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{{Infobox royalty
| name = Parviz Mirza
| image = Prince Sultan Parviz.jpg
| caption = Sultan Parviz Mirza
| title = [[Shah#Shahzada|Shahzada]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]
| spouse = Jahan Banu Begum<br>Daughter of Mirza Rustam<br>Manbhavati Bai
| issue = Sultan Durandish<br>[[Nadira Banu|Nadira Banu Begum]]
| father = [[Jahangir]]
| mother = [[Sahib Jamal]]
| birth_date = 10 November 1589
| birth_place = [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1626|10|28|1589|11|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Burhanpur]], [[India]]
| place of burial = Bagh Sultan Parviz, [[Agra]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=editor|first1=general|last2=editors|first2=Salma K. Jayyusi ; special|last3=Holod|first3=Renata|last4=Petruccioli|first4=Attilio|last5=Raymond|first5=André|title=The city in the Islamic world|url=https://archive.org/details/cityislamicworld00jayy|url-access=limited|date=2008|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004162402|page=[https://archive.org/details/cityislamicworld00jayy/page/n594 574]}}</ref>
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| full name = Parviz Mirza
}}

'''Parviz Mirza''' (10 November 1589 – 28 October 1626) was the second son of Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] from his wife, [[Sahib Jamal]]. His daughter, [[Nadira Banu Begum]], later became the wife of [[Dara Shikoh]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, art and culture|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|pages=149}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, art and culture|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|pages=201}}</ref>

== Early life==
Born on 2 October, 1589, Parviz was the son of Jahangir and [[Zain Khan Koka|Zayn Khan Koka's]] cousin, [[Sahib Jamal]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=31}}</ref> Zayn Khan koka, was the son of one of Akbar's [[Wet nurse|Amahs]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, art and culture|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|pages=147}}</ref> As the Emperor's second son, he was 2 years older than [[Shah Jahan|Khurram]], and 2 years younger than [[Khusrau Mirza|Khussrau]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Brief History of the Great Moghuls: India's most flamboyant rulers|last=Gascioigne|first=Bamber|pages=130}}</ref>

In peaceful times, before his brother's rebellion, he was active and enjoyed polo. Polo was a popular sport among the Mughal court, evidenced by a miniature showing the typical 4 player team consisting of Jahangir, Parviz, Khurram, and [[Abul-Hasan ibn Mirza Ghiyas Beg|Asaf Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, art and culture|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|pages=203}}</ref>

He supported his father's war of succession. Following the failed revolt, and the death of Jahangir's grandmother [[Hamida Banu Begum|Miriam Makani]], Parviz accompanied his father back to [[Agra]] in 1604. This was in attempt to reconcile with Akbar, and his father was severely reprimanded for his treason.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=68}}</ref>

Despite his status as elder son, he was widely regarded as ambitious but inept and intemperate, and therefore not a serious contender for the throne. He failed in his leadership of the Deccan War and had lost the faith of the court.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=191}}</ref>

== War Campaigns ==

=== Mewar ===
Parviz led the first campaign against the [[Mewar]], shortly after Jahangir's accession.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|pages=259}}</ref> He supported his father's ambitious foreign policy, and was given the figurative command of over 20,000 horses, but the campaign to Mewar was in reality under the control of Asaf Khan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=227}}</ref>

=== Deccan ===
In the year 1608, Jahangir sent Khan Khana with 12,000 reinforcements to the Deccan to combat the recent successes of [[Malik Ambar]] and the [[Marathi people|Marathis]]. Despite infighting among the Mughal military elite, he sent Parviz, closely supervised by Asaf Khan, to command and also govern [[Khandesh]] and [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]]. The prince arrived in 1610, along with a contingent of 1,000 Ahadis and even more [[mansabdar]]i soldiers. The prince was only 20 years old, and though headstrong and ambitious, he did not possess any natural talent for military or administrative strategy. His command of the Deccan campaign was in name only, and he instead held a royal court at [[Burhanpur]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=263–264}}</ref> The European travelers through the region gave scathing reports of Parviz. Sir Thomas Roe says that "to describe it rightly, it was like a great stage and the prince sat there as the mock kings do there… the prince hath the name and State, but the Khan (the Khan Khana) governs all".<ref name=":2" /> Merchant Thomas Kerridge warned Roe about Parvez, saying, "(his) capacity being weak and he given to womanish pleasures, there is no hope either of honour or content from him… He supplieth the place in name only… the Khan Khana in matters of consequence there ordereth all, esteemed for nobility, honour and valour to be the chiefest of the land."<ref>British Museum Addl. Ms. 9366, F.19</ref>

Ultimately Parvez and [[Asaf Khan IV|Khan Khana]] suffered repeated defeats at the hands of famine and guerilla tactics of Malik Ambar. In 1616 charge of the Deccan campaign was transferred to Khurram.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=270}}</ref> The region was later placed back under Mughal rule.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|pages=260}}</ref>

