imported>Frank6292010: Reverting edit(s) by 2A00:23C4:B58D:B401:401A:5924:6582:F2DA (talk) to rev. 1036960582 by ClueBot NG: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

2021-08-03T18:15:15Z

Reverting edit(s) by 2A00:23C4:B58D:B401:401A:5924:6582:F2DA (talk) to rev. 1036960582 by ClueBot NG: Vandalism (RW 16.1)

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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Patchouli
|image = Pogostemon_cablin_001.jpg
|genus = Pogostemon
|species = cablin
|authority = (Blanco) [[George Bentham|Benth.]]
|synonyms = Nilam, Patchouly
}}

'''Patchouli'''<ref group=note>Also spelled ''patchouly'' or ''pachouli''.</ref> ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|tʃ|u:|l|i}}; ''Pogostemon cablin''), from [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''paccuḷi'',<ref>{{cite web |title=patchouli |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/patchouli |website=Merriam Webster Dictionary }}</ref> is a species of flowering plant in the family [[Lamiaceae]], commonly called the mint or deadnettle family. The plant grows as a bushy [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herb]], with erect [[Plant stem|stems]] reaching up to 75 centimetres (2.5 ft) in height and bearing small, pale pink-white flowers.

It is native to the island region of [[Southeast Asia]], including [[Sri Lanka]], [[Indonesia]], the [[Malay Peninsula]], [[New Guinea]], and the [[Philippines]]. It is also found in many parts of North East India.<ref>{{cite web| title=''Pogostemon cablin'' (Blanco) Benth.| website=Plants Of the World Online| url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:454827-1}}</ref> Noted for its fragrant [[essential oil]], it has many commercial uses and is now extensively cultivated in tropical climates around the world, especially in Asia, [[Madagascar]], and South America and the Caribbean. Indonesia currently produces over 90% of the global volume of patchouli oil (~1,600 metric tons).

==Etymology==
The word derives from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''patchai'' ({{lang-ta|[[wikt:பச்சை|பச்சை]]}}), meaning "green", and ''ellai'' ({{lang-ta|[[wikt:இலை|இலை]]}}), meaning "leaf".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=patchouli+&searchmode=none |title=Patchouli |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> In [[Assamese language|Assamese]] it is known as ''xukloti''. In [[Kannada language|Kannada]] it is known as ''Pachhethene''.

==Cultivation==
Patchouli grows well in warm to tropical climates. It thrives in hot, humid weather but not extended periods of direct sunlight. If the plant withers due to lack of water, it tends to recover quickly after rain or watering. Although rare, the [[seed]]-producing [[flower]]s are very fragrant and blossom in late autumn. The tiny seeds may be harvested for planting, but they are very delicate and easily crushed. Cuttings and grafts from the mother plant and subsequent rooting in loamy soil are the most common methods for propagation.

==Essential oil==
[[Image:PatchouliEssentialOil.png|thumb|Patchouli (''Pogostemon cablin'') essential oil]]

===Extraction===
Extraction of patchouli's [[essential oil]] is by [[steam distillation]] of the dried leaves and twigs,<ref>{{cite web|title=Extraction of Patchouli Essential Oil by Steam Distillation Process|url=http://patchouli.co.id/distillation.html|website=Sumatrans Patchouli Essential Oil|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002195118/http://patchouli.co.id/distillation.html|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> requiring rupture of its [[cell wall]]s by steam scalding, light fermentation, or drying. The main chemical component of patchouli oil is [[patchoulol]], a [[sesquiterpene]] alcohol.

[[Leaf|Leaves]] and twigs may be harvested several times a year. Some sources say the highest quality oil is produced from fresh, share dried biomass distilled close to where they are harvested;<ref name="grieve">Grieve, Maude (1995) ''A Modern Herbal'' [http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/p/patcho15.html]. 2007</ref> others say that boiling the dried leaves and fermenting them for a period of time is best.<ref name="leung">Leung A, Foster S ''Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs and cosmetics'' John Wiley and Sons 1996</ref>

