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added Category:Jainism in Uttar Pradesh using HotCat

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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Devgarha2.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Shantinath Temple, Deogarh]] at [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]] ]]
{{Jainism}}
'''Parwar''', also spelt as '''Paravāra''' (परवार in Hindi, पौरपट्ट in Sanskrit inscriptions), is a major [[Jain]] community from the [[Jainism in Bundelkhand|Bundelkhand region]], which is largely in [[Madhya Pradesh]], but also includes [Lalitpur District, Jhansi District of Uttar Pradesh] region of Uttar Pradesh. Apart from this District Nagpur (Maharashtra) have also a very large Parwar community. There is an area in Itwari of Nagpur known as Parwar-Pura having large number of Parwar's homes and shops . Most of the Nagpur's Parwar are migrated from Sagar, Deori, and other small villages of Sagar District of MP. Parwar exclusively follow the Digambar Jain tradition. Parwar usually preferred their marriage within community. There are 12 Gotra in Parwar community. Each Gotra has 12 Moor (lineages). A marriage within the same gotra or lineage are not allowed. Traditionally a marriage within any of the 8 branches (the moor of boy or girl, mother's family, father's mother's family etc) was not permitted and hence the community was termed ashta-shakha.<ref>Parwar Bandhu, Year 2, Issue 3, March 1924, p. 131</ref>

A number of Jain scholars have belonged to this community, including [[Tarana Swami]], the founder of [[Taran Panth]] and the [[Bhattaraka]]s of [[Chanderi]]. [[Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh)|Osho]] was born in the [[Samaiya]] section of this community. Also, Pandit [[Sumerchand Diwakar]], Pandit [[Nathuram Premi]], Dr Hiralal Jain, Dr Mahendrakumar Nyayacarya, Pandit Phulacandra Shastri, Pandit Hiralal Jain, Pandit Balacandra Shastri, Pandit Jaganmohanlal Shastri, Pandit Devakinandan Nayak, [[Swami Satyabhakta]], Wardha, philosopher, founder of Satya Samaj (1899–1998) many other illustrious scholars of Jainism were born in the Parwar [also spelt as Paravara] community. The map of districts having large number of Parwar Jain in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh is shown below.
[[File:Mp-parwar-108.jpg|thumb|Map of district having large Digambar Parwar Jain Community]]

==History==
A number of inscriptions mentiong the community have been found in the region adjacent to the [[Betwa]] river,<ref>Siddhantacharya Phulachandra Shastri, Parwar Jain Samaj ka Itihas, 1990, Jabalpur</ref> which flows on the border of MP and UP. In the older inscriptions they are called Paurapatta or Puravada. The oldest inscriptions include those found at Vidisha (948 CE),<ref>[[Epigraphia Indica]], Vol XXX, 1987, p.210-219</ref>Pachrai (1065 CE), [[Aharji]] (1152, 1153), [[Chanderi]] (VS 1252,13450), Sironj (VS 1299, 1316), Narwar (VS 1319). A long inscription at [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]] of VS 1493 mentions Lakshaman Singhai and his large family, who installed an idol of Lord [[Shantinath]] under the supervision of [[Bhattaraka]] Devendrakirti of [[Balatkara Gana]]. It is probably the first mention of the [[Singhai]] (or [[Singhai|Sanghapati]]) title in the region.

Some authors have proposed a historic connection between the Parwar and the [[Porwad]] communities.<ref>Siddhantacharya Phulachandra Shastri, Parwar Jain Samaj ka Itihas, 1990, Jabalpur</ref>

Jainism had a continuous presence in this region since antiquity. Jainism was flourishing during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period at [[Vidisha]] region. The Durjanpur idols installed during the rule of [[Ramagupta]] date to about 365 AD. The Udaigiri cave [[Parshvanath]] inscription mentioning the lineage of Bhadranvaya is dated to 425 AD.<ref>Kasturchand Jain Suman, Bharatiya Digambar Jain Abhilekh aur Tirth Parichay, Madhya-Pradesh: 13 vi shati tak, Delhi, 2001</ref> The great Shantinath temple at Deogarh was built before 862 CE, suggesting a prosperous Jain community in this region.

According to [[Mahavamsa]], Devi, the wife of [[Maurya]] [[Ashoka]] was a daughter of a merchant of [[Vidisha]], whose son [[Mahinda (buddhist monk)|Mahinda]] took Buddhism to Sri Lanka. It is likely that the Parwar community is a continuation of the ancient merchant community of the region.

