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{{short description|2002 suicide bombing by the Palestinian militant group Hamas in Netanya, Israel}}
{{redirect|Netanya suicide attack|the suicide attack in the Netanya market|Netanya Market bombing}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}

{{Infobox terrorist attack
| title= Park Hotel Passover attack
| partof=the [[Second Intifada]]
| image=Passover massacre II.jpg
| caption=The dining hall of the Park Hotel following the attack
| map={{location map|Israel center ta
| lat_deg=32|lat_min=19|lat_sec=57|lat_dir=N
| lon_deg=34|lon_min=51|lon_sec=03|lon_dir=E
| border=infobox|label={{bg|white|'''The attack site'''}}|position=top
| caption =
}}
| location = [[Netanya]], [[Israel]]
| target=
| coordinates = {{coord|32|19|57|N|34|51|03|E|display=inline}}
| date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2002|3|27}}
| time=19:30 pm
| time-begin=
| time-end=
| timezone=[[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]+2
| type = [[Suicide bomber]]
| fatalities=30 civilians (+ 1 perpetrator)
| injuries=140 civilians
| perps=[[Hamas]] claimed responsibility
}}

The '''Passover massacre'''<ref>Sources describing the incident as the "Passover massacre":
* [http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/26/israel.hamas "Alleged Passover massacre plotter arrested"], [[CNN]], 26 March 2008.
* Ohad Gozani, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1389228/Hotel-blast-survivors-relive-the-Passover-massacre.html "Hotel blast survivors relive the Passover massacre"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 29 March 2002.
* "This reached a peak following the Passover massacre in the seaside resort of Netanya..." David Newman, "The consequence or the cause? Impact on the Israel-Palestine Peace Process", in Mary E.A. Buckley, Mary Buckley, Rick Fawn. ''Global Responses to Terrorism: 9/11, the War in Afghanistan, and Beyond'', Rouledge, 2003; {{ISBN|0-415-31429-1}}, p. 158.
* "They faced stiff resistance from Palestinian gunmen who began preparing the camp's defenses as early as the Passover massacre in Netanya..." Todd C. Helmus, Russell W. Glenn. ''Steeling the Mind: Combat Stress Reactions and Their Implications for Urban Warfare'' Rand Corporation, 2005; {{ISBN|0-8330-3702-1}}, p. 58.
* "It can therefore be asked whether the 'human bomb' offensive starting with the Passover massacre on 27 March 2002..." Brigitte L. Nacos, "The Terrorist Calculus Behind 9–11: A Model for Future Terrorism?" in [[C. Augustus Martin|Gus Martin]]. ''The New Era of Terrorism: Selected Readings'', Sage Publications Inc, 2004; {{ISBN|0-7619-8873-4}}, p. 176.</ref> was a [[suicide bombing]] carried out by [[Hamas]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2951975.stm Israel seals off territories for Passover], bbc.co.uk, 16 April 2003.</ref> at the Park Hotel in [[Netanya]], Israel on 27 March 2002, during a [[Passover seder]]. Thirty civilians were killed in the attack and 140 were injured. It was the deadliest attack against Israelis during the [[Second Intifada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/ten-years-after-passover-bombing-survivors-return-to-netanyas-park-hotel/ |title=Ten years after Passover blast, survivors return to Park Hotel |publisher=The Times of Israel |date=27 March 2012 |access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref>

==The attack==
[[File:Park Hotel in Netenya, Israel.JPG|280px|thumb|Park Hotel in Netanya. Photo taken in 2012]]
During the Jewish holiday of [[Passover]] in 2002, Park Hotel in the Israeli coastal city of [[Netanya]] held its traditional annual [[Passover seder]] for its 250 guests, in the hotel dining room located at the ground floor of the hotel.{{cn|date=March 2021}}

On the evening of 27 March 2002, a Palestinian bomber, Abdel-Basset Odeh (or Abd Al-Baset Odeh), disguised as a woman approached the hotel carrying a suitcase which contained powerful explosives. The suicide bomber managed to pass the security guard at the entrance to a hotel, then he walked through the lobby passing the reception desk and entered the hotel's crowded [[dining room]].{{cn|date=March 2021}}

