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← Older revision		Revision as of 17:37, 12 August 2021
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	The Paris Agreement was open for signature by states and regional economic integration organizations that are parties to the UNFCCC (the Convention) from 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017 at the UN Headquarters in New York.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Article 20(1)\|url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117143548/https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf\|archive-date=17 November 2017\|access-date=17 November 2017\|website=UNFCCC.int\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Signing of the Agreement is the first step towards [[ratification]], but it is possible to [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties#Signature, ratification and accession\|accede]] to the Agreement without signing.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web\|last=Yeo\|first=Sophie\|date=2016-04-19\|title=Explainer: The adoption, signing and ratification of the UN climate deal\|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-the-adoption-signing-and-ratification-of-the-un-climate-deal\|access-date=2021-05-08\|website=Carbon Brief\|language=en}}</ref> It binds parties to not act in contravention of the goal of the treaty.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Paris Agreement on Climate Change\|date=2017\|editor1-last=Klein\|editor-first1=Daniel\|chapter=Institutional Arrangements and Final Clauses\|last=Voigt\|first=Christina\|page=363}}</ref> On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which represent almost 40% of global emissions confirmed they would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.<ref>{{cite web\|last=McGrath\|first=Matt\|date=31 March 2016\|title=Paris Climate Treaty: 'Significant step' as US and China agree to sign\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35935756?ocid=global_bbccom_email_31032016_top+news+stories\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423220344/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35935756?ocid=global_bbccom_email_31032016_top+news+stories\|archive-date=23 April 2016\|access-date=23 April 2016\|work=BBC\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/asia/obama-and-president-xi-of-china-vow-to-sign-paris-climate-accord-promptly.html\|title=Obama and President Xi of China Vow to Sign Paris Climate Agreement Promptly\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221035108/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/asia/obama-and-president-xi-of-china-vow-to-sign-paris-climate-accord-promptly.html\|date=31 March 2016\|archive-date=1 April 2016\|last1=Davenport\|first1=Coral\|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The Agreement was signed by 175 parties (174 states and the European Union) on the first day it was opened for signature.<ref name="historic">{{cite web\|date=22 April 2016\|title='Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord\|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629105154/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y\|archive-date=29 June 2017\|access-date=29 June 2017\|work=United Nations\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|date=22 April 2016\|title=PARIS AGREEMENT Signature Ceremony\|url=http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/632121/list-of-representatives-to-high-level-signature-ceremony.pdf\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516205241/http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/632121/list-of-representatives-to-high-level-signature-ceremony.pdf\|archive-date=16 May 2017\|access-date=22 April 2016\|work=[[UNFCCC]]\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As of March 2021, 194 states and the European Union have signed the Agreement.<ref name="depo2">{{cite web\|title=Paris Agreement\|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705141043/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en\|archive-date=5 July 2021\|access-date=15 July 2021\|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection\|df=dmy-all}}</ref>		The Paris Agreement was open for signature by states and regional economic integration organizations that are parties to the UNFCCC (the Convention) from 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017 at the UN Headquarters in New York.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Article 20(1)\|url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117143548/https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf\|archive-date=17 November 2017\|access-date=17 November 2017\|website=UNFCCC.int\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Signing of the Agreement is the first step towards [[ratification]], but it is possible to [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties#Signature, ratification and accession\|accede]] to the Agreement without signing.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web\|last=Yeo\|first=Sophie\|date=2016-04-19\|title=Explainer: The adoption, signing and ratification of the UN climate deal\|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-the-adoption-signing-and-ratification-of-the-un-climate-deal\|access-date=2021-05-08\|website=Carbon Brief\|language=en}}</ref> It binds parties to not act in contravention of the goal of the treaty.