==Organization==

The Parwars are divided into 12 [[gotra]]s, each gotra is further divided into 12 shakhas (mura)s. Traditionally 4 of the shakas of the grandparents of the boy, and four of the shakhas of the grandparents of the girl were required to be distinct for a marriage to take place. Thus the Parwars were sometimes termed ashta-shaha.

There were once several social divisions among the Parwars, which are no longer significant.

Some Parwars follow [[Taran Panth]] and are called Samaiya, because Taran Swami based his teachings on [[Samayasara]] of Acharya Kundakunda.

Parwar Sabha was founded in 1917 at Ramtek, after the Bundelkhandiya Jain Sabha broke into community groups. In the 1924 convention, it was proposed that only four shakhas be considered for marriage, but the proposal was defeated. A newsletter Parwar Bandhu was published during 1929–1944.

{{Location map |India
|label = Deogarh
|label_size = 80
|alt =
|position = right
|background =
|lat = 24.55
|long = 78.25
|mark =
|marksize = 6
|border =
|caption = Historical Parwar center
|float =
|width = 200
}}

A "Parwar Directory" was published in 1924 which included population data, according to which the Parwar population then was 48,074.<ref>Parwar Directory, Pannalal Jain Sivni, 1924</ref> The community resided in 1438 towns and villages with largest population in [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Jhansi]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Damoh]] and [[Tikamgarh]] districts. The largest number are in [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]] (1122 in 1924), Mungawali (481), Khaniadhana (320), Pachhar (Ashoknagar Isagarh), Mandawara (304), Sivni (358), [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] (595), Bamora (374), [[Khurai]] (503), [[Bina Etawa|Bina-Itawa]] (358), Pindarai (Mandla 314),Jabalpur (1058) and [[Tikamgarh]]. This puts the majority of the major centers within a 50-mile radius from [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]] (see
[https://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&q=24.55,78.25&ie=UTF8&z=9&ll=24.549622,78.250122&spn=1.931091,2.051697&om=1],
[http://www.expedia.com/pub/agent.dll?qscr=mrdt&ID=3XNsF.&CenP=24.549580,78.249632&Lang=WLD0409&Alti=200&Size=656,532&Offs=0,0&MapS=0&Pins=|78a1b7 Map]) along the Betwa river in early 20th century.

The main concentration of the Parwars is still in these towns; however, many of them have moved to major industrial cities further away such as Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore. A few Parwar families now migrated to Americas.

==Distinguished Paravāra Jains==


* [[Bhattaraka]] Devendrakirti, founder of [[Chanderi]] and Gandhar/Rander seat.
* [[Nathuram Premi|Pandit Nathuram Premi]], Historian, publisher and editor (26 November 1881 – 30 January 1960)
* [[Rajneesh|Osho Rajneesh]] (1931–1990)
* Pandit [[Balachandra Shastri]], Traditional Jain Scholar, best remembered for his work on the ''Satkhandāgama'' and the ''Kasāyapāhuda''
* Pandit [[Hiralal Shastri]] (Sadumal)(1904-1981), Traditional Jain Scholar, Prakritist and Nyaya specialist, remembered for his Hindi tr. of the ''Kasāyapāhuda'' mula patha along with the Curni by [[Yativrsabha]].<ref>[http://hira-pub.org/hiralekh/2004A%20Pandit%20Hira%20Lal%20Siddhant%20Shastri%20by%20Arun%20Kumar.pdf Pandit Hiralal Siddhanta Shastri, Arun Kumar Jain, Anekeanta, 2004, p. 24-34]</ref>
* [[Swami Satyabhakta]], Wardha, philosopher, founder of Satya Samaj (1899–1998)
* [[Singhai]] Lakshmana, who installed Lord Shantinatha at [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Devgarh]] in 1436.


==See also==
{{commons category|Parwar (Jain)}}
* [[Chanderi]]
* [[Balatkara Gana]]
* [[Jainism in Bundelkhand]]
* [[Golalare]]
* [[Golapurva]]
* [[Gahoi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Jain communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:Jainism in Uttar Pradesh]]

Parwar (Jain community) - Revision history

imported>Shyamsunder: added Category:Jainism in Uttar Pradesh using HotCat