At 19:30 ([[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]+2) the suicide bomber detonated the explosive device he was carrying. The force of the explosion instantly killed 28 civilians and injured about 140 people, of whom 20 were injured severely. Two of the injured later died from their wounds. Some of the victims were [[Holocaust survivor]]s.<ref>Patience, Martin. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6510799.stm "Israelis wary of Arab peace plan"], bbc.co.uk, 31 March 2007; accessed 28 May 2008.</ref><ref>Ruth Morris and Laura King. [http://articles.latimes.com/2003/mar/31/world/fg-bomb31 "Bombing in Israeli City Injures 56"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 31 March 2003.</ref><ref>Linda Grant. [https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4455249,00.html "Defenders of the faith"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 6 July 2002.</ref>

Most of the victims were senior citizens (70 and over). The oldest victim was 90 and the youngest was 20 years old. A number of married couples were killed, as well as a father together with his daughter. One of the victims was a Jewish tourist from Sweden who was visiting Israel for Passover.<ref>[https://archive.today/20071008070814/http://www.irgun.org.il/showPage.asp?pageCode=171 Massacre during Passover Seder in the Park Hotel, Netanya] , irgun.org.il; accessed 14 December 2015.</ref>

Seventy-three of the 140 injured in the attack were evacuated to [[Laniado Hospital]] in neighboring [[Kiryat Sanz, Netanya]]. Although established as a regional hospital, Laniado had established a [[trauma center]] and emergency protocol in the wake of [[suicide attack|suicide bombings]] and [[List of terrorist incidents|terrorist attacks]] in the Netanya area during the [[Second Intifada]]. In addition to medical teams, the hospital benefited from the volunteerism of [[Hasidic Jews|Hasidim]] living in Kiryat Sanz, who donated blood, carried stretchers, and otherwise assisted the medical staff.<ref>Marks, Yehudah. "Park Hotel Pesach Massacre: 15 years later". ''[[Hamodia]]'', 6 April 2017, pp. 18–19.</ref>

The initial plot for the Passover massacre included the use of [[cyanide]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?fbdid=607268|title=מתכנן הפיגוע במלון פארק בנתניה תיכנן גם פיגוע המוני באמצעות ציאניד – גלובס|newspaper=Globes|date=August 2002}}</ref> 4 kg of [[cyanide]]{{dubious|Cyanide or chlorine? Mess, or both and the 4 kg figure a coincidence? Poor editing/research.|date=November 2019}} had been bought and prepared for a chemical attack{{dubious|*An* attack, or *this* attack? Has a connection beyond Abbas al-Sayyid's implication been proven? Tell so!|date=November 2019}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4879943|title=Park Hotel Bombing Mastermind Also Planned Mass Poisoning|publisher=Haaretz|date=11 February 2005|access-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> Tarak Zidan{{dubious|Who is that? Typical copy-and-paste mess.|date=November 2019}} had been recruited to [[Hamas]], and during 1997 he researched the use of [[chlorine]] and other [[nerve agent]]s to be used in terror attacks. In 2002, 4 kg of chlorine had been bought and packed for the attack. For unknown reasons it was not used and passed to Abbas al-Sayyid instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lebanonwire.com/1005/05102101WI.asp|title=Lessons from Recent Attacks|access-date=14 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324231931/http://www.lebanonwire.com/1005/05102101WI.asp|archive-date=24 March 2014}}</ref>

== Hamas response ==
[[Hamas]] claimed responsibility for the attack. The bomber was identified as Abdel-Basset Odeh (Abd Al-Baset Odeh), a 25-year-old from the nearby [[West Bank]] city of [[Tulkarm]]. Hamas spokesman Usama Hamdan said that "This is a trial (attempt) to send a letter, to send a message, to all the world that we are trying to fight for our own freedom against a terrorist government in Israel led by Sharon" and that Israelis "have to expect those attacks from everywhere, from every Palestinian group."<ref name=CNN>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/03/27/mideast/ {{"'}}Passover massacre' at Israeli hotel kills 19"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404051046/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/03/27/mideast/ |date=4 April 2008 }}. [[CNN]]. 27 March 2002.</ref> Another Hamas spokesperson [[Abdel Aziz Rantisi]] said "[a]s long as there is occupation, there will be a resistance" and denied that the attack was timed to coincide with the [[Arab Peace Initiative|peace initiative]] of the [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] government at the [[Beirut Summit]], an initiative rejected by Hamas.<ref>[http://www.sptimes.com/2002/03/29/Worldandnation/Hamas_rejects_Arab_pe.shtml "Hamas rejects Arab peace overture to Israel, vows to continue attacks"], Associated Press, 29 March 2002.</ref>

