Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: correct details further and cleaned formatting to improve readability

2025-05-30T00:52:19Z

correct details further and cleaned formatting to improve readability

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:22, 30 May 2025
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	'''Pargana''' ~~({{lang-bn\|পরগনা}}, {{transl\|hi\|''parganā''}}), {{lang-hi\|परगना}}, {{lang-ur\|پرگنہ}})~~ or '''parganah''', also spelt '''pergunnah''' during the time of the [[Sultanate of Delhi\|Sultanate]] ~~period~~, [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] ~~times~~ and [[British Raj]],<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924007471935/cu31924007471935_djvu.txt "A Catalogue of Manuscript and Printed Reports, Field Books, Memoirs, Maps ..." Vol. iv, "Containing the treaties, etc., relating to the states within the Bombay presidency"]</ref> is a ~~former~~ administrative ~~unit~~ of the [[~~Indian subcontinent~~]], used primarily, but not exclusively, by ~~the~~ Muslim kingdoms.		'''Pargana''' or '''parganah''', also spelt '''pergunnah''', equivalent to [[Mahallah\|Mohallah]]<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book \|last=Akhter \|first=Nasrin \|year=2012 \|chapter=Sarkar \|chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar \|editor1-last=Islam \|editor1-first=Sirajul \|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam \|editor2-last=Jamal \|editor2-first=Ahmed A. \|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh \|edition=Second \|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> as a subunit of [[Subah (province)\|Subah]] (Suba),<ref name="Conermann2015"/><ref name="Robinson2009"/> was a type of former [[administrative division]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the time of the [[Sultanate of Delhi\|Delhi Sultanate]], [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] and [[British Raj\|British Colonial]] empires.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924007471935/cu31924007471935_djvu.txt "A Catalogue of Manuscript and Printed Reports, Field Books, Memoirs, Maps ..." Vol. iv, "Containing the treaties, etc., relating to the states within the Bombay presidency"]</ref><ref name=pirs1/> Mughal Empire was divided into [[Subah (province)\|Subah]] (Suba) or province headed by a ''Subahdar'', which were further subdivided into ''[[Sarkar (administrative division)\|sarkars]]'' or '''tarafs''',<ref name=taraf1/> which in turn were further subdivided into groups of villages known as ''parganas'' or [[Mahalla]]s (Mahal).<ref name="Conermann2015"/><ref name="Robinson2009"/> Depending on the size, the ''parganas'' may or may not be further subdivided into ''pirs''<ref name=pirs1>{{Cite book \|last= \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EiYLAQAAIAAJ \|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Mayurbhanj \|date=1967 \|publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press \|location=Orissa (India) \|pages=347 \|language=en}}</ref> or ''[[mouza]]s'' which were the smallest revenue units, consisting of one or more villages and the surrounding countryside. In [[Bengal]], the Sarkar system was replaced in the early 18th century by the [[Chakla (administrative division)\|Chakla]] system.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Akhtar \|first=Shirin \|year=2012 \|chapter=Chakla System \|chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chakla_System \|editor1-last=Islam \|editor1-first=Sirajul \|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam \|editor2-last=Jamal \|editor2-first=Ahmed A. \|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh \|edition=Second \|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> In the [[Punjab region]], the British established new [[Punjab Canal Colonies]] in which the smallest unit [equivalent to village or Mauza or pir] were termed [[Chak (village)\|Chak]]. Above-mentioned revenue units were used primarily, but not exclusively, by Muslim kingdoms. After [[Independence of India]] in 1947, the parganas became equivalent to [[Community development block\|Block]]/[[Tehsil\|Tahsil]], and pirs or mahals became [[Gram panchayat\|Grampanchayat]].

