imported>Bhagya sri113: Adding "literal"

2021-08-29T13:18:14Z

Adding "literal"

New page

{{distinguish|Pathupattu}}
{{Copy edit|date=June 2021}}
{{italic}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Patiṟṟuppattu<br />{{lang|ta|பதிற்றுப்பத்து}}
| image = Book Extract Pathirrup pathu.gif
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = An extract from the ''Patirruppattu''
| author = Multiple poets of the post-Sangam era
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working = Pathitrupathu
| translator =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
| series = [[Eight Anthologies]] anthology of the [[Eighteen Greater Texts]] series
| subject = ''Puram'' (public life)-genre{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=51–52}}
| genre = [[Poetry]]
| set_in = Post-[[Sangam era]] (between 2nd and 5th century CE){{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=41–43 with Chart 4}}{{sfn|George Hart|Hank Heifetz|2001|pp=xv-xvi}}<ref name="Zvelebil1974p17"/>
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
}}
{{Sangam literature}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
'''''Patiṟṟuppattu''''' ({{lang-ta|பதிற்றுப்பத்து}}, lit. ''Ten Tens'') is a classical [[Tamil literature|Tamil poetic]] work and one of the [[Eight Anthologies]] (''Ettuthokai'') in the [[Sangam literature]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=51–52}} It is a panegyric collection that exclusively contains ''puram'' (war, public life) category of Sangam poems. The [[Chera kingdom|Chera kings]] are the centre of this work and is refereed to as Cheramal. The invocatory poem is on Maayon or Mal ([[Vishnu]]).<ref name="Hart1999xv">{{cite book|author1=George Hart|author2=Hank Heifetz|title=The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil : the Purananuru|url=https://archive.org/details/fourhundredsongs00 |url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11562-9|pages=xv–xvii}}</ref>

The ''Patiṟṟuppattu'', sometimes spelled ''Pathitrupathu'',<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲|author2=K. M. Irulappan|title=Heritage of the Tamils: Language and Grammar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GoOAAAAYAAJ|year=1980|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies|page=457}}</ref> originally contained ten sections of ten poems each dedicated to a decade of rule in ancient [[Kerala]] (Cerals, [[Chera dynasty|Chera]]), but the first and the last have been lost to history.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=52-53}}<ref name="Wilden2014p12">{{cite book|author=Eva Maria Wilden|title=Manuscript, Print and Memory: Relics of the Cankam in Tamilnadu |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KuPmBQAAQBAJ |year= 2014|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn= 978-3-11-035276-4|pages=12 with footnote 26}}</ref> Of the surviving poems, the II-VI decade-related poems are about the three generations of rulers from the [[Nedum Cheralathan|Imayavaramban dynasty]]. The remaining poems are about the three generations of rulers from the Irumporai dynasty.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=52-53}} In the palm-leaf manuscripts of the ''Patirruppattu'', each decade ends with an epilogue in verse style called the {{transl|ta|patikam}} of later date, followed by a colophon in prose. Thereafter is a commentary written in or after 13th century CE, according to [[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer]] – the Tamil scholar who rediscovered Sangam manuscripts.<ref name=kz17/>

The ''Patiṟṟuppattu'' poems were composed by several poets and a poetess, signifying the scholarly role accepted for women in ancient [[South India]]. The poems praise the rulers and heroes in the form of a [[hagiography]], but the core seems to be based on real history.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=52-53}} They mention the Hindu deities [[Shiva]], [[Murugan]] and [[Korravai]] (Uma, Durga), and their worship by warriors and the king.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Traditions on Subrahmaṇya-Murugan|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nnIcAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|pages=80–86}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ishita Banerjee-Dube|author2=Saurabh Dube|title=Ancient to modern: religion, power, and community in India|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wpvXAAAAMAAJ|year=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-569662-2|pages=65–66}}</ref> The poems, the epilogues, and the colophons included in the manuscripts are also of significance to ancient culture and sociological studies. The poetry likely relies on older but unknown common [[oral tradition]] sources that are shared by Tamil epics of post-Sangam era.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=52-53}}