==Official reactions==

=== Israel ===

Israeli government spokesman Gideon Meir related to the attack saying "what we had tonight was a Passover massacre" and added "There is no limit to Palestinian barbarism."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2002-03-28/news/18198244_1_passover-massacre-massive-retaliatory-attack-palestinian-authority |title=Breaking, World, US & Local News|work=NY Daily News|access-date=14 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614052902/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2002-03-28/news/18198244_1_passover-massacre-massive-retaliatory-attack-palestinian-authority|archive-date=14 June 2012}}</ref>

=== Palestinian Authority ===
Palestinian Authority officials "strongly condemned" the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1389098/Arab-states-agree-peace-plan.html|title=Arab states agree peace plan|date=28 March 2002|work=The Telegraph|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> Palestinian President [[Yasser Arafat]] personally ordered the arrests of militants associated with Hamas, [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Islamic Jihad]], and the [[Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades]] as a response.<ref name=VOA>[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2002-03/a-2002-03-28-26-Israel.cfm Israel Considers Response to 'Passover Massacre'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913233220/http://voanews.com/english/archive/2002-03/a-2002-03-28-26-Israel.cfm |date=13 September 2008 }}. [[Voice of America]]. 28 March 2008.</ref>

During a television broadcast on the Palestinian TV channel, Arafat praised the Palestinian people for the current [[Second Intifada|popular uprising against Israel]], but stressed that "We are against killing civilians on both sides".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/28/world/mideast-turmoil-mideast-bomb-kills-least-19-israel-arabs-meet-over-peace-plan.html|title=MIDEAST TURMOIL: MIDEAST; BOMB KILLS AT LEAST 19 IN ISRAEL AS ARABS MEET OVER PEACE PLAN|date=28 March 2002|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>

=== Saudi Arabia ===
Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah condemned it,<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE5DD1F3BF93AA15750C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Mideast Turmoil]. ''The New York Times''. 29 March 2002.</ref> while also commenting that "I will add to this by saying to the Israeli people that if their government stopped its methods of violence and destruction, and agreed to real peace, we will not hesitate in accepting that Israel live in peace with the rest of the nations in the region."<ref name=shadow>[http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/stories/s516352.htm Latest suicide attack overshadows Arab summit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205172923/http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/stories/s516352.htm |date=5 December 2007 }}. ''Lateline''. [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]. Program originally broadcast 28 March 2002.</ref>

=== United Nations ===
[[Kofi Annan]], [[United Nations Secretary General]] stated that he condemned suicide bombings against Israeli civilians as morally repugnant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/sgsm8179.doc.htm|title=LE SECRETAIRE GENERAL DECLARE QUE L'ATTENTAT D'HIER AU MOYEN-ORIENT NUIT CONSIDERABLEMENT A LA CAUSE PALESTINIENNE|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>

=== United States ===
President of the United States [[George W. Bush]] condemned the attack and called on [[Yasser Arafat]] and the Palestinian Authority to do everything in their power to stop the terrorist killing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1897949.stm|title=BBC: Bush condemns 'callous' killing|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>

US Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]] stated that the bombing set the peace process back but vowed to continue.<ref name=CNN/>

==Aftermath==
===Diplomacy===
In his response to the [[Arab Peace Initiative]] adopted at the [[2002 Arab League summit|Arab League's summit in Beirut]], [[Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel]] [[Shimon Peres]] noted that "... the details of every peace plan must be discussed directly between Israel and the Palestinians, and to make this possible, the Palestinian Authority must put an end to terror, the horrifying expression of which we witnessed just last night in Netanya."<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/About+the+Ministry/MFA+Spokesman/2002/Response+of+FM+Peres+to+the+decisions+of+the+Arab.htm Response of FM Peres to the decisions of the Arab Summit in Beirut], Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs; accessed 14 December 2015.</ref>

