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2023-11-24T05:36:33Z

clean up, added uncategorised tag

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:06, 24 November 2023
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	The earliest known example in India, the Pataliputra capital (3rd century BCE) is decorated with rows of repeating [[rosette (design)\|rosettes]], [[ovolo]]s and [[bead and reel]] mouldings, [[Meander (art)\|wave-like]] [[Scroll (art)\|scrolls]] and side [[volute]]s with central rosettes, around a prominent central [[flame palmette]], which is the main motif. These are quite similar to [[Classical Greece\|Classical Greek]] designs, and the capital has been described as quasi-[[Ionic order\|Ionic]].<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="BvoC 2010, p.44"/> Greek influence,<ref name="John Boardman 1993, p.110"/> as well as [[Persian Empire\|Persian]] [[Achaemenid architecture\|Achaemenid influence]] have been suggested.<ref name="auto1"/>		The earliest known example in India, the Pataliputra capital (3rd century BCE) is decorated with rows of repeating [[rosette (design)\|rosettes]], [[ovolo]]s and [[bead and reel]] mouldings, [[Meander (art)\|wave-like]] [[Scroll (art)\|scrolls]] and side [[volute]]s with central rosettes, around a prominent central [[flame palmette]], which is the main motif. These are quite similar to [[Classical Greece\|Classical Greek]] designs, and the capital has been described as quasi-[[Ionic order\|Ionic]].<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="BvoC 2010, p.44"/> Greek influence,<ref name="John Boardman 1993, p.110"/> as well as [[Persian Empire\|Persian]] [[Achaemenid architecture\|Achaemenid influence]] have been suggested.<ref name="auto1"/>

	The [[Sarnath capital]] is a pillar capital discovered in the archaeological excavations at the ancient [[Buddhist]] site of [[Sarnath]].<ref name="ASI">{{cite book \|title=Archaeological Survey Of India Annual Report 1906-7 \|date=1909 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208474/page/n132 72] \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208474}}</ref> The pillar displays [[Ionic order\|Ionic]] volutes and [[palmette]]s.<ref name="BRM">{{cite book \|last1=Mani \|first1=B. R. \|title=Sarnath : Archaeology, Art and Architecture \|date=2012 \|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India \|page=[https://archive.org/details/sarnatharchaeolo00mani/page/60 60] \|url=https://archive.org/details/sarnatharchaeolo00mani}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Majumdar \|first1=B. \|title=Guide to Sarnath \|date=1937 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30293/page/n63 41] \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30293}}</ref> It has been variously dated from the 3rd century BCE during the [[Mauryan Empire]] period,<ref>Presented as a "Mauryan capital, 250 BC" with the addition of recumbant lions at the base, in the page "Types of early capitals" in {{cite book \|last1=Brown \|first1=Percy \|title=Indian Architecture (Buddhist And Hindu) \|date=1959 \|page=x \|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54756#page/n33/mode/2up}}</ref~~><ref name="ASI"/~~> to the 1st century BCE, during the [[Sunga Empire]] period.<ref name="BRM"/> One of the faces shows a galopping horse carrying a rider, while the other face shows an elephant and its [[Mahout\|mahaut]].<ref name="BRM"/>		The [[Sarnath capital]] is a pillar capital discovered in the archaeological excavations at the ancient [[Buddhist]] site of [[Sarnath]].<ref name="ASI">{{cite book \|title=Archaeological Survey Of India Annual Report 1906-7 \|date=1909 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208474/page/n132 72] \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208474}}</ref> The pillar displays [[Ionic order\|Ionic]] volutes and [[palmette]]s.<ref name="BRM">{{cite book \|last1=Mani \|first1=B. R. \|title=Sarnath : Archaeology, Art and Architecture \|date=2012 \|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India \|page=[https://archive.org/details/sarnatharchaeolo00mani/page/60 60] \|url=https://archive.org/details/sarnatharchaeolo00mani}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Majumdar \|first1=B. \|title=Guide to Sarnath \|date=1937 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30293/page/n63 41] \|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30293}}</ref> It has been variously dated from the 3rd century BCE during the [[Mauryan Empire]] period,<ref name="ASI"/><ref>Presented as a "Mauryan capital, 250 BC" with the addition of recumbant lions at the base, in the page "Types of early capitals" in {{cite book \|last1=Brown \|first1=Percy \|title=Indian Architecture (Buddhist And Hindu) \|date=1959 \|page=x \|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.54756#page/n33/mode/2up}}</ref> to the 1st century BCE, during the [[Sunga Empire]] period.<ref name="BRM"/> One of the faces shows a galopping horse carrying a rider, while the other face shows an elephant and its [[Mahout\|mahaut]].<ref name="BRM"/>