The ''Patirruppattu'' anthology states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar, was likely composed over time, the early layer sometime between 2nd and 4th century CE, and the later layer sometime between 3rd and 5th century CE.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=41–43 with Chart 4}}{{sfn|George Hart|Hank Heifetz|2001|pp=xv-xvi}}<ref name="Zvelebil1974p17">{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC |year=1974|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01582-0|pages=17–23 with footnotes}}</ref> The poems and {{transl|ta|patikams}} of this collection have been of significant historical importance.<ref name=kz17/> According to [[T. P. Meenakshisundaram]] (1949), the ''Patiṟṟuppattu'' is the "only available book of ancient Chera history".<ref>In his introduction (PP 5-8) to the Patiṟṟppattu edition published by Saiva Siddhantha Nurpathippukkazhagam, with Auvai Duraisamy Pillai's annotations and Commentary, first published in 1949, Chennai.</ref>

==Structure==
{{refimprove-section|date=July 2010}}
The ten verses in each of the eight tens now available have a common structure. Each verse has a title or caption. This title is a catchy phrase found in the text of the verse. The text of the verse follows the caption or title. What follows at the end of each verse is the information about the poetic theme that is referred to under the Tamil term துறை ({{transl|ta|turai}}), rhythm referred to using the Tamil word வண்ணம் (Vannam), (metre) referred to as தூக்கு (Thookku) and the name of the verse referred to as பெயர் ({{transl|ta|peyar}}). This type of information is rarely found in other works of classical Tamil literature. There is also an epilogue at the end of each of the ten verses known as {{transl|ta|patikams}}. These details about the theme, rhythm, metre, name and the epilogues are added by the composers of {{transl|ta|patikams}} at a later date which is earlier than the date of the commentaries as the commentators have given annotations to the {{transl|ta|patikams}} in addition to the verses.

==Contents==
{{refimprove-section|date=July 2010}}
The ''Patirruppattu'' poems are about ten decades of Chera kings. The second, third, fourth and the fifth ten of the work describe the Imayavaraman dynasty and the other three books, namely the sixth, seventh and the eighth ten deal with the Irumporai dynasty. These are called the Ceral, or Ceralar in plural.<ref>John Ralston Marr (1958), The Eight Anthologies, Institute of Asian Studies, Madras 600 041, SOAS University of London Thesis, pages 283–285</ref>

Each decade has 10 poems, each poem has an average length of 21 lines with the entire decade averaging 211 lines. The shortest of the verses consists of five lines (v. 87) and the longest verse in the work comprises 57 lines (v. 90). The supplementary {{transl|ta|patikams}} at the end of each decade vary in length from 10 to 21 lines.<ref>John Ralston Marr (1958), The Eight Anthologies, Institute of Asian Studies, Madras 600 041, SOAS University of London Thesis, pages 284–287</ref> The poems include graphic details of war and violence.<ref>John Ralston Marr (1958), The Eight Anthologies, Institute of Asian Studies, Madras 600 041, SOAS University of London Thesis, pages 286–288</ref>

===Patikams===
Each of the verses of the extant eight tens of Patirruppattu has at its end a composition known as a {{transl|ta|patikam}}. They offer supplementary information about the decade. These {{transl|ta|patikams}} were added to these tens at a later date, but before the time of medieval commentator Atiyarkkunallar, who wrote a commentary on ''Silappatikaram'' because he quotes from these {{transl|ta|patikams}}.<ref>John Ralston Marr (1958), The Eight Anthologies, Institute of Asian Studies, Madras 600 041, SOAS University of London Thesis, pages 292–293</ref>

===First Ten===
{{Chera Dynasty}}
These poems have been lost.

===Second Ten===
These ten poems were written by Kumattur Kannan about the Cheral king [[Imayavaramban Nedun-Cheralatan]].