===Israeli retaliation===
{{Main|Operation Defensive Shield}}
The attack was perceived in Israel as the high point of a bloody month in which more than 135 Israelis, mostly civilians, were killed in terror attacks.<ref>Ophir Falk and Henry Morgenstein:
''Suicide terror: understanding and confronting the threat''</ref><ref>[http://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-event List of Second Intifada casualties] B'Tselem (''see the 01.03.2002–31.03.2002 period'')</ref><ref>[http://biu.ac.il/soc/besa/Hillel_Frisch/(De)Fence%20or%20Offense%20pdf.pdf Fence or Offense? Testing the Effectiveness of "The Fence" in Judea and Samaria] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221558/http://biu.ac.il/soc/besa/Hillel_Frisch/(De)Fence%20or%20Offense%20pdf.pdf |date=14 July 2014 }}, Bar-Ilan University website; accessed 14 December 2015.</ref>

Following the Passover massacre attack the Israeli government declared a state of emergency, ordered the immediate recruitment of 20,000 reservists in an emergency call-up, and in the following day launched the large-scale [[counter-terrorism]] operation [[Operation Defensive Shield]] in the [[West Bank]] which took place between 29 March and 10 May.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Yedioth Aharonoth Books and Chemed Books |isbn=978-965-511-767-7 |last=Harel |first=Amos |author2=Avi Isacharoff |title=The Seventh War |pages=274–275 |location=Tel-Aviv |year=2004}}</ref>

Qeis Adwan, head of the suicide bombing network responsible for the [[massacre]],<ref>"Keis Adwan, the hub of the northern Samaria network, had also lost a number of close associates in Israeli security forces operations (Rubin 2002)". Pedahzur, Ami. Perliger, Arie. "The Changing Nature of Suicide Attacks – A Social Network Perspective", ''Social Forces'' – Volume 84, Number 4, [[University of North Carolina Press]], June 2006, pp. 1987–2008.</ref> was killed by IDF forces on 5 April 2002<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-1815308,00.html|title=ynet רשימת המוות של המבוקש קייס עדואן – חדשות|work=ynet|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref> during Operation Defensive Shield, after the IDF and the [[Yamam]] caught him in [[Tubas]], some 70 kilometers north of [[Jerusalem]]. An armored [[IDF Caterpillar D9]] bulldozer toppled the house where he was hiding, after he was given a chance to surrender and refused.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/30/magazine/the-most-wanted-palestinian.html|work=The New York Times|title=The Most Wanted Palestinian|date=30 June 2002|access-date=21 May 2010}}</ref>

===Arrests and killings of perpetrators===
One of the two chief planners of the attack, Qais Adwan, a Hamas member who was involved in numerous attacks in which a total of 77 people were killed, was killed in a shootout with the IDF during Operation Defensive Shield.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-1815308,00.html|title = רשימת המוות של המבוקש קייס עדואן|newspaper = Ynet}}</ref> In May 2002, Israeli forces arrested the other chief planner, Abbas al-Sayed. On 22 September 2005, al-Sayed was convicted of the Passover attack and also of ordering the May 2001 bombing of a [[Netanya]] mall. He received 35 life sentences for each murder victim and additional time for those who were wounded.

Fathi Khatib, who transported the bomber to his target, Mohand Sharim, who financed the operation and helped hide the bomber, Muammar Abu Sheikh, who recruited the bomber to Hamas and transferred the explosive belts used in the attack to an explosives expert for examination, and Nasser Yatiya, who helped transport the explosive belts, were tried and convicted together in an Israeli military court in April 2003 and handed 29 life sentences.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-2565273,00.html|title = 29 מאסרי עולם לחוליה שביצעה הפיגוע במלון "פרק"|newspaper = Ynet}}</ref> Nasser Yatiya was released in the [[Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange]] in 2011. Muhammad Taher, who prepared the explosive charges, was killed in a clash with Israeli [[Shayetet 13]] naval commandos in June 2003.