===Components===
* [[Germacrene|Germacrene-B]]<ref name="HasegawaTajima1992">{{cite journal|last1=Hasegawa|first1=Yoshihiro|last2=Tajima|first2=Katsuhiko|last3=Toi|first3=Nao|last4=Sugimura|first4=Yukio|title=An additional constituent occurring in the oil from a patchouli cultivar|journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal|volume=7|issue=6|year=1992|pages=333–335|issn=0882-5734|doi=10.1002/ffj.2730070608}}</ref>
* [[Patchoulol]]<ref name=scpp>{{cite journal|last1=Weyerstahl|first1=Peter|last2=Gansau|first2=Christian|last3=Marschall|first3=Helga|title=Structure–odour correlation. Part XVIII.1 Partial structures of patchoulol with bicyclo[2.2.2]octane skeleton|journal=Flavour and Fragrance Journal|volume=8|issue=6|year=1993|pages=297–306|issn=0882-5734|doi=10.1002/ffj.2730080603}}</ref><ref name=ssap>{{cite journal
| last = Hybertson
| first = Brooks M.
| title = Solubility of the sesquiterpene alcohol patchoulol in supercritical carbon dioxide
| journal = [[Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data]]
| volume = 52
| issue = 1
| pages = 235–238
| year = 2007
| doi = 10.1021/je060358w
| pmid = 19424449
| pmc = 2677825}}</ref><ref name=ggoa>{{cite journal
| last1 = Nikiforov
| first1 = Alexej |display-authors=etal
| last2 = Jirovetz
| first2 = Leopold
| last3 = Buchbauer
| first3 = Gerhard
| last4 = Raverdino
| first4 = Vittorio| title = GC-FTIR and GC-MS in odour analysis of essential oils
| journal = Microchimica Acta
| volume = 95
| issue = 1–6
| pages = 193–198
| year = 1988
| doi = 10.1007/BF01349751
| bibcode = 1988AcMik...2..193N | s2cid = 94104732 }}</ref>
* [[Norpatchoulenol]]<ref name=ggoa />

==Uses==
The heavy, strong, woody, and earthy scent of patchouli has been used for centuries in [[perfume]]s, and more recently in [[incense]], [[insect repellent]]s, [[chewing tobacco]], and many [[alternative medicines]].

''Pogostemon cablin'', ''P. heyneanus'' and ''P. plectranthoides'' are all cultivated for their [[essential oil]], known as patchouli oil. Although there are some sub-varieties, the most common commercial varieties are native to the islands of [[Sumatra]] and [[Sulawesi]] in Indonesia.

===Perfume===
Patchouli is used widely in modern [[perfumery]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Ballentine |first=Sandra |url=https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/05/vain-glorious-sex-in-a-bottle/ |title=Vain Glorious | Sex in a Bottle |publisher=Tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com |date=5 November 2010 |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> by individuals who create their own scents, <ref name="wisegeek.com">{{cite web | url = http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-patchouli.htm | title = What is Patchouli? | publisher = wisegeek.com}}</ref> as well as in modern scented personal products, such as [[Bay Rum]], and industrial products, too, such as paper towels, laundry [[detergent]]s, and [[air freshener]]s. Two important components of its essential oil are [[patchoulol]] and [[norpatchoulenol]].<ref name="wisegeek.com"/>

===Insect repellent===
One study suggests that patchouli oil may serve as an all-purpose insect repellent.<ref name="phyto">{{cite journal |last1=Trongtokit |first1=Yuwadee |last2=Rongsriyam |first2=Yupha |last3=Komalamisra |first3=Narumon |last4=Apiwathnasorn |first4=Chamnarn |title=Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites |journal=Phytotherapy Research |year=2005 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=303–309 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1637 |pmid=16041723|s2cid=23425671 }}</ref> More specifically, the patchouli plant is claimed to be a potent repellent against the [[Coptotermes formosanus|Formosan subterranean termite]].<ref name="ZhuHenderson2003">{{cite journal|last1=Zhu|first1=Betty C.-R.|last2=Henderson|first2=Gregg|last3=Yu|first3=Ying|last4=Laine|first4=Roger A.|title=Toxicity and Repellency of Patchouli Oil and Patchouli Alcohol against Formosan Subterranean TermitesCoptotermes formosanusShiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=51|issue=16|year=2003|pages=4585–4588|issn=0021-8561|doi=10.1021/jf0301495| pmid = 14705881}}</ref>

===Incense===
Patchouli is an important ingredient in East Asian [[incense]]. Both patchouli oil and incense underwent a surge in popularity in the 1960s and 1970s in the US and Europe, mainly as a result of the [[hippie]] movement of those decades.<ref>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Steven|title=Desk Reference to Nature's Medicine|year=2006|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-7922-3666-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ex229rf-bEC&q=patchouli%20oil%201960's&pg=PA282|author2=Johnson, Rebecca L.|page=282}}</ref>

===Culinary===
Patchouli leaves have also been used to make an [[herbal tea]]. In some cultures, the leaves are eaten as a vegetable or used as a seasoning. There are also several herbal medicines, both in Indonesia and in China (TCM), that include dry, ground patchouli leaves as one of the key ingredients.

===Toys===
In 1985, American toy manufacturer [[Mattel]] used patchouli oil in the plastic used to produce the [[action figure]] [[Stinkor]] in the [[Masters of the Universe]] line of toys.<ref>[http://www.oafe.net/yo/motustink.php Stinkor: Masters of the Universe]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Notes===
<references group=note/>

{{Taxonbar|from=Q257757}}

[[Category:Pogostemon]]
[[Category:Incense material]]
[[Category:Perfume ingredients]]
[[Category:Insect repellents]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Essential oils]]
[[Category:Hippie movement]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1848]]

Patchouli - Revision history

imported>Frank6292010: Reverting edit(s) by 2A00:23C4:B58D:B401:401A:5924:6582:F2DA (talk) to rev. 1036960582 by ClueBot NG: Vandalism (RW 16.1)