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Paris Agreement on Climate Change\|date=2017\|editor1-last=Klein\|editor-first1=Daniel\|chapter=Institutional Arrangements and Final Clauses\|last=Voigt\|first=Christina\|page=363}}</ref> On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which represent almost 40% of global emissions confirmed they would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.<ref>{{cite web\|last=McGrath\|first=Matt\|date=31 March 2016\|title=Paris Climate Treaty: 'Significant step' as US and China agree to sign\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35935756?ocid=global_bbccom_email_31032016_top+news+stories\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423220344/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35935756?ocid=global_bbccom_email_31032016_top+news+stories\|archive-date=23 April 2016\|access-date=23 April 2016\|work=BBC\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/asia/obama-and-president-xi-of-china-vow-to-sign-paris-climate-accord-promptly.html\|title=Obama and President Xi of China Vow to Sign Paris Climate Agreement Promptly\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221035108/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/asia/obama-and-president-xi-of-china-vow-to-sign-paris-climate-accord-promptly.html\|date=31 March 2016\|archive-date=1 April 2016\|last1=Davenport\|first1=Coral\|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The Agreement was signed by 175 parties (174 states and the European Union) on the first day it was opened for signature.<ref name="historic">{{cite web\|date=22 April 2016\|title='Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord\|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629105154/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y\|archive-date=29 June 2017\|access-date=29 June 2017\|work=United Nations\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|date=22 April 2016\|title=PARIS AGREEMENT Signature Ceremony\|url=http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/632121/list-of-representatives-to-high-level-signature-ceremony.pdf\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516205241/http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/632121/list-of-representatives-to-high-level-signature-ceremony.pdf\|archive-date=16 May 2017\|access-date=22 April 2016\|work=[[UNFCCC]]\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As of March 2021, 194 states and the European Union have signed the Agreement.<ref name="depo2">{{cite web\|title=Paris Agreement\|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705141043/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en\|archive-date=5 July 2021\|access-date=15 July 2021\|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection\|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
	[[File:Secretary Kerry Holds Granddaughter Dobbs-Higginson on Lap While Signing COP21 Climate Change Agreement at UN General Assembly Hall in New York (26512345421).jpg\|thumb\|left\|Signing by [[John Kerry]] in [[United Nations General Assembly Hall]] for the United States]]		[[File:Secretary Kerry Holds Granddaughter Dobbs-Higginson on Lap While Signing COP21 Climate Change Agreement at UN General Assembly Hall in New York (26512345421).jpg\|thumb\|left\|Signing by [[John Kerry]] in [[United Nations General Assembly Hall]] for the United States]]
	The Agreement would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions\|the world's greenhouse gas emissions]] (according to a list produced in 2015)<ref name="ratpct">{{cite web\|title=Information provided in accordance with paragraph 104 of decision 1 CP21 related to entry into force of the Paris Agreement (Article 21)\|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221204004/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30\|archive-date=21 February 2016\|access-date=23 April 2016\|work=UNFCCC\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ratify or otherwise join the treaty.{{efn\|Alternative ways to join the treaty are acceptance, approval or accession. The first two are typically used when a head of state is not necessary to bind a country to a treaty, whereas the latter typically happens when a country joins a treaty already in force.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Glossary of terms relating to Treaty actions \|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/glossary/page1_en.xml#acceptance \|website=United Nations Treaty Collection \|language=EN\|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>}}<ref>Article 21(1)</ref~~><ref name=":13" /~~> After ratification by the European Union, the Agreement obtained enough parties to enter into effect on 4 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Yeo\|first=Sophie\|date=2016-10-06\|title=Explainer: Paris Agreement on climate change to 'enter into force'\|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-paris-agreement-to-enter-into-force\|access-date=2021-05-08\|website=Carbon Brief\|language=en}}</ref>		The Agreement would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions\|the world's greenhouse gas emissions]] (according to a list produced in 2015)<ref name="ratpct">{{cite web\|title=Information provided in accordance with paragraph 104 of decision 1 CP21 related to entry into force of the Paris Agreement (Article 21)\|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221204004/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30\|archive-date=21 February 2016\|access-date=23 April 2016\|work=UNFCCC\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ratify or otherwise join the treaty.