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The '''Pathalgadi movement''' was started by tribals in khunti district of Jharkhand as a resistance movement to assert their rights, including the right to sovereign territory. Pathalgadi literally translates to 'carving a stone'. On these stones orders would be carved by the tribals, orders such as restricting the entry of outsiders.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Tewary|first=Amarnath|date=2018-04-14|title=The Pathalgadi rebellion|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-pathalgadi-rebellion/article23530998.ece|access-date=2020-05-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== About ==
Tribals from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] in Jharkhand would sometimes erect engraved stones in times of birth or death.<ref>{{Cite web|title=After Gruesome Killings, Jharkhand's Pathalgadi Movement Under Scrutiny Again|url=https://thewire.in/rights/gruesome-killings-jharkhand-pathalgadi|last=Kiro|first=Santosh K.|date=23 January 2020|website=The Wire|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> This tradition took on a new shape with the passage of the [[Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996]] (PESA Act).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=What was Pathalgadi movement, and why Hemant Soren govt withdrew cases related to it|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/what-was-pathalgadi-movement-and-why-hemant-soren-govt-withdrew-cases-related-to-it/342680/|last=Sharma|first=Unnati|date=2019-12-31|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> Two civil servants started erecting stones with the PESA Act and [[Scheduled Areas|Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India]] on them, so as to spread awareness among the tribals about their rights.<ref name=":1" /> Essentially, the stones were taken to indicate self-rule, demarcate sovereign territory and prohibit entry of outsiders.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Jharkhand: Days after cases withdrawn, 7 killed over Pathalgadi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-days-after-cases-withdrawn-7-killed-over-pathalgadi-6230662/|last=Angad|first=Abhishek|date=2020-01-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=7 Killed in Jharkhand Over Pathalgadi: What Is the Movement About?|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/explained-what-is-pathalgadi-movement-jharkhand|last=Maanvi|date=2020-01-23|website=The Quint|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> An example of what is written on one of the slabs:<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last1=Bhagat-Ganguly|first1=Varsha|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECCmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT198&lpg=PT198&dq=Pathalgadi+movement#q=Pathalgadi%20movement|title=India's Scheduled Areas: Untangling Governance, Law and Politics|last2=Kumar|first2=Sujit|date=2019-07-30|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-22797-0|location=|pages=|language=en|chapter=Understanding the Pathalgadi movement}}</ref>

{{Quote|text='''English translation of the declaration on the slab'''
:1 By Article 13 (3)(a) of Constitution of India, custom or tradition is the force of law (i.e., power of constitution)
:2 By Article 19(5) prohibition is imposed on entry of outside or non-custom individuals to freely roam, reside, stay or settle in fifth schedule district of area.
:3 By the constitution of India Article 19(6) prohibition is laid on outside to carry trade, business and seek employment in this area.
:4 Under the fifth schedule area or districts according to Article 244(1) part (b) para (5)(1) no general law of centre or state is applicable.|author=By Orders, Gram Sabha - Bhandra|title=|source=}}

The words on the slab are not a direct representation of the meaning as is conveyed in the Constitution.<ref name=":6" /> These slabs were initially erected in four districts of Jharkhand - [[Khunti]], [[Gumla district|Gumla]], [[Simdega district|Simdega]] and [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]].<ref name=":2" />

== History ==
In May 2016, the central government introduced two [[Ordinance (India)|ordinances]] which enabled transfer of tribal land to the government as well as for commercial purposes. Following this the Pathalgadi movement regained prominence to fight for the tribal ''Jal-Jungle-Jameen'' (water-forest-land) and new stones were erected. The first tribal villages to start the practice were in [[Khunti district]], the birthplace [[Birsa Munda]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Jal, Jangal aur Jameen:' the Pathalgadi Movement and Adivasi Rights|url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/pathalgadi-movement-nation-autonomy-rights-adivasi-jharkhand|last=|first=|date=14 October 2019|website=EPW Engage|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> The ordinances had to be withdrawn. The tribals behind the movement also boycotted the [[2019 Indian general election]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In 2018, a list of demands had been sent to various officials, including the President.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Pathalgadi movement, a rebellion against government with opium taint|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pathalgadi-movement-jharkhand-khunti-1270963-2018-06-27|last=Dutta|first=Prabhash K.|date=27 June 2018|website=India Today|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref>

However by June 2019, many of the tribals, out of fear of arrest or harassment, have moved away from the movement.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Jharkhand's Pathalgadi movement loses steam as fear clouds villages|url=https://thefederal.com/states/east/jharkhand/jharkhands-pathalgadi-movement-loses-steam-as-fear-clouds-villages/|last=Kujur|first=Anupa|date=2019-06-27|website=The Federal|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> In blocks such as [[Khunti block|Khunti]], [[Arki block|Arki]] and [[Murhu block|Murhu]], nearly 10% of the population was booked.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Activists Protest Repression of Tribals Engaged in Pathalgadi Movement|url=https://thewire.in/rights/pathalgadi-movement-jharkhand-tribals|last=|first=|date=22 July 2019|website=The Wire|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> People’s Liberation Front of India (PLFI)<ref>{{Cite web|title=SIT links Jharkhand killings to Pathalgadi movement, PLFI|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sit-links-jharkhand-killings-to-pathalgadi-movement-plfi/story-OtroXFu1sGxepRQ7SnMzQK.html|last=Sarkar|first=Debashish|date=2020-02-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref> leaders associated with the movement had been arrested, thousands of tribals were arrested and FIRs filed against at least 14000 people. Some people were booked for sedition.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jharkhand govt must engage with Khunti citizens, protestors demand|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/jharkhand-govt-must-engage-with-khunti-citizens-protestors-demand-65768|last=Pandey|first=Kundan|date=22 July 2019|website=Down to Earth|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Terror Run|url=https://www.magzter.com/article/Journals/India-Legal/Terror-Run|last=Mishra|first=Neeraj|date=|website=www.magzter.com|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> Among the leaders included Father Alfonso Aind, charged in the Kochang gang rape incident, which had been carried out as revenge against women who dared to enter a Pathalgadi village for the purpose of spreading awareness about human trafficking.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life term until death to Father Aind, five others, in Khunti gang rape case|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/life-term-until-death-to-father-aind-five-others-in-khunti-gang-rape-case/story-YBCGnJlVdN86cLs9XdPkhK.html|last=Saran|first=Bedanti|date=2019-05-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> While the movement has faded away in a number of areas, in some places like Garhwa village in Khunti it continues.<ref name=":4" />

However in early 2020, seven people were beheaded in violence related to the movement.<ref name=":3" /> An opium cultivation connection as well as a Maoist connection has been described in the India media.<ref name=":5" /> Media coverage of the movement, though expansive, is critical, and considers the movement "anti-development".<ref name=":6" />
"Samu Oreya, Birsa Oreya and Babita Kacchap involved in Pathalghadi movement in Jharkhand were detained in Gujarat. They were trying to incite people in Vyara and Mahisagar against the government," the Gujarat Anti-Terrorist Squad (ATS) said in a statement."They were trying to incite people against the present government in Gujarat's Vyara and Mahisagar. They were inciting people of Satipati community," said ATS.The special force also said that they were trying to raise money for the Pathalgadi movement.

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{India-stub}}
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]

https://m.timesofindia.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-ats-arrests-three-people-involved-in-jharkhands-pathalgadi-movement/amp_articleshow/77168394.cms?__twitter_impression=true

Pathalgadi movement - Revision history

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