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{{Short description|Love and attachment to one's country}}
{{otheruses}}
{{Distinguish|Nationalism}}
{{Globalize|article|West|date=July 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
{{Nationalism sidebar|core}}
{{politics}}
[[File:Patriotism by Francisco Pérez del Valle (Madrid) 01.jpg|thumb|[[Allegory]] of Patriotism in the [[Monumento a los Caidos por España (Madrid)|''Monument to the Fallen for Spain'']] in [[Madrid]] (1840), by sculptor Francisco Pérez del Valle]]

'''Patriotism''' is the feeling of love, devotion, and a sense of attachment to one's country. This attachment can be a combination of different feelings for things such as the language of one's homeland, and its ethnic, cultural, political, or historical aspects. It may encompass a set of concepts closely related to [[nationalism]], mostly [[civic nationalism]] and sometimes [[cultural nationalism]].<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000chis|url-access=registration |title= Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment |author= Harvey Chisick |date= 2005-02-10|publisher= Scarecrow Press |access-date= 2013-11-03|isbn= 9780810865488 }}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2023}}<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/ |title= Nationalism |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2020-09-02|first=Nenad|last=Miscevic |access-date= 2013-11-03}}
|2={{cite web|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/patriotism/ |title= Patriotism |website=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |date=2020-12-16 |first=Igor|last=Primoratz|access-date= 2013-11-03}} }}</ref>

== Terminology and usage ==
An excess of patriotism is called ''[[chauvinism]]''; another related term is ''[[jingoism]]''.

The English word "patriot" derived from "compatriot," in the 1590s, from Middle French {{lang|frm|patriote}} in the 15th century. The French word's {{lang|fr|compatriote}} and {{lang|fr|patriote}} originated directly from Late Latin {{lang|la|patriota}} "fellow-countryman" in the 6th century. From Greek {{transliteration|grc|patriotes}} "fellow countryman," from {{transliteration|grc|patrios}} "of one's fathers," {{transliteration|grc|patris}} "fatherland." The term ''patriot'' was "applied to barbarians who were perceived to be either uncivilized or primitive and who had only a common Patris or fatherland." The original European meaning of ''patriots'' applied to anyone who was a fellow countryman regardless of the socio-economic status.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kemiläinen |first=Aira |year=1989 |title=The idea of patriotism during the first years of the French Revolution |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/0191-6599%2889%2990193-9|url-access=subscription |journal=History of European Ideas |volume=11 |issue=1–6 |pages=11–19 |doi=10.1016/0191-6599(89)90193-9 |issn=0191-6599}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:"Be Patriotic sign your country's pledge to save the food." - NARA - 512548.jpg|thumb|right|An American poster with a patriotic theme (1917), issued by the U.S. Food Administration during World War I]]
The notions of [[civic virtue]] and group dedication can be found in cultures globally throughout history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=patriotism - 401 Words |url=https://www.studymode.com/essays/Patriotism-55662260.html|url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Studymode}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2023}} For [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] thinkers of 18th-century Europe, loyalty to the state was chiefly considered in contrast to loyalty to the [[Catholic Church|Church]]. It was argued that clerics should not be allowed to teach in public schools since their {{lang|fr|patrie}} was heaven, so they could not inspire love of the homeland in their students. One of the most influential proponents of this notion of patriotism was [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]].<ref name="books.google.com"/>{{page needed|date=August 2023}}

Enlightenment thinkers also criticized what they saw as the excess of patriotism. In 1774, [[Samuel Johnson]] published ''The Patriot'', a critique of what he viewed as false patriotism. On the evening of 7 April 1775, he made the famous statement, "Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel."<ref>{{Citation|last=Boswell|first=James|author-link=James Boswell|title=The Life of Samuel Johnson|title-link=Life of Samuel Johnson|year=1791|publisher=The Modern Library|location=New York|isbn=|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.262597/page/n540/mode/1up 525]}}</ref> [[James Boswell]], who reported this comment in his ''[[Life of Johnson]]'', does not provide context for the quote, and it has therefore been argued that Johnson was in fact attacking a false use of "patriotism" by contemporaries such as [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute]] (the patriot-minister) and his supporters; Johnson spoke elsewhere in favor of what he considered "true" patriotism.<ref name="Griffin p. 21">{{Citation|last=Griffin|first=Dustin|title=Patriotism and Poetry in Eighteenth-Century Britain|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-00959-1}}</ref> However, there is no direct evidence to contradict the widely held belief that Johnson's famous remark was a criticism of patriotism itself.{{Fix| subst=<includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly>| link=Argument_from_ignorance| text=no evidence|date=August 2023}}