{{efn\|Alternative ways to join the treaty are acceptance, approval or accession. The first two are typically used when a head of state is not necessary to bind a country to a treaty, whereas the latter typically happens when a country joins a treaty already in force.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Glossary of terms relating to Treaty actions \|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/glossary/page1_en.xml#acceptance \|website=United Nations Treaty Collection \|language=EN\|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>}}<ref name=":13" /><ref>Article 21(1)</ref> After ratification by the European Union, the Agreement obtained enough parties to enter into effect on 4 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Yeo\|first=Sophie\|date=2016-10-06\|title=Explainer: Paris Agreement on climate change to 'enter into force'\|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-paris-agreement-to-enter-into-force\|access-date=2021-05-08\|website=Carbon Brief\|language=en}}</ref>

	Both the EU and its member states are individually responsible for ratifying the Paris Agreement. A strong preference was reported that the EU and its 28 member states ratify at the same time to ensure that they do not engage themselves to fulfilling obligations that strictly belong to the other,<ref name="eurat">{{cite web\|last=Yeo\|first=Sophie\|date=23 June 2016\|title=Explainer: When will the European Union ratify the Paris Agreement?\|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-when-will-european-union-ratify-paris-agreement\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905103935/http://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-when-will-european-union-ratify-paris-agreement\|archive-date=5 September 2016\|access-date=3 September 2016\|website=Carbon Brief\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and there were fears by observers that disagreement over each member state's share of the EU-wide reduction target, as well as Britain's [[Brexit\|vote to leave the EU]] might delay the Paris pact.<ref name = "Nature">{{cite journal\|url=http://www.nature.com/news/paris-climate-deal-to-take-effect-as-eu-ratifies-accord-1.20735\|title=Paris climate deal to take effect as EU ratifies accord\|journal=Nature\|date=4 October 2016\|access-date=5 October 2016\|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.20735\|last1=Schiermeier\|first1=Quirin\|s2cid=158043198\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005125351/http://www.nature.com/news/paris-climate-deal-to-take-effect-as-eu-ratifies-accord-1.20735\|archive-date=5 October 2016\|url-status=live\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, the EU deposited its instruments of ratification on 5 October 2016, along with seven EU member states.<ref name="Nature" />		Both the EU and its member states are individually responsible for ratifying the Paris Agreement. A strong preference was reported that the EU and its 28 member states ratify at the same time to ensure that they do not engage themselves to fulfilling obligations that strictly belong to the other,<ref name="eurat">{{cite web\|last=Yeo\|first=Sophie\|date=23 June 2016\|title=Explainer: When will the European Union ratify the Paris Agreement?\|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-when-will-european-union-ratify-paris-agreement\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905103935/http://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-when-will-european-union-ratify-paris-agreement\|archive-date=5 September 2016\|access-date=3 September 2016\|website=Carbon Brief\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and there were fears by observers that disagreement over each member state's share of the EU-wide reduction target, as well as Britain's [[Brexit\|vote to leave the EU]] might delay the Paris pact.<ref name = "Nature">{{cite journal\|url=http://www.nature.com/news/paris-climate-deal-to-take-effect-as-eu-ratifies-accord-1.20735\|title=Paris climate deal to take effect as EU ratifies accord\|journal=Nature\|date=4 October 2016\|access-date=5 October 2016\|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.20735\|last1=Schiermeier\|first1=Quirin\|s2cid=158043198\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005125351/http://www.nature.com/news/paris-climate-deal-to-take-effect-as-eu-ratifies-accord-1.20735\|archive-date=5 October 2016\|url-status=live\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, the EU deposited its instruments of ratification on 5 October 2016, along with seven EU member states.<ref name="Nature" />