On 26 March 2008 Hamas commander Omar Jabar, suspected of helping organize the attack, was arrested in [[Tulkarem]] by IDF troops of the [[Nahshon Battalion]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7315168.stm|work=BBC News|title=Israel Passover bomb suspect held|date=26 March 2008|access-date=26 March 2010}}</ref> In March 2013 he was convicted over his role and sentenced to 30 years in prison.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.walla.co.il/item/2631477 | title=30 שנות מאסר לאחרון המעורבים בפיגוע במלון פרק | date=8 April 2013 | publisher=walla.co.il | language=he | access-date=29 August 2020 }}</ref>

In September 2009, Muhammad Harwish, a senior [[Hamas]] militant and a planner of the Passover Massacre, was arrested by the Border Police's elite [[Yamam]] [[counter-terror]] squad in his home village along with an aide, Adnan Samara.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-nabs-hamas-man-allegedly-tied-to-park-hotel-massacre-1.7842 |title=Israel Nabs Hamas Man Allegedly Tied to Park Hotel Massacre |publisher=Haaretz |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=15 October 2017}}</ref>

=== Soccer Championship tournament ===
In 2003, the [[Palestinian Authority]] sponsored a soccer tournament, ''Tulkarm Shahids Memorial Soccer Championship Tournament of the Shahid Abd Al-Baset Odeh'', describing the perpetrator as a "[[Martyr (shahid)|shahid]]" ("martyr").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.palwatch.org/pages/news_archive.aspx?doc_id=594|title=Football tournament honors suicide terrorists|author=Itamar Marcus|publisher=Palestinian media watch|access-date=24 May 2010}}</ref><ref name=Cole2007p186>Cole, Leonard A (2007). ''Terror: How Israel has Coped and What America Can Learn''. [[Indiana University Press]]. p. 186; {{ISBN|978-0-253-34918-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/terrorhowisraelh0000cole|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/terrorhowisraelh0000cole/page/186 186]|title=Terror: How Israel Has Coped and What America Can Learn|last=Cole|first=Leonard A.|date=2007-05-23|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253000019|language=en}}</ref>

71% of Palestinians polled about the tournament approved of naming it in honor of the bomber.<ref>[http://www.nysun.com/editorials/palestinian-poll/77925/ Palestinian Poll]</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of massacres in Israel]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents, 2002]]
* [[List of Hamas suicide attacks]]
* [[Battle of Jenin (2002)]]
* [[Israeli casualties of war]]
* [[Palestinian political violence]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090612102025/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/mfaarchive/2000_2009/2002/3/passover%2Bsuicide%2Bbombing%2Bat%2Bpark%2Bhotel%2Bin%2Bnetanya.htm Passover suicide bombing at Park Hotel in Netanya – 27 March 2002] – published at the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* [http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/26/israel.hamas/ "Alleged Passover massacre plotter arrested"], [[CNN]], 26 March 2008.
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/03/29/wmid229.xml "Hotel blast survivors relive the Passover massacre"]{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' 29 March 2002
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/video/36617000/rm/_36617637_mideast22_bush_vi.ram US President George W Bush "This cold blooded killing must stop", 27 March 2002]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/video/36613000/rm/_36613629_mideast19_meir_vi.ram Israeli Government spokesman Gideon Meir "Palestinian violence knows no boundaries", 27 March 2002]

{{Terrorist attacks against Israelis in the 2000s}}
{{Palestinian militancy attacks in the 2000s}}
{{Israeli-Palestinian Conflict}}


[[Category:Suicide bombings in 2002]]
[[Category:Israeli casualties in the Second Intifada]]
[[Category:Suicide bombing in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Israel in 2002]]
[[Category:Massacres in 2002]]
[[Category:Massacres in Israel]]
[[Category:Massacres in Israel during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Terrorist attacks attributed to Palestinian militant groups]]
[[Category:Palestinian terrorism]]
[[Category:March 2002 crimes]]
[[Category:March 2002 events in Asia]]
[[Category:Hamas attacks]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2002]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in Israel]]

Passover massacre - Revision history

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