== Khurram's Rebellion ==
In 1622 Parviz was appointed governor of [[Bihar]]. Thanks to Shah Jahan's successes suppressing rebellion in the Deccan, [[Gujarat]], and [[Malwa]], he had the support of respected military officers (including Khan Khana, the Rajput Kunwar Bhim, and the hero general Ray Rayan Raja Bikramajit). Incited by the report of apparent political control of Nur Jahan over the emperor, Shah Jahan marched from [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] toward [[Fatehpur Sikri]]. Nur Jahan implored her allies to return to court, including Parviz and his forces from Bihar. Negotiations failed, raids and minor confrontations began in early March, 1623. On 29 March, Shah Jahan attempted to sabotage the Imperialist army by forging a secret alliance with [[Abdullah Khan II|Abdullah Khan]], whose forces were meant to turn-coat mid battle. However, the plan backfired when Abdullah Khans forces were still received by Darab Khan as the enemy, and Raja Bikramajit's attempts to inform Darab led to Bikramajit being shot to the head in battle. Shah Jahan's army retreated in the confusion.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=355–360}}</ref>

[[File:Emperor Jahangir receiving his two sons, an album-painting in gouache on paper, c 1605-06.jpg|thumb|Emperor Jahangir receiving his two sons, Khusrau and Parviz, an album-painting in gouache on paper, c 1605-06.|248x248px]]
Search and retribution against Shah Jahan was put off until Parviz arrived at court. The delay in his arrival may have been prudent and deliberate, in order to gauge the victor. When at last he did arrive, he was promoted above his brother. In May 1623, the formal search for Shah Jahan began under Parviz's command, but again only in name. [[Mahabat Khan]] served as the real commander. Shah Jahan met Parviz and Mahabat Khan's forces with a cavalry of 20,000 horses, 300 elephants, and artillery. Mahabat Khan countered with [[Guerrilla warfare|guerilla tactics]], as well as stealing the support of some of Shah Jahan's elite followers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=361–363}}</ref>

After several defeats, defections, and retreats, Shah Jahan attempted to negotiate with his brother and Mahabat Khan through Sarbuland Ray. Parviz demanded to negotiate directly with Khan Khana, as a representative of Shah Jahan, but Khan Khana quickly switched loyalties to the leadership of Mahabat Khan and the title of Parviz. Rather than continue negotiations, Shah Jahan fled the armies of Parviz and Mahabat Khan.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=370–372}}</ref> The crown pressed Parviz to capture Shah Jahan or drive him to exile for good, but in 1623 Parvez returned to Burhanpur and left his brother to the Golconda territory.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|pages=268}}</ref>

In 1624, with Shah Jahan once again threatening the empire, this time through Bengal, Parviz and Mahabat Khan again left Burhanpur to assist the imperial cause. Shah Jahan again was forced to retreat into the Golconda.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=382, 386}}</ref>

Though he was given command of the armies to combat Khurram's rebellion, real control was always held by [[Mahabat Khan]]. Together they pursued Khurram for 3 years, ultimately defeating the rebellion in 1625.<ref name="Raychoudhry 141">{{Cite book|title=History of Mughals|last=Raychoudhry|first=S.C.|pages=141}}</ref> During the revolt, Khurram was demoted and in his stead Parviz was promoted to the rank of 40,000 zat 30,000 suwar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=119}}</ref> When Khurram surrendered, Nur Jahan advocated forgiveness for the dissenter, in part because she was worried the act of bringing him back under control had given too much power to Parviz and Mahabat Khan. She then set about separating the two to dilute their influence, and replaced Mahabat Khan with a new [[Emir|amir]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Brief History of the Great Moghuls: India's most flamboyant rulers|last=Gascioigne|first=Bamber|pages=162–163}}</ref>

== Nur Jahan's antagonism ==
With [[Shah Jahan]] discredited for his rebellion, and his brother [[Khusrau Mirza]] dead, Parviz seemingly only had his younger brother Shahriyar as competition for the throne. Parviz was deemed an incompetent ruler and a drunk, and had been given unimportant regions to govern. However his association with the recent victories of his general and advisor, military hero [[Mahabat Khan]], gained him favor with his father. Mahabat Khan did not approve of [[Nur Jahan]]'s influence over Jahangir, and was therefore not a part of her powerful junta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=397–400}}</ref> Because of Mahabat Khan's popularity and status as the "most popular amir in the empire," Nur Jahan feared that he would be the real power behind the throne, if Parviz were to become the successor. With Khussrau dead, and Shah Jahan in exile, Jahangir's second son would be the logical heir. To preserve her own power she needed to separate them.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|pages=288}}</ref>