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	=== Sustainable Development Mechanism ===		=== Sustainable Development Mechanism ===
	[[Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement#Article 6.4: Mechanism to promote climate action and support sustainable development\|Paragraphs 6.4]]-6.7 establish a mechanism "to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gases and support sustainable development".<ref>United Nations/ Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015) Adoption of the Paris Agreement, 21st Conference of the Parties, Paris: United Nations</ref> Though there is no official name for the mechanism as yet, it has been referred to as the Sustainable Development Mechanism or SDM.<ref>''"The Carbon Markets of Tomorrow: Taking Shape Today". Ecosystem Market Place. Retrieved 24 October 2016''</ref~~><ref name=":12" /~~> The SDM is considered to be the successor to the [[Clean Development Mechanism]], a mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol by which parties could collaboratively pursue emissions reductions.<ref>{{Cite book\|publisher=Carbon Market Watch\|last1=Kachi\|first1=Aki\|last2=Voigt\|first2=Juliane\|date=May 2017\|title=Building blocks for a robust Sustainable Development Mechanism\|url=https://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BUILDING-BLOCKS-FOR-A-ROBUST-SUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENT-MECHANISM_WEB-SINGLE_FINAL.pdf\|access-date=2021-04-04\|page=2}}</ref>		[[Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement#Article 6.4: Mechanism to promote climate action and support sustainable development\|Paragraphs 6.4]]-6.7 establish a mechanism "to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gases and support sustainable development".<ref>United Nations/ Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015) Adoption of the Paris Agreement, 21st Conference of the Parties, Paris: United Nations</ref> Though there is no official name for the mechanism as yet, it has been referred to as the Sustainable Development Mechanism or SDM.<ref name=":12" /><ref>''"The Carbon Markets of Tomorrow: Taking Shape Today". Ecosystem Market Place. Retrieved 24 October 2016''</ref> The SDM is considered to be the successor to the [[Clean Development Mechanism]], a mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol by which parties could collaboratively pursue emissions reductions.<ref>{{Cite book\|publisher=Carbon Market Watch\|last1=Kachi\|first1=Aki\|last2=Voigt\|first2=Juliane\|date=May 2017\|title=Building blocks for a robust Sustainable Development Mechanism\|url=https://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BUILDING-BLOCKS-FOR-A-ROBUST-SUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENT-MECHANISM_WEB-SINGLE_FINAL.pdf\|access-date=2021-04-04\|page=2}}</ref>

	The SDM is set to largely resemble the Clean Development Mechanism, with the dual goal of contributing to global GHG emissions reductions and supporting sustainable development.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.ceps.eu/download/publication/?id=9274&pdf=SR%20No%20128%20ACM%20Post%20COP21%20Analysis%20of%20Article%206.pdf\|title=Carbon Market Provisions in the Paris Agreement (Article 6)\|last=Marcu\|first=Andrei\|date=January 2016\|publisher=Centre for Europe an Policy Studies\|access-date=15 July 2021\|isbn=978-94-6138-501-7\|page=13}}</ref> Though the structure and processes governing the SDM are not yet determined, certain similarities and differences from the Clean Development Mechanisms have become clear. A key difference is that the SDM will be available to all parties as opposed to only [[Annex I\|Annex-I parties]], making it much wider in scope.<ref>"Recommendations for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement." Carbon Market Watch. Carbon Market Watch, 19 May 2016. Web. 10 October 2016.</ref>		The SDM is set to largely resemble the Clean Development Mechanism, with the dual goal of contributing to global GHG emissions reductions and supporting sustainable development.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.ceps.eu/download/publication/?id=9274&pdf=SR%20No%20128%20ACM%20Post%20COP21%20Analysis%20of%20Article%206.pdf\|title=Carbon Market Provisions in the Paris Agreement (Article 6)\|last=Marcu\|first=Andrei\|date=January 2016\|publisher=Centre for Europe an Policy Studies\|access-date=15 July 2021\|isbn=978-94-6138-501-7\|page=13}}</ref> Though the structure and processes governing the SDM are not yet determined, certain similarities and differences from the Clean Development Mechanisms have become clear. A key difference is that the SDM will be available to all parties as opposed to only [[Annex I\|Annex-I parties]], making it much wider in scope.<ref>"Recommendations for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement." Carbon Market Watch. Carbon Market Watch, 19 May 2016. Web. 10 October 2016.</ref>

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2021-08-12T10:21:48Z

Created page with "{{short description|2015 international agreement about climate change}} {{for|the 1954 conferences to determine the status of West Germany|Paris Agreements}} {{good article}}..."

