945/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-anatomy-of-kashmir-militancy-in-numbers/story-UncrzPTGhN22Uf1HHe64JJ.html|archive-date=4 May 2018|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> India and Pakistan have also fought three [[Kashmir conflict|wars in Kashmir]] during [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|1947–1948]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]] and the [[Kargil War]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm|title=Indo-Pakistan War of 1965|website=Global Security|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230233204/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm|archive-date=30 December 2018|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/all-you-need-to-know-about-kargil-war/kargil-vijay-diwas/slideshow/59772216.cms|title=Kargil War: All you need to know about Kargil War|date=26 July 2018|website=The Economic Times|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html|title=A brief history of the Kashmir conflict|date=24 September 2001|work=The Telegraph|access-date=30 December 2018|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

== List of initiatives ==

=== Indian central and state government initiatives ===

* The [[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) government's ‘healing touch’ policy between 2002 and 2005 included freeing jailed militants, reducing operations by the security forces, increasing free movement of people by reducing police checks, all part of initiatives aimed at pushing forward a more "humane approach" by the administration, especially the security forces.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prio.org/Publications/Publication/?x=7088|title=Conflict, governance and peacebuilding in Kashmir – PRIO|last=Behera|first=Navnita Chadha|date=2013|website=Peace Research Institute Oslo|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230181525/https://files.prio.org/Publications/COREPolicyBrief-10-2013/files/assets/basic-html/index.html%231|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20021209-pdps-healing-touch-policy-on-firing-line-as-jammu-attacks-put-congress-on-defensive-793936-2002-12-09|title=PDP's healing touch policy on firing line as Jammu attacks put Congress on defensive|last=Vinayak|first=Ramesh|date=9 December 2001|website=India Today|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230181938/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20021209-pdps-healing-touch-policy-on-firing-line-as-jammu-attacks-put-congress-on-defensive-793936-2002-12-09|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/mufti-s-healing-touch-policy-changed-jk-s-security-scenario/206385.html|title=Mufti's 'healing touch' policy changed JK's security scenario|last=Yusuf|first=Shabir Ibn|date=7 January 2016|work=Greater Kashmir|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230183524/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/mufti-s-healing-touch-policy-changed-jk-s-security-scenario/206385.html|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed|Mufti Mohammad Syed]], a [[chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] said that Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] had supported the healing touch policy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/vajpayee-advani-endorsed-pdps-healing-touch-policy-mufti/578801|title=Vajpayee, Advani endorsed PDP's healing touch policy: Mufti|last=PTI|date=8 June 2008|website=Outlook India|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> [[Mehbooba Mufti]], the ninth Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir, tried to revive the "healing touch" policy during her term (2016–2018), with initiatives such as the withdrawal of [[First information report|FIR]]s against over 9,700 youth and cash compensations for [[Crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir#Pellet guns|pellet victims]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/jammu-kashmir-cm-back-with-healing-touch-slogan-as-she-sanctions-cash-relief-for/307373|title=Jammu & Kashmir CM Says She Will Describes Withdrawal Of FIRs Against 9700 Youths As Major Humanitarian Gesture|last=Outlook Monitoring Bureau|date=25 January 2018|website=Outlook India|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230184053/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/jammu-kashmir-cm-back-with-healing-touch-slogan-as-she-sanctions-cash-relief-for/307373|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> The cases withdrawn were related to people involved in [[Stone pelting in Kashmir|stone-pelting incidents]] in the region between 2008 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jk-govt-okays-withdrawal-of-stone-pelting-cases-against-9730-people/articleshow/62768757.cms|title=J&K govt okays withdrawal of stone-pelting cases against 9,730 people|date=3 February 2018|website=The Times of India|others=PTI|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref>
* In 2010, the [[Omar Abdullah]] government introduced the "surrender and rehabilitation policy", allowing former militants who had crossed the [[Line of Control|Line-of-Control]] into Pakistan, to come back to India. Over 400 militants utilised the policy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bharatiya-janata-party-demands-scrapping-of-surrender-rehabilitation-policy/59019/|title=Bharatiya Janata Party demands scrapping of 'surrender, rehabilitation policy'|last=PTI|date=31 March 2015|website=The Financial Express|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2011/05/16/are-kashmiri-militants-ready-to-return-home-from-pakistan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518134129/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2011/05/16/are-kashmiri-militants-ready-to-return-home-from-pakistan/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2011|title=Are Kashmiri militants ready to return home from Pakistan?|last=Mushtaq|first=Sheikh|date=16 May 2011|website=Reuters|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>
* "Valley-centric" approaches have resulted in discontent among other communities in the region such as [[Ladakh#Demographics|Ladhaki]] Buddhists. Formation of "Autonomous Hill Councils" in the [[Leh district]] and [[Kargil district]] have proven to be a successful peacebuilding initiative in this aspect according to Navnita Chadha Behera.<ref name=":2" /> In September 2018, the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh|Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council]] was given more powers, making it "among the most autonomous councils" in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/ladakh-hill-council-gets-more-fiscal-administrative-powers/297718.html|title=Ladakh Hill Council gets more fiscal, administrative powers|date=27 September 2018|work=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>
* [[Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir#Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill)|Operation Sadbhavana]] in Jammu and Kashmir is an [[Indian Army]] initiative which involves welfare measures such as infrastructure development, medical care, women and youth empowerment, educational tours and sports tournaments among other initiatives.<ref name="Anant">Dr. Arpita Anant. (2011) ''[https://idsa.in/system/files/OP_CounterinsurgencyKashmir.pdf Counterinsurgency and "Op Sadhbhavana" in Jammu and Kashmir].'' [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] New Delhi.</ref>[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil with the members of the National Integration Tour for senior citizens of Operation Sadbhavana from Mendhar Tehsil, Jammu and Kashmir, in New Delhi on March 09, 2009.jpg|thumb|The 12th President of India, [[Pratibha Patil|Pratibha Devisingh Patil]] with the members of the National Integration Tour for senior citizens of Operation Sadbhavana from [[Mendhar Tehsil]], Jammu and Kashmir, in New Delhi on 9 March 2009]]