She herself supported Shahriyar as heir. Nur Jahan set out to weaken Parviz's claim to the throne by separating him from Mahabat Khan. She sent Khan Jahan Lodi to replace Mahabat khan as vakil to Parviz, and gave Mahabat Khan the governorship of [[Bengal]] to occupy him. Parviz refused to comply with this plan. He rejected the counsel of Khan Jahan Lodi, and Mahabat Khan refused to go to Bengal. Nur Jahan issued another command, this time with less cordiality, invoking the fate of the exiled Shah Jahan in a stern warning to Parviz against defying imperial orders, and demanding for Mahabat Khan to return to court. Parviz agreed to their terms.<ref name=":0" /> When Parviz at last consented, he remained at his fortress in [[Burhanpur]].<ref name="Raychoudhry 141"/> The issue of succession was all but settled when Parviz died at Burhanpur, of an "alcoholic coma."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|pages=293}}</ref>

== Personal character ==
The Mughal elite were active in the international trade industry, with many controlling ports and creating monopolies. When Parviz was governor of [[Patna]], the merchants of the area hid their wealth and tried not to call attention to their activities. They may have feared the kind of extortion received in Bengal through the oppression of forced loans on the merchant class by [[Shaista Khan|Shayista Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Last Spring: The lives and times of the great Mughals|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|pages=718}}</ref>

[[Thomas Roe]] visited Parviz at Burhanpur. He supposedly refused to pay the customary respects at court by performing the obedience of bowing to the ground, but this is highly unlikely as he was a diplomat and this was his first introduction to a Mughal prince. Parviz denied him his request to approach the prince, as well as his request for a chair, but instead allowed him to lean against a pillar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|pages=281}}</ref> The compromise of leaning against a pillar was understood to be a precursor to a more intimate discussion later on, but Roe had gifted the prince with wine and Parviz was later too drunk to honor the meeting.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Brief History of the Great Moghuls: India's most flamboyant rulers|last=Gascioigne|first=Bamber|pages=133–134}}</ref>

The prince was a devoted son, and paid great respect to [[filial piety]]. In 1620, when his father fell severely ill, Parviz was at his side.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=321}}</ref> Parviz performed the circle Mughal court ritual in 1621, which call for circling the bed of a sick loved one three times with the intention of drawing the sickness upon oneself.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, art and culture|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|pages=141}}</ref> The [[circumambulation]] was in face an effort to cure his father Jahangir's sickness, though Jahangir did not approve.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, art and culture|last=Schimmmel|first=Annemarie|pages=212}}</ref>

==Marriages==
Parviz's first wife was Princess Jahan Banu Begum, the daughter of Prince [[Sultan Murad Mirza]], son of Emperor [[Akbar]]. Jahangir betrothed Parviz to Jahan Banu on 12 September 1606, and sent 130,000 rupees as a marriage present to her house. The marriage ceremony took place on 29 October 1606. The entertainment was arranged at Parviz's house, and all who were present were exalted with all kinds of honor and civilities. Nine thousand rupees were handed over to Sharif Amuli and other nobles, to be given in alms to the poor. She was the mother of Parviz's eldest son, Prince Durandish Mirza born on 2 February 1615,<ref>{{cite book|first=Emperor|last=Jahangir|first2=Alexander|last2=Rogers|first3=Henry|last3=Beveridge|title=The Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri; or, Memoirs of Jahangir. Translated by Alexander Rogers. Edited by Henry Beveridge|url=https://archive.org/details/b29352423_0001|publisher=London Royal Asiatic Society|year=1909|pages=[https://archive.org/details/b29352423_0001/page/78 78], 81, 279}}</ref> and died on 5 December 1619,<ref>{{cite book|first=Emperor |last=Jahangir|first2=Wheeler McIntosh|last2=Thackston|title=The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha |publisher=Washington, D. C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press|year=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/168 168], 316}}</ref> another son born on 1 July 1618,<ref>{{cite book|first=Emperor |last=Jahangir|first2=Wheeler McIntosh|last2=Thackston|title=The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha |publisher=Washington, D. C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press|year=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/267 267]}}</ref> and of Princess [[Nadira Banu Begum]] wife of Shah Jahan's son Prince [[Dara Shikoh]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri: A History of Emperor Aurangzib-Alamgir (reign 1658-1707 AD) of Saqi Mustad Khan|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta|year=1947|pages=47}}</ref>