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← Older revision		Revision as of 17:37, 12 August 2021
Line 59:		Line 59:
	The Paris Agreement was open for signature by states and regional economic integration organizations that are parties to the UNFCCC (the Convention) from 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017 at the UN Headquarters in New York.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Article 20(1)\|url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117143548/https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf\|archive-date=17 November 2017\|access-date=17 November 2017\|website=UNFCCC.int\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Signing of the Agreement is the first step towards [[ratification]], but it is possible to [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties#Signature, ratification and accession\|accede]] to the Agreement without signing.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web\|last=Yeo\|first=Sophie\|date=2016-04-19\|title=Explainer: The adoption, signing and ratification of the UN climate deal\|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-the-adoption-signing-and-ratification-of-the-un-climate-deal\|access-date=2021-05-08\|website=Carbon Brief\|language=en}}</ref> It binds parties to not act in contravention of the goal of the treaty.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Paris Agreement on Climate Change\|date=2017\|editor1-last=Klein\|editor-first1=Daniel\|chapter=Institutional Arrangements and Final Clauses\|last=Voigt\|first=Christina\|page=363}}</ref> On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which represent almost 40% of global emissions confirmed they would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.<ref>{{cite web\|last=McGrath\|first=Matt\|date=31 March 2016\|title=Paris Climate Treaty: 'Significant step' as US and China agree to sign\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35935756?ocid=global_bbccom_email_31032016_top+news+stories\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423220344/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35935756?ocid=global_bbccom_email_31032016_top+news+stories\|archive-date=23 April 2016\|access-date=23 April 2016\|work=BBC\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/asia/obama-and-president-xi-of-china-vow-to-sign-paris-climate-accord-promptly.html\|title=Obama and President Xi of China Vow to Sign Paris Climate Agreement Promptly\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221035108/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/asia/obama-and-president-xi-of-china-vow-to-sign-paris-climate-accord-promptly.html\|date=31 March 2016\|archive-date=1 April 2016\|last1=Davenport\|first1=Coral\|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The Agreement was signed by 175 parties (174 states and the European Union) on the first day it was opened for signature.<ref name="historic">{{cite web\|date=22 April 2016\|title='Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord\|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629105154/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y\|archive-date=29 June 2017\|access-date=29 June 2017\|work=United Nations\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|date=22 April 2016\|title=PARIS AGREEMENT Signature Ceremony\|url=http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/632121/list-of-representatives-to-high-level-signature-ceremony.pdf\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516205241/http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/632121/list-of-representatives-to-high-level-signature-ceremony.pdf\|archive-date=16 May 2017\|access-date=22 April 2016\|work=[[UNFCCC]]\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As of March 2021, 194 states and the European Union have signed the Agreement.<ref name="depo2">{{cite web\|title=Paris Agreement\|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705141043/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en\|archive-date=5 July 2021\|access-date=15 July 2021\|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection\|df=dmy-all}}</ref>		The Paris Agreement was open for signature by states and regional economic integration organizations that are parties to the UNFCCC (the Convention) from 22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017 at the UN Headquarters in New York.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Article 20(1)\|url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117143548/https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09.pdf\|archive-date=17 November 2017\|access-date=17 November 2017\|website=UNFCCC.int\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Signing of the Agreement is the first step towards [[ratification]], but it is possible to [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties#Signature, ratification and accession\|accede]] to the Agreement without signing.