==Cultural aspects==
{{See also|Cultural nationalism}}

Many patriotic people take pride in sharing a distinct, common culture, believing it to be central to their [[national identity]] and unity. Many are devoted to the preservation of their traditional culture and encourage [[cultural assimilation]] by people from other cultures. However, some of the more [[civic nationalism|civic]] forms of patriotism tend to de-emphasize ethnic culture in favor of a shared [[political culture]].<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite encyclopedia |title=Patriotism |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |last=Baumeister |first=Andrea |date=4 July 2023 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |location=United States |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/patriotism-sociology }}
|2={{cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=Royal J. |year=1956 |title=Cultural Nationalism in Herder |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=407–417 |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|doi=10.2307/2707552|jstor=2707552 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2707552|url-access=subscription}} }}</ref>

==Philosophical issues==
Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence to a [[State religion|national religion]] (a [[civil religion]] or even a [[theocracy]]). This is the opposite of the [[separation of church and state]] demanded by the Enlightenment thinkers who saw patriotism and faith as similar-and-opposed forces. [[Michael Billig]] and [[Jean Bethke Elshtain]] both argued that the difference between patriotism and faith is difficult to discern and relies largely on the attitude of the one doing the labelling.<ref>{{cite book|last=Billig|first=Michael|title=Banal Nationalism|title-link=Banal Nationalism|location=London|publisher=Sage Publishers|year=1995|pages=56–58}}</ref>

[[Christopher Heath Wellman]], professor of [[philosophy]] at [[Washington University in St. Louis]], says a popular view of the "patriotist" position is robust obligations to compatriots and only minimal [[good samaritan|samaritan]] responsibilities to foreigners.<ref name="LRRECS">{{Cite book|title=Liberal Rights and Responsibilities: Essays on Citizenship and Sovereignty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sco4AAAAQBAJ|url-access=limited|first=Christopher Heath|last=Wellman|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=2014|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Sco4AAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA32 32], [https://books.google.com/books?id=Sco4AAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA50 50]|isbn=9780199982189}}</ref> Wellman calls this position "patriotist" rather than "nationalist" to single out the members of territorial, political units rather than cultural groups.<ref name="LRRECS"/>

[[George Orwell]], in his influential essay ''[[Notes on Nationalism]]'' distinguished patriotism from the related concept of [[nationalism]]:

<blockquote>By 'patriotism' I mean devotion to a particular place and a particular way of life, which one believes to be the best in the world but has no wish to force upon other people. Patriotism is of its nature defensive, both militarily and culturally. Nationalism, on the other hand, is inseparable from the desire for power. The abiding purpose of every nationalist is to secure more power and more prestige, ''not'' for himself but for the nation or other unit in which he has chosen to sink his own individuality.<ref>{{cite book|last=Orwell|first=George|chapter=Notes on Nationalism|title=Essays|year=1994|publisher=Penguin|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/penguinessaysofg0000orwe|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/penguinessaysofg0000orwe/page/300/mode/2up 300–301]|isbn=9780140188035 }}</ref></blockquote>

=== Opposition ===
{{Main|Anti-patriotism}}
[[Voltaire]] stated that "It is lamentable, that to be a good patriot one must become the enemy of the rest of mankind."<ref>{{cite book|author=Voltaire|chapter=Country|title=A Philosophical Dictionary|title-link=Dictionnaire philosophique|volume=II|year=1824|orig-year=1764|location=London|publisher=John & H.L. Hunt|page=327}}</ref> [[Arthur Schopenhauer]] wrote that “The cheapest sort of pride is national pride; for if a man is proud of his own nation, it argues that he has no qualities of his own of which a person can be proud.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Schopenhauer|first=Arthur|chapter=The Wisdom of Life|title=The Wisdom of Life, and Other Essays|location=London|publisher=M. Walter Dunne|translator-first1=Bailey|translator-last1=Saunders|translator-first2=Ernest Belfort|translator-last2=Bax|series=Universal Classics Library|orig-year=1851|year=1901|url=https://archive.org/details/wisdomoflife0000scho|url-access=registration|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/wisdomoflife0000scho/page/n22/mode/1up|chapter-url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/wisdomoflife0000scho/page/52/mode/1up 52]}}</ref>