	The pillar capital in Bharhut, dated to the 2nd century BCE during the [[Sunga Empire]] period, also incorporates many of these characteristics,<ref>Early Buddhist Narrative Art by Patricia Eichenbaum Karetzky [https://books.google.com/books?id=9LjmXHFXju4C&pg=PR16 p.16]</ref><ref>Early Byzantine Churches in Macedonia & Southern Serbia by R.F. Hoddinott [https://books.google.com/books?id=WoSuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 p.17]</ref> with a central [[anta capital]] with many rosettes, beads-and-reels, as well as a central palmette design.<ref name="Tadgell"/><ref name="India Archaeological Report p185-196">India Archaeological Report, Cunningham, p185-196</ref><ref>Age of the Nandas and Mauryas by Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri [https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA376 p.376 sq]</ref> Importantly, recumbent animals (lions, symbols of Buddhism) were added, in the style of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]].		The pillar capital in Bharhut, dated to the 2nd century BCE during the [[Sunga Empire]] period, also incorporates many of these characteristics,<ref>Early Buddhist Narrative Art by Patricia Eichenbaum Karetzky [https://books.google.com/books?id=9LjmXHFXju4C&pg=PR16 p.16]</ref><ref>Early Byzantine Churches in Macedonia & Southern Serbia by R.F. Hoddinott [https://books.google.com/books?id=WoSuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 p.17]</ref> with a central [[anta capital]] with many rosettes, beads-and-reels, as well as a central palmette design.<ref name="Tadgell"/><ref name="India Archaeological Report p185-196">India Archaeological Report, Cunningham, p185-196</ref><ref>Age of the Nandas and Mauryas by Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri [https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA376 p.376 sq]</ref> Importantly, recumbent animals (lions, symbols of Buddhism) were added, in the style of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]].
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	This capital is smaller in size however, at 33 cm high, and 63 cm wide when complete.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofindiana030585mbp#page/n245/mode/2up\|title=History Of Indian And Eastern Architecture Vol I\|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> A similar capital with an elephant as the central motif has also been found in Sarnath.		This capital is smaller in size however, at 33 cm high, and 63 cm wide when complete.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofindiana030585mbp#page/n245/mode/2up\|title=History Of Indian And Eastern Architecture Vol I\|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> A similar capital with an elephant as the central motif has also been found in Sarnath.

	A pillar capital in [[Bharhut]],<ref>[[:File:Bharhut pillar capital.jpg]]</ref> dated to the 2nd century BCE during the [[Sunga Empire]] period, is an amalgam of the lions of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] and a central anta capital with many Hellenistic elements (rosettes, beads-and-reels), as well as a central palmette design similar to that of the Pataliputra capital.<ref~~>The East: Buddhists, Hindus and the Sons of Heaven, Architecture in context II, Routledge, 2015, by Christopher~~ Tadgell ~~[https://books.google.com/books?id=DaTbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 p.24]<~~/~~ref~~><ref name="India Archaeological Report p185-196"/> Monumental capitals with a central palmette design can still be found several centuries later in examples such as the [[Mathura lion capital]] (1st century CE).		A pillar capital in [[Bharhut]],<ref>[[:File:Bharhut pillar capital.jpg]]</ref> dated to the 2nd century BCE during the [[Sunga Empire]] period, is an amalgam of the lions of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] and a central anta capital with many Hellenistic elements (rosettes, beads-and-reels), as well as a central palmette design similar to that of the Pataliputra capital.<ref name="Tadgell"/><ref name="India Archaeological Report p185-196"/> Monumental capitals with a central palmette design can still be found several centuries later in examples such as the [[Mathura lion capital]] (1st century CE).

	A later capital found in [[Mathura]] dating to the 2nd or 3rd century ([[Kushan Empire\|Kushan period]]) displays a central palmettes with side volutes in a style described as "Ionic", in the same kind of composition as the Pataliputra capital but with a coarser rendering. ([https://issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart/docs/dma_artsofindiasoutheastasia2/54 photograph]).<ref>The Arts of India, Southeast Asia, and the Himalayas at the Dallas Museum of Art, Published on 12 December 2013. Article with photograph [https://issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart/docs/dma_artsofindiasoutheastasia2/54]</ref>		A later capital found in [[Mathura]] dating to the 2nd or 3rd century ([[Kushan Empire\|Kushan period]]) displays a central palmettes with side volutes in a style described as "Ionic", in the same kind of composition as the Pataliputra capital but with a coarser rendering. ([https://issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart/docs/dma_artsofindiasoutheastasia2/54 photograph]).<ref>The Arts of India, Southeast Asia, and the Himalayas at the Dallas Museum of Art, Published on 12 December 2013. Article with photograph [https://issuu.com/dallasmuseumofart/docs/dma_artsofindiasoutheastasia2/54]</ref>
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	{{Coord\|25\|36\|07\|N\|85\|10\|48\|E\|display=title}}		{{Coord\|25\|36\|07\|N\|85\|10\|48\|E\|display=title}}

			{{Uncategorized\|date=November 2023}}

Bharatwiki Socrates: Created page with "{{Infobox artifact |image = 270px |name = Pataliputra capital |image_caption = Pataliputra palace capital (front and left-side view), early Maurya Empire period, 3rd century BCE. [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ic/id/7370 Another modern photograph of the capital]. |material = Unpolished buff sandstone |size = Height: 85 cm
Width: 123 cm Weight: 1,800..."

2023-11-20T13:19:40Z

Created page with "{{Infobox artifact |image = 270px |name = Pataliputra capital |image_caption = Pataliputra palace capital (front and left-side view), early Maurya Empire period, 3rd century BCE. [http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ic/id/7370 Another modern photograph of the capital]. |material = Unpolished buff sandstone |size = Height: 85 cm<br> Width: 123 cm Weight: 1,800..."

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Pataliputra capital - Revision history

CleanupBot: clean up, added uncategorised tag