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web\|last=Yeo\|first=Sophie\|date=2016-04-19\|title=Explainer: The adoption, signing and ratification of the UN climate deal\|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-the-adoption-signing-and-ratification-of-the-un-climate-deal\|access-date=2021-05-08\|website=Carbon Brief\|language=en}}</ref> It binds parties to not act in contravention of the goal of the treaty.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The Paris Agreement on Climate Change\|date=2017\|editor1-last=Klein\|editor-first1=Daniel\|chapter=Institutional Arrangements and Final Clauses\|last=Voigt\|first=Christina\|page=363}}</ref> On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which represent almost 40% of global emissions confirmed they would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.<ref>{{cite web\|last=McGrath\|first=Matt\|date=31 March 2016\|title=Paris Climate Treaty: 'Significant step' as US and China agree to sign\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35935756?ocid=global_bbccom_email_31032016_top+news+stories\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423220344/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35935756?ocid=global_bbccom_email_31032016_top+news+stories\|archive-date=23 April 2016\|access-date=23 April 2016\|work=BBC\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/asia/obama-and-president-xi-of-china-vow-to-sign-paris-climate-accord-promptly.html\|title=Obama and President Xi of China Vow to Sign Paris Climate Agreement Promptly\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221035108/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/world/asia/obama-and-president-xi-of-china-vow-to-sign-paris-climate-accord-promptly.html\|date=31 March 2016\|archive-date=1 April 2016\|last1=Davenport\|first1=Coral\|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The Agreement was signed by 175 parties (174 states and the European Union) on the first day it was opened for signature.<ref name="historic">{{cite web\|date=22 April 2016\|title='Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord\|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629105154/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=53756#.VxqAYGNpr-Y\|archive-date=29 June 2017\|access-date=29 June 2017\|work=United Nations\|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|date=22 April 2016\|title=PARIS AGREEMENT Signature Ceremony\|url=http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/632121/list-of-representatives-to-high-level-signature-ceremony.pdf\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516205241/http://newsroom.unfccc.int/media/632121/list-of-representatives-to-high-level-signature-ceremony.pdf\|archive-date=16 May 2017\|access-date=22 April 2016\|work=[[UNFCCC]]\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As of March 2021, 194 states and the European Union have signed the Agreement.<ref name="depo2">{{cite web\|title=Paris Agreement\|url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705141043/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en\|archive-date=5 July 2021\|access-date=15 July 2021\|publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection\|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
	[[File:Secretary Kerry Holds Granddaughter Dobbs-Higginson on Lap While Signing COP21 Climate Change Agreement at UN General Assembly Hall in New York (26512345421).jpg\|thumb\|left\|Signing by [[John Kerry]] in [[United Nations General Assembly Hall]] for the United States]]		[[File:Secretary Kerry Holds Granddaughter Dobbs-Higginson on Lap While Signing COP21 Climate Change Agreement at UN General Assembly Hall in New York (26512345421).jpg\|thumb\|left\|Signing by [[John Kerry]] in [[United Nations General Assembly Hall]] for the United States]]
	The Agreement would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions\|the world's greenhouse gas emissions]] (according to a list produced in 2015)<ref name="ratpct">{{cite web\|title=Information provided in accordance with paragraph 104 of decision 1 CP21 related to entry into force of the Paris Agreement (Article 21)\|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221204004/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30\|archive-date=21 February 2016\|access-date=23 April 2016\|work=UNFCCC\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ratify or otherwise join the treaty.{{efn\|Alternative ways to join the treaty are acceptance, approval or accession. The first two are typically used when a head of state is not necessary to bind a country to a treaty, whereas the latter typically happens when a country joins a treaty already in force.