His second wife was the daughter of Mirza Rustam, son of Behram Mirza Safawi. In 1612, Jahangir called Rustam Mirza to his presence, and treated him with kindness, and gave his daughter in marriage to Parviz.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Shāhnavāz Khān|last1=Awangābādī|first2=Baini|last2=Prasad|first3='Abd al-Hayy ibn|last3=Shāhnavāz|title=The Maāthir-ul-umarā: Being biographies of the Muḥammadan and Hindu officers of the Timurid sovereigns of India from 1500 to about 1780 A.D.|publisher=Janaki Prakashan|year=1979|pages=635}}</ref> His third wife was Manbhavati Bai, the daughter of [[Suraj Singh|Raja Suraj Mal]], the ruler of [[Jodhpur State]], and the sister of [[Gaj Singh of Marwar|Raja Gaj Singh]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard Davis|last=Saran|first2=Norman Paul|last2=Ziegler|title=The Meṛtīyo Rāṭhoṛs of Meṛto, Rājasthān: Translations and notes with appendices, glossary, introductory material and indexes|publisher=University of Michigan, Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies|year=2001|pages=18|isbn=978-0-891-48085-3}}</ref> The marriage took place in April 1624. On 10 April 1624, Jahangir received the news of the marriage from Aqidat Khan, who was the Bakhshi of Deccan. Jahangir expressed a hope that her advent into the family will prove auspicious.<ref>{{cite book|first=Emperor |last=Jahangir|first2=Wheeler McIntosh|last2=Thackston|title=The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha |publisher=Washington, D. C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press|year=1999|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/181 181], 418}}</ref> In intellect and understanding she was distinguished from the ladies of her time.<ref>{{cite book|first=Shaikh Farïd|last=Bhakkari|title=The Dhakhiratul-khawanin: a biographical dictionary of Mughal noblemen, Volume 2|publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delhi|date=1 January 2003|pages=105}}</ref>

== Death ==
Like many throughout the history of the Mughal court, Parviz had a notorious liking for drink.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Brief History of the Great Moghuls: India's most flamboyant rulers|last=Gascioigne|first=Bamber|pages=170}}</ref> He was ravaged by excessive drinking and an indulgent lifestyle by the age of 37. In 1626, Parviz was gravely ill. He suffered delirium, fell into a coma, required five head wounds to be cauterized. He briefly awoke from the coma only to lose consciousness again. He died at the age of 38. With another heir out of the way, the cause of death was immediately suspected to be poison from the hand of Shah Jahan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=History of Jahangir|last=Prasad|first=Beni|pages=427–428}}</ref> Later, after Shah Jahan was deposed by [[Aurangzeb]], his son jeered at him "how do you still regard the memory of Khusrav and Parviz, whom you did to death before your accession and who had threatened no injury to you?".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great. The people living near the tomp of Parviz throw him dust to the tomb because Tomb looking dirty. Emperors|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|pages=378}}</ref> Prince Parviz was buried in a garden in Agra.<ref name=":1" />

Parviz's tomb is located on the banks of the [[Yamuna]] river, near the [[Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah|Itimad-ud-Daula]] and [[Chini Ka Rauza|Chini Ka Ruza]]. The original design of the tomb was modeled after the mausoleum of [[Timur]], and was situated in the center of the garden at [[Charbagh|Char Bagh]]. Not many people of Agra know of this tomb. It once boasted lime mortar plaster, octagonal [[minaret]]s, and an inverted lotus at the dome. The tomb is not protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] or any state level archaeological organization, and is subsequently falling into ruin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/Abandoned-by-conservators-Shah-Jahans-elder-brothers-tomb-on-verge-of-collapsing/articleshow/48749213.cms|title=The Times of India|last=Devi|first=Aditya}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

== Bibliography ==
* Devi, Aditya. (2015).[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/Abandoned-by-conservators-Shah-Jahans-elder-brothers-tomb-on-verge-of-collapsing/articleshow/48749213.cms "Abandoned by conservators, Shah Jahan's elder brother's tomb on verge of collapsing"]. The Times of India, p. The Times of India, 1 September 2015. Accessed 20 July 2016.
* Eraly, Abraham. (1997). The Last Spring: The lives and times of the great Mughals. New Delhi: Viking, Penguin Books India. {{ISBN|9780670875184}}
* Eraly, Abraham. (2004). The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors. London: Phoenix. {{ISBN|9780753817582}}
* Gascioigne, Bamber. (2002). A Brief History of the Great Moghuls: India's most flamboyant rulers. London: Constable and Robinson. {{ISBN|9781841195339}}
* Prasad, Beni. (1922). History of Jahangir. London: H Milford, Oxford University Press. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/history-of-jahangir/oclc/5530634&referer=brief_results OCLC 5530634]
* Raychoudhry, S.C.. (1984). History of Mughals. vol. IV of Comprehensive history of India, from 1526-1707 A.D. Delhi: Surjeet Publications. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/history-of-mughals-of-india-from-1526-1707-ad/oclc/469499970&referer=brief_results OCLC 469499970]
* Schimmel, Annemarie (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, art and culture (Revised ed.). London: Reaktion Books LTD. {{ISBN|1861891857}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

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[[Category:1586 births]]
[[Category:1626 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal princes]]

Parviz Mirza - Revision history

->Manavati: Akbarnama