=== Indo-Pakistani initiatives in relation to Kashmir ===

* The [[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus|''Karavan-e-Aman'']] (''Caravan of Peace''), a bus service connecting [[Srinagar]] (Jammu and Kashmir) and [[Muzaffarabad]] (Azad Kashmir), was started in 2005.<ref name=":3" /> In 2006, a second bus line started between [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] (Jammu and Kashmir) and [[Rawalakot]] (Azad Kashmir).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/150371/intra-kashmir-bus-service-completes-six-years/|title=Intra-Kashmir bus service completes six years|last=Mughal|first=Roshan|date=16 April 2011|website=The Express Tribune|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Poonch-Rawalkot-bus-service-from-June-19/articleshow/1513929.cms|title=Poonch-Rawalkot bus service from June 19|last=PTI|date=3 May 2006|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230194955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Poonch-Rawalkot-bus-service-from-June-19/articleshow/1513929.cms|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> In 2008 trade started on these routes, opening Jammu and Kashmir's traditional trading centres to the west for the first time since 1947.<ref name=":3" /> The trade is tightly regulated.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf|title=Steps Towards Peace: Putting Kashmiris First|date=3 June 2010|website=International Crisis Group|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230195239/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> During times of heightened tension, the routes are closed, such as was the case from July to August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cross-loc-travel-and-trade-to-resume-on-srinagar-muzzaffarabad-route/articleshow/59898353.cms|title=Cross-LoC travel and trade to resume on Srinagar-Muzzaffarabad route|last=PTI|date=3 August 2017|website=The Times of India|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>
*The "Neemrana dialogue" was launched in 1991 as a track 2 initiative between India and Pakistan.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/neemrana-dialogue-india-pakistan-track-ii-initiative-dialogue-just-another-case-of-optics/1158357/|title=Neemrana dialogue: India-Pakistan Track II initiative dialogue, just another case of optics?|last=Shreyas|first=Ananth|date=7 May 2018|website=The Financial Express|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref> Due to the [[Mumbai attacks]], [[Uri attack]] and the following [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike]], there were no official talks between the two countries until April 2018.<ref name=":4" /> Topics discussed in the dialogue interaction in 2018 included Kashmir, [[Siachen conflict]] and the [[Line of Control]] situation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-pakistan-revive-track-ii-diplomacy|title=India, Pakistan Revive Track II Diplomacy|last=Hussain|first=Sajjad|date=2 May 2018|website=The Wire|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/re-start-of-india-pakistan-track-ii-dialogue-a-political-message-say-sources-1224590-2018-05-02|title=Re-start of India-Pakistan track II dialogue a 'political message', say sources|last=Mohan|first=Geeta|date=2 May 2018|website=India Today|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref>