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Glossary of terms relating to Treaty actions \|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/glossary/page1_en.xml#acceptance \|website=United Nations Treaty Collection \|language=EN\|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>}}<ref>Article 21(1)</ref~~><ref name=":13" /~~> After ratification by the European Union, the Agreement obtained enough parties to enter into effect on 4 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Yeo\|first=Sophie\|date=2016-10-06\|title=Explainer: Paris Agreement on climate change to 'enter into force'\|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-paris-agreement-to-enter-into-force\|access-date=2021-05-08\|website=Carbon Brief\|language=en}}</ref>		The Agreement would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions\|the world's greenhouse gas emissions]] (according to a list produced in 2015)<ref name="ratpct">{{cite web\|title=Information provided in accordance with paragraph 104 of decision 1 CP21 related to entry into force of the Paris Agreement (Article 21)\|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221204004/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30\|archive-date=21 February 2016\|access-date=23 April 2016\|work=UNFCCC\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ratify or otherwise join the treaty.{{efn\|Alternative ways to join the treaty are acceptance, approval or accession. The first two are typically used when a head of state is not necessary to bind a country to a treaty, whereas the latter typically happens when a country joins a treaty already in force.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Glossary of terms relating to Treaty actions \|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/glossary/page1_en.xml#acceptance \|website=United Nations Treaty Collection \|language=EN\|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref>}}<ref name=":13" /><ref>Article 21(1)</ref> After ratification by the European Union, the Agreement obtained enough parties to enter into effect on 4 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Yeo\|first=Sophie\|date=2016-10-06\|title=Explainer: Paris Agreement on climate change to 'enter into force'\|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-paris-agreement-to-enter-into-force\|access-date=2021-05-08\|website=Carbon Brief\|language=en}}</ref>

	Both the EU and its member states are individually responsible for ratifying the Paris Agreement. A strong preference was reported that the EU and its 28 member states ratify at the same time to ensure that they do not engage themselves to fulfilling obligations that strictly belong to the other,<ref name="eurat">{{cite web\|last=Yeo\|first=Sophie\|date=23 June 2016\|title=Explainer: When will the European Union ratify the Paris Agreement?\|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-when-will-european-union-ratify-paris-agreement\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905103935/http://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-when-will-european-union-ratify-paris-agreement\|archive-date=5 September 2016\|access-date=3 September 2016\|website=Carbon Brief\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and there were fears by observers that disagreement over each member state's share of the EU-wide reduction target, as well as Britain's [[Brexit\|vote to leave the EU]] might delay the Paris pact.<ref name = "Nature">{{cite journal\|url=http://www.nature.com/news/paris-climate-deal-to-take-effect-as-eu-ratifies-accord-1.20735\|title=Paris climate deal to take effect as EU ratifies accord\|journal=Nature\|date=4 October 2016\|access-date=5 October 2016\|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.20735\|last1=Schiermeier\|first1=Quirin\|s2cid=158043198\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005125351/http://www.nature.com/news/paris-climate-deal-to-take-effect-as-eu-ratifies-accord-1.20735\|archive-date=5 October 2016\|url-status=live\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, the EU deposited its instruments of ratification on 5 October 2016, along with seven EU member states.<ref name="Nature" />		Both the EU and its member states are individually responsible for ratifying the Paris Agreement. A strong preference was reported that the EU and its 28 member states ratify at the same time to ensure that they do not engage themselves to fulfilling obligations that strictly belong to the other,<ref name="eurat">{{cite web\|last=Yeo\|first=Sophie\|date=23 June 2016\|title=Explainer: When will the European Union ratify the Paris Agreement?\|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-when-will-european-union-ratify-paris-agreement\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905103935/http://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-when-will-european-union-ratify-paris-agreement\|archive-date=5 September 2016\|access-date=3 September 2016\|website=Carbon Brief\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and there were fears by observers that disagreement over each member state's share of the EU-wide reduction target, as well as Britain's [[Brexit\|vote to leave the EU]] might delay the Paris pact.<ref name = "Nature">{{cite journal\|url=http://www.nature.com/news/paris-climate-deal-to-take-effect-as-eu-ratifies-accord-1.20735\|title=Paris climate deal to take effect as EU ratifies accord\|journal=Nature\|date=4 October 2016\|access-date=5 October 2016\|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.20735\|last1=Schiermeier\|first1=Quirin\|s2cid=158043198\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005125351/http://www.nature.com/news/paris-climate-deal-to-take-effect-as-eu-ratifies-accord-1.20735\|archive-date=5 October 2016\|url-status=live\|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However, the EU deposited its instruments of ratification on 5 October 2016, along with seven EU member states.<ref name="Nature" />