[[Kōtoku Shūsui]], a famous Japanese [[anarchist]] of the late 19th/early 20th century, devoted a large section of his widely read ''Imperialism, Monster of the Twentieth Century'' to a condemnation of patriotism.<ref name=Tierney>{{cite book|translator-last=Tierney|translator-first=Robert|title=Imperialism: Monster of the Twentieth Century|first=Shūsui|last=Kōtoku|year=1901|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/shusui-kotoku-imperialism}}</ref>{{rp|5}} One of the many arguments is based on the [[Confucianism|Confucian]] value of empathy: "I am as convinced as [[Mencius]] that any man would rush without hesitation to rescue a child who was about to fall into a well... A human being moved by such selfless love and charity does not pause to think whether the child is a family member or a close relative. When he rescues the child from danger, he does not even ask himself whether the child is his own or belongs to another."{{r|Tierney|page=143}} Patriotism is used to dehumanize others whom we would naturally have empathy for. He argues, "[P]atriotism is a discriminating and arbitrary sentiment confined to those who belong to a single nation state or live together within common national borders",{{r|Tierney|page=59}} a sentiment cultivated and used by militarists in their drive for war.

[[Marxists]] have taken various stances regarding patriotism. On one hand, [[Karl Marx]] famously stated that "The working men have no country"<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm |title=Manifesto of the Communist Party|year=1848|chapter=II. Proletarians and Communists |publisher=Marxists.org |access-date=2013-11-03}}</ref> and that "the supremacy of the proletariat will cause [national differences] to vanish still faster." The same view is promoted by present-day [[Trotskyism|Trotskyists]] such as [[Alan Woods (political theorist)|Alan Woods]], who is "in favour of tearing down all frontiers and creating a socialist world commonwealth."<ref>{{cite web|title=Alan Woods outlines the resistance to capitalism at Montreal's Concordia University|first=Isa|last=Al-Jaza'iri|date=2 November 2012|url=https://www.marxist.com/alan-woods-talks-at-concordia-u-montreal.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210133415/http://www.marxist.com/alan-woods-talks-at-concordia-u-montreal.htm|archive-date=December 10, 2014|website=In Defence of Marxism}}</ref> On the other hand, [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist-Leninists]] and [[Maoism|Maoists]] are usually in favour of [[socialist patriotism]] based on the theory of [[socialism in one country]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Motyl|first=Alexander J.|author-link=Alexander J. Motyl|title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-227230-1}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2023}}

[[Anarchism|Anarchists]] oppose patriotism.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Primoratz |first1=Igor |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781315599724/patriotism-igor-primoratz-aleksandar-pavkovic|url-access=subscription |title=Philosophical and Political Perspectives |last2=Pavkovic |first2=Aleksandar |editor-first1=Aleksandar |editor-last1=Pavkovic |year=2016 |doi=10.4324/9781315599724|isbn=9781317083177 }}</ref> This was exemplified by [[Emma Goldman]], who stated: <blockquote>Indeed, conceit, arrogance, and egotism are the essentials of patriotism. Let me illustrate. Patriotism assumes that our globe is divided into little spots, each one surrounded by an iron gate. Those who have had the fortune of being born on some particular spot, consider themselves better, nobler, grander, more intelligent than the living beings inhabiting any other spot. It is, therefore, the duty of everyone living on that chosen spot to fight, kill, and die in the attempt to impose his superiority upon all the others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman|first=Emma|title=Patriotism: a menace to liberty |year=1917|url=https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emma-goldman-patriotism-a-menace-to-liberty |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=The Anarchist Library |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

===Region-specific issues===
In the [[European Union]], thinkers such as [[Jürgen Habermas]] have advocated a "[[Euro-patriotism]]", but patriotism in Europe is usually directed at the [[nation-state]] and more often than not coincides with "[[Euroscepticism]]".<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Grygiel |first1=Jakub |title=The Return of Europe's Nation-States |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/return-europes-nation-states|url-access=subscription |website=Foreign Affairs Magazine |date=3 October 2016 |publisher=Hein Company |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>

==Surveys==
Several surveys have tried to measure patriotism, such as the [[Correlates of War]] project which found some correlation between war propensity and patriotism. The results from different studies are time dependent. For example, according to the project, patriotism in [[Germany]] before [[World War I]] ranked at or near the top,{{Compared to?|date=July 2023}} whereas today it ranks at or near the bottom{{Compared to?|date=July 2023}} of patriotism surveys.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Correlates of War Project |url=https://correlatesofwar.org/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Correlates of War}}</ref> However, there are also other surveys according to which modern Germany is indeed very patriotic.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{Cite web |archive-date=2016-10-05 |title=Deutsch-Sein – Ein neuer Stolz auf die Nation im Einklang mit dem Herzen |url=http://www.identity-foundation.de/images/stories/downloads/Studie_Deutsch-Sein_final_klein.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005112907/http://www.identity-foundation.de/images/stories/downloads/Studie_Deutsch-Sein_final_klein.pdf |language=de|access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Identity Foundation}}
|2={{Cite web |title=Stolz Deutscher zu sein |url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/6573/umfrage/stolz-deutscher-zu-sein/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Statista |language=de}}
|3={{Cite web |last=Greenwood |first=Shannon |date=2021-05-05 |title=5. National pride and shame |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2021/05/05/5-national-pride-and-shame/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |language=en-US}} }}</ref>