===Third Ten===
[[Palyanai Sel Kelu Kuttuvan]] - "Puzhiyarkon" Palyani Sel Kelu Kuttuvan was the brother of [[Nedum Cheralathan]] and the hero of the third decade of the Pathitrupathu composed by Palai Gautamanar. He helped his brother in the conquests of northern Malabar. At least a part of northern Malabar came under the Chera rule in this period as is proven by the title "Puzhiyarkon" assumed by Palanai. In the later years of his life, Palyanai retired from military life and spent time in arts, letters, gifts and helping [[Brahmin]]s.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=69}}

===Fourth Ten===
The poet Kappiyatru Kaapiyanaar composed these poems about the Chera prince, Narmudi Cheral. Narmudi won a series of victories over his enemies, but was always generous to the defeated. In the battle of Vakaiperumturai Narmudi Cheral defeated and killed [[Mushika Kingdom|Nannan of Ezhimalai]], annexing Puzhinadu.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=69}}

Kapiyanar received 4,000,000 gold coins for his composition.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=69}}

===Fifth Ten===
[[Paranar]] composed these ten poems about the [[Chera dynasty|Cheran king]] [[Ceṅkuṭṭuvan]] (Senguttuvan) and received prince Kuttuvan Ceral as 'present'.<ref name="SangaIlakkiyam_2">{{cite book | last = Kowmareeshwari (Ed.) | first = S. | title = Kurunthogai, Paripaadal, Kalitthogai | publisher = Saradha Pathippagam | series = Sanga Ilakkiyam | volume = 2 | edition = 1 | date = August 2012 | location = Chennai | pages = 442 | language = ta }}</ref> According to Zvelebil, the Paranar poems are probably the best examples of the heroic genre in the entire collection.<ref name=kz17>{{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=Tamil Literature|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC |year= 1974|publisher= Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn= 978-3-447-01582-0|pages= 17–18}}</ref>

This section is notable for the dating of the earliest Tamil epic ''[[Silappatikaram]]''. The fifth ten includes many details about Ceṅkuṭṭuvan's family and rule, but never mentions that he had a brother who became an ascetic or wrote one of the most cherished epics.<ref name="Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ2004"/> This has been one of the reasons to consider the legendary author Ilango Adikal to be a myth extrapolated later into the epic, and the ruling out that the epic was a part of the Sangam literature.<ref name="Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ2004">{{cite book|author1=Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ|author2=R Partaasarathy|title=The Cilappatikāram: The Tale of an Anklet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWPg7EvPirgC|year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-303196-3|pages=6–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author= Gananath Obeyesekere| title= Gajabahu and the Gajabahu Synchronism| journal= The Ceylon Journal of the Humanities|volume= 1|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GV3abjkKdB4C|year=1970 |publisher=University of Sri Lanka |page=44}}</ref>

===Sixth Ten===
[[Adu Kottu Pattu Cheralathan]] was a crown prince for a long 38 years and the hero of the 6th decad. He never ascended the Chera throne. He was a patron of trade and commerce, the letters and the arts. He is described as having given an entire village in Kuttanad to [[Brahmin]]s.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=70}}

===Seventh Ten===
The famous poet [[Kapilar]] composed these poems about Cheran Celvakkadungo Vazhi Aathan.

===Eighth Ten===
Cheral king Perunceral Irumporai was the subject of these ten poems.

===Ninth Ten===
These poems were written about the Cheral king Perunceral Irumporai (possibly the brother of the king in the previous ten poems eulogised by Perunkunrurkizhar).

===Tenth Ten===
These poems have been lost.

==See also==
* [[Eight Anthologies]]
* [[Eighteen Greater Texts]]
* [[Sangam literature]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===

* {{cite book|last1=Menon|first1=A. Sreedhara|author-link1=A. Sreedhara Menon|title=A survey of Kerala history|date=2007|publisher=D C Books|location=Kerala, India|isbn=8126415789|edition=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C}}
* Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
* {{cite book|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-03591-5}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patirruppattu}}
{{Tamil language}}
[[Category:Sangam literature]]

Patiṟṟuppattu - Revision history

imported>Bhagya sri113: Adding "literal"