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	=== Sustainable Development Mechanism ===		=== Sustainable Development Mechanism ===
	[[Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement#Article 6.4: Mechanism to promote climate action and support sustainable development\|Paragraphs 6.4]]-6.7 establish a mechanism "to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gases and support sustainable development".<ref>United Nations/ Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015) Adoption of the Paris Agreement, 21st Conference of the Parties, Paris: United Nations</ref> Though there is no official name for the mechanism as yet, it has been referred to as the Sustainable Development Mechanism or SDM.<ref>''"The Carbon Markets of Tomorrow: Taking Shape Today". Ecosystem Market Place. Retrieved 24 October 2016''</ref~~><ref name=":12" /~~> The SDM is considered to be the successor to the [[Clean Development Mechanism]], a mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol by which parties could collaboratively pursue emissions reductions.<ref>{{Cite book\|publisher=Carbon Market Watch\|last1=Kachi\|first1=Aki\|last2=Voigt\|first2=Juliane\|date=May 2017\|title=Building blocks for a robust Sustainable Development Mechanism\|url=https://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BUILDING-BLOCKS-FOR-A-ROBUST-SUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENT-MECHANISM_WEB-SINGLE_FINAL.pdf\|access-date=2021-04-04\|page=2}}</ref>		[[Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement#Article 6.4: Mechanism to promote climate action and support sustainable development\|Paragraphs 6.4]]-6.7 establish a mechanism "to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gases and support sustainable development".<ref>United Nations/ Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015) Adoption of the Paris Agreement, 21st Conference of the Parties, Paris: United Nations</ref> Though there is no official name for the mechanism as yet, it has been referred to as the Sustainable Development Mechanism or SDM.<ref name=":12" /><ref>''"The Carbon Markets of Tomorrow: Taking Shape Today". Ecosystem Market Place. Retrieved 24 October 2016''</ref> The SDM is considered to be the successor to the [[Clean Development Mechanism]], a mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol by which parties could collaboratively pursue emissions reductions.<ref>{{Cite book\|publisher=Carbon Market Watch\|last1=Kachi\|first1=Aki\|last2=Voigt\|first2=Juliane\|date=May 2017\|title=Building blocks for a robust Sustainable Development Mechanism\|url=https://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BUILDING-BLOCKS-FOR-A-ROBUST-SUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENT-MECHANISM_WEB-SINGLE_FINAL.pdf\|access-date=2021-04-04\|page=2}}</ref>

	The SDM is set to largely resemble the Clean Development Mechanism, with the dual goal of contributing to global GHG emissions reductions and supporting sustainable development.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.ceps.eu/download/publication/?id=9274&pdf=SR%20No%20128%20ACM%20Post%20COP21%20Analysis%20of%20Article%206.pdf\|title=Carbon Market Provisions in the Paris Agreement (Article 6)\|last=Marcu\|first=Andrei\|date=January 2016\|publisher=Centre for Europe an Policy Studies\|access-date=15 July 2021\|isbn=978-94-6138-501-7\|page=13}}</ref> Though the structure and processes governing the SDM are not yet determined, certain similarities and differences from the Clean Development Mechanisms have become clear. A key difference is that the SDM will be available to all parties as opposed to only [[Annex I\|Annex-I parties]], making it much wider in scope.<ref>"Recommendations for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement." Carbon Market Watch. Carbon Market Watch, 19 May 2016. Web. 10 October 2016.</ref>		The SDM is set to largely resemble the Clean Development Mechanism, with the dual goal of contributing to global GHG emissions reductions and supporting sustainable development.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.ceps.eu/download/publication/?id=9274&pdf=SR%20No%20128%20ACM%20Post%20COP21%20Analysis%20of%20Article%206.pdf\|title=Carbon Market Provisions in the Paris Agreement (Article 6)\|last=Marcu\|first=Andrei\|date=January 2016\|publisher=Centre for Europe an Policy Studies\|access-date=15 July 2021\|isbn=978-94-6138-501-7\|page=13}}</ref> Though the structure and processes governing the SDM are not yet determined, certain similarities and differences from the Clean Development Mechanisms have become clear. A key difference is that the SDM will be available to all parties as opposed to only [[Annex I\|Annex-I parties]], making it much wider in scope.<ref>"Recommendations for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement." Carbon Market Watch. Carbon Market Watch, 19 May 2016. Web. 10 October 2016.</ref>

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