{{Asof|since=y|1981}}, the [[World Values Survey]] explores people's national values and beliefs and refer to the average answer "for high income residents" of a country to the question "Are you proud to be [insert nationality]?".{{copy edit inline|date=July 2023}} It ranges from 1 (not proud) to 4 (very proud).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Morse |first1=Adair|last2=Shive|first2=Sophie Anne |title=Patriotism in Your Portfolio |journal=Journal of Financial Markets |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=411–40 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/35931|doi=10.1016/j.finmar.2010.10.006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125010752/http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/adair.morse/research/nat080211.pdf |archive-date=November 25, 2011 |year=2011 |hdl=2027.42/35931 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In 2022, U.S. adults who said they were "extremely proud" to be an American hit an all-time low, according to a [[Gallup, Inc.|Gallup]] poll.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brenan |first=Megan |date=2023-06-29 |title=Extreme Pride in Being American Remains Near Record Low |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/507980/extreme-pride-american-remains-near-record-low.aspx |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Collective narcissism]]
* [[Cultural identity]]
* [[Patriot movement]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

{{Collier's Poster|Patriotic Societies}}
* {{cite book | last1=Bar-Tal | first1=Daniel | last2=Staub | first2=Ervin | title=Patriotism in the Lives of Individuals and Nations | publisher=Wadsworth Publishing Company | year=1999 | isbn=0-8304-1410-X}}
* {{cite book|first=Charles|last=Blatberg|title=From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-19-829688-6}}
* {{cite book|first=Craig|last=Calhoun|chapter=Is it Time to Be Postnational?|title=Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights|editor-first1=Stephen|editor-last1=May|editor-first2=Tariq|editor-last2=Modood|editor-first3=Judith|editor-last3=Squires|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|pages=231–56|isbn=9780511489235 }}
* {{cite book|first1=Joshua|last1=Cohen|author-link2=Martha C. Nussbaum|first2=Martha C.|last2=Nussbaum|title=For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism|publisher=Beacon Press|year=1996|isbn=0-8070-4313-3}}
* {{cite book|first=Paul|last=Gomberg|chapter=Patriotism is Like Racism|editor-link=Igor Primoratz|editor-first=Igor|editor-last=Primorac|title=Patriotism|publisher=Humanity Books|year=2002|pages=105–12|isbn=1-57392-955-7}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Jürgen Habermas|first=Jürgen|last=Habermas|chapter=Appendix II: Citizenship and National Identity|title=Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy|translator-first=William|translator-last=Rehg|publisher=MIT Press|year=1996}}
* {{cite book|first=Johan|last=Huizinga|chapter=Patriotism and Nationalism in European History|title=Men and Ideas. History, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance|translator-first1=James S.|translator-last1=Holmes|translator-first2=Hans|translator-last2=van Marle|location=New York|publisher=Meridian Books|year=1959}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Alasdair MacIntyre|first=Alasdair|last=MacIntyre|chapter=Is Patriotism a Virtue?|editor-first=R.|editor-last=Beiner|title=Theorizing Citizenship|year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|pages=209–28}}
* {{cite book|author-link=George Orwell|first=George|last=Orwell|chapter=Notes on Nationalism|chapter-url=https://www.orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat|title=England Your England and Other Essays|publisher=Secker and Warburg|year=1953}}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Primoratz | editor-first=Igor | title=Patriotism | publisher=Humanities Press International | year=2002 | isbn=1-57392-955-7}}
* {{cite book | last=Viroli | first=Maurizio | title=For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism | publisher=Oxford University Press on Demand | year=1997 | isbn=0-19-829358-5}}
* {{cite web|author-link=John Witherspoon|first=John|last=Witherspoon|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Dominion_of_Providence_Over_the_Passions_of_Men|title=The Dominion of Providence Over The Passions of Man|location=Princeton|date=May 17, 1776}}

{{Conformity}}
{{Virtues}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Patriotism| ]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]

Patriotism - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article