=== Other ===

* Many countries such as [[China]] have played a role in the deescalation of conflict in the region.<ref name=":5" />
*''Athwass,'' (Kashmiri for handshake), was an initiative by a south Asian think tank, Women in Security, Conflict Management and Peace (WISCOMP), in 2000, that brought together women from [[Kashmiri Pandit]], [[Muslim]] and [[Sikh]] communities for the first time since the rise of militancy in the Kashmir valley in 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QuCGAwAAQBAJ&q=ATHWASS+Women+in+Security%2C+Conflict+Management+and+Peace&pg=PA65|title=Women in Peace Politics|last=Banerjee|first=Paula|publisher=SAGE Publications India|year=2008|isbn=9788178299686|location=Delhi|pages=65|language=en}}</ref> WISCOMP also organises the "Kashmiri Women Writers Meet", aiming to bring together women from conflicting perspectives using literature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/ashima-kaul|title=Ashima Kaul|website=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs at Georgetown University|language=en|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230210337/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/ashima-kaul|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> On 23 March 2017, WISCOMP conducted a one-day dialogue on ‘Echoes and Resonances: Critical Challenges for Youth and Peace Building in Kashmir’.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wiscomp.org/events/echoes-and-resonances-critical-challenges-for-youth-and-peace-building-in-kashmir/|title=Echoes and Resonances: Critical Challenges for Youth and Peace Building in Kashmir|website=Women in Security, Conflict Management and Peace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412135647/http://wiscomp.org/events/echoes-and-resonances-critical-challenges-for-youth-and-peace-building-in-kashmir/|archive-date=12 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> WISCOMP is an initiative of the [[Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama|Foundation for Universal Responsibility of the Dalai Lama]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/wiscomp-saahas-awards-honours-youth-countering-violence-against-women-1670375|title=WISCOMP Saahas Awards Honour Youth Countering Violence Against Women|date=16 March 2017|website=NDTV|others=Edited by Shihabudeen Kunju S|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504064744/https://www.ndtv.com/education/wiscomp-saahas-awards-honours-youth-countering-violence-against-women-1670375|archive-date=4 May 2017|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>
*Various NGOs in the region working on initiatives related to peacebuilding include the [[Borderless World Foundation]], "Yakjah Reconciliation and Development Network" and the "Human Effort for Love and Peace (HELP) Foundation, J&K".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/kashmir/peacebuilding-organisations/yakjah/|title=Yakjah Reconciliation and Development Network|date=December 2018|website=Peace Insight|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230210710/https://www.peaceinsight.org/conflicts/kashmir/peacebuilding-organisations/yakjah/|archive-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jkhf.in/Aboutus.aspx|title=About Us|website=HELP (Human Effort for Love and Peace) Foundation J&K|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230211147/http://www.jkhf.in/Aboutus.aspx|archive-date=30 December 2018|access-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Centre for Dialogue and Reconciliation]] has conducted various initiatives in Kashmir for over fifteen years including peace education training.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/kashmir/peacebuilding-organisations/cdr/|title=Centre for Dialogue and Reconciliation (CDR)|website=Peace Insight|language=en|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-understanding-kashmir-civil-initiatives-for-dialogue-and-peace|title=Understanding Kashmir: Civil Initiatives for Dialogue and Peace|last=Jacob|first=Happymon|date=23 June 2019|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref>

== Commentary ==

* Kashmir and [[Kashmiris]] are sidelined in the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|rivalry between India and Pakistan]], with the resolution of the [[Kashmir issue]] being seen in the context of [[Indo-Pak relations]]. As a result, the interests of the Kashmiris have been overshadowed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/focusthemsel.php?articleNo=1926|title=Kashmir: The Economics of Peace-Building|last1=Schaffer|first1=Teresita|last2=Schaffer|first2=Howard|date=17 January 2006|website=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pgi.nyc/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PGI.SP17.FINAL_.13.pdf|title=Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir State: A Proposed Intervention|last=Sarwar|first=Eaman|date=Spring 2017|website=Perspectives on Global Issues, Center of Global Affairs at New York University|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> [[V. Mohini Giri|Mohini Giri]], in a short statement at the [[Human Rights Council]] in 2014, said that "Kashmiri civil society (not just the separatists) should be able to voice their aspirations at any negotiating table".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.widowsforpeace.org/peacebuilding-in-jammu-and-kashmir/|title=Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir|date=1 October 2014|website=Widows for Peace through Democracy|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://archive.today/20181230213047/https://www.widowsforpeace.org/peacebuilding-in-jammu-and-kashmir/|archive-date=30 December 2018|access-date=30 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.widowsforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Dr_Mohini_Giri_statement_to_panel_17_sept_2014.pdf|title=Panel-Statement, UN Human Rights Council Session 27|last=Giri|first=Mohini|date=17 September 2014|website=Widows for Peace|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>
* According to Susheela Bhan who conducts "ethics and values based education" in government schools in Jammu and Kashmir, students from rural areas are most prone to violence, and "through education they can become important contributors to peace".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.claws.in/images/publication_pdf/552020532_IB33.pdf|title=Education and Peace Building in Kashmir|last=Singh|first=Pratibha|date=May 2013|website=Centre for Land and Warfare Studies (CLAWS)|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> (Despite Jammu and Kashmir being the only state in India that provides free education at all levels, the average literacy in Jammu and Kashmir is lower than the national Indian average).<ref name=":3" />
* According to an exploratory study by A Subramanyam Raju, first and second generation Indians want to get back Pakistan-administered Kashmir, but the third generation wants to "solve the issue peacefully and amicably".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.rcss.org/publication/policy_paper/ps_18.pdf|title=Third-Generation Indian Perceptions of the Kashmir Issue|last=Raju|first=A Subramanyam|publisher=Regional Centre for Strategic Studies|date=April 2001|isbn=9558051209|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka}}</ref>
*[[Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir|Tourism]] is often discussed in the context of Jammu and Kashmir as a peacebuilding measure.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chauhan|first1=Vinay|last2=Khanna|first2=Suvidha|date=May 2008|title=Tourism: A Tool for Crafting Peace Process in Kashmir, J&K, India|url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/25289/1/MPRA_paper_25289.pdf|journal=Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism|volume= 4| issue = 2, Autumn 2009|pages= 69–89|via=Munich Personal RePEc Archive}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* Crisis Group Asia Briefing (3 June 2010). [https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf ''Steps Towards Peace: Putting Kashmiris First'']. [[International Crisis Group]]. (Islamabad/Brussels). Archived from the [https://archive.today/20181230195239/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/b106-steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first.pdf original] on 31 December 2018. [https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/kashmir/steps-towards-peace-putting-kashmiris-first Overview] accessed on 31 December 2018.
* International Crisis Group (24 June 2004). ''[https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/79-india-pakistan-relations-and-kashmir-steps-toward-peace.pdf India/Pakistan Relations and Kashmir: Steps Toward Peace]''. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20180724012923/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/79-india-pakistan-relations-and-kashmir-steps-toward-peace.pdf original] on 31 December 2018.
*Javeed Ahmad Bhat (2016). ''[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/127217 The Role of Non Governmental Organisations in Peace building in Kashmir Since 1990]''. [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. Chapter 5 archived from the [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127217/10/chapter%205.pdf original]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} on 31 December 2018. Introduction [https://web.archive.org/web/20191128103358/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127217/14/introduction.pdf archived] from the [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/127217/14/introduction.pdf original] on 28 November 2019.

== Further reading ==
* Sandra Pogodda, Daniela Huber (2014). "''[[doi:10.1080/13533312.2014.946745|India's Peacebuilding between Rights and Needs: Transformation of Local Conflict Spheres in Bihar, North-East India and Jammu and Kashmir?]]"'', International Peacekeeping, 21:4, 443–463, Taylor and Francis.
*"[https://c-r.org/downloads/Vision%202020%20Kashmir.pdf ''Vision 2020: Shared values and ideas for the future by young people in Jammu and Kashmir''"]. [[Conciliation Resources]]. December 2016. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20180416001403/https://c-r.org/downloads/Vision%202020%20Kashmir.pdf original] on 16 April 2018.
*Koithara, Verghese (2004). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Crafting_Peace_in_Kashmir.html?id=mPiTaeny1sMC&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Crafting Peace in Kashmir: Through A Realist Lens'']. Sage Publications.
*Khan, Waheeda (2009) [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-0143-9_4#citeas Political Violence and Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir]. In: Noor N., Montiel C. (eds) Peace Psychology in Asia. Peace Psychology Book Series. Springer, New York, NY
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}
{{Anti-war}}


[[Category:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir| ]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Peacebuilding]]