	''~~Parganas~~'' ~~were introduced by~~ the [[~~Delhi Sultanate~~]]~~. As a revenue unit~~, a ~~pargana consists of several~~ ''[[~~mouza~~]]s'', ~~which are the smallest~~ revenue ~~units, consisting of one or more villages~~ and ~~the surrounding countryside~~.		The Mughal government in the ''pargana'' consisted of a Muslim judge and local tax collector.<ref name="Conermann2015">{{cite encyclopedia \|title=Mughal Empire \|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Early Modern History Online \|year=2015 \|last=Conermann \|first=Stephan \|publisher=Brill \|url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EMHO/COM-024206.xml?rskey=YrXHKP \|access-date=2022-03-28 \|doi=10.1163/2352-0272_emho_COM_024206\|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Robinson2009">{{Citation \|last=Robinson \|first=Francis \|title=Mughal Empire \|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0549 \|year=2009 \|access-date=2022-03-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329002419/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0549 \|url-status=live \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|language=en \|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 \|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 \|archive-date=29 March 2022 \|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Under the reign of [[Sher Shah Suri]], administration of parganas was strengthened by the addition of other officers, including a '''''[[Sikdar\|shiqdar]]''''' (police chief), an '''''amin''''' or '''''munsif''''' (an arbitrator who assessed and collected revenue) and a '''''karkun''''' (record keeper).

	~~Under~~ the ~~reign of~~ [[~~Sher Shah Suri~~]]~~, administration of parganas was strengthened by~~ the ~~addition of other officers, including a '~~''''[[~~Sikdar~~\|~~shiqdar~~]]''''' (~~police chief~~), an ''''~~'amin~~''''' or '''~~''munsif''''' (an arbitrator who assessed~~ and ~~collected revenue)~~ and a ''''~~'karkun''''' (record keeper)~~.		==Mughal era==
			In the 16th century the [[Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] organised the empire into ''[[Subah (province)\|subahs]]'' (roughly equivalent of state or province), which were further subdivided into [[sarkar (administrative division)\|sarkars]] (roughly the equivalent of districts), which were themselves organised into ''parganas'' (roughly the equivalent of district subdivisions such as tehsil). In the Mughal system, ''parganas'' served as the local administrative units of a ''sarkar''. Individual parganas observed common customs regarding land rights and responsibilities, which were known as the ''pargana dastur'', and each pargana had its own customs regarding rent, fees, wages, and weights and measures, known as the ''pargana nirikh''.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book \|last=Akhter \|first=Nasrin \|year=2012 \|chapter=Sarkar \|chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar \|editor1-last=Islam \|editor1-first=Sirajul \|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam \|editor2-last=Jamal \|editor2-first=Ahmed A. \|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh \|edition=Second \|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

	==~~Mughal era~~==		Pargana consisted of several ''tarafs'', which in their turn consisted of several villages plus some uninhabited mountain and forest land.<ref name=taraf1>{{cite book \|title=The Making Of British India - 1756-1858 \|year=2006 \|publisher=Read Books \|page=289 \|url=https://www.amazon.in/Making-British-India-1756-1858/dp/1406723789 \|author1=Ramsay Muir \|author-link=Ramsay Muir \|access-date=27 July 2024 \|format=Paperback}}</ref>{{anchor\|Bahmani usage}} During the reign of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in the [[Deccan]], ''tarafs'' represented the provinces of the sultanate and its main territorial division. Tarafs were ruled by a ''tarafdar'', the provincial governor, who held a significant amount of autonomy.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Haroon Khan\|last=Sherwani\|year=1973\|title=History of Medieval Deccan (1295–1724) : Volume I\|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142905\|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh\|page=189}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first=Haroon Khan\|last=Sherwani\|year=1973\|title=History of Medieval Deccan (1295–1724) : Volume II\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9T5uAAAAMAAJ\|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh\|page=509}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|first=Radhey\|last=Shyam\|date=1966\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC\|title=The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar\|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass\|isbn=9788120826519\|page=17}}</ref>
	In the ~~16th century~~ the [[~~Mughal Empire\|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar~~]] ~~organised~~ the ~~empire into ''[[Subah (province)\|subahs]]'' (roughly equivalent of state or province), which were further subdivided into~~ [[~~sarkar (country subdivision)\|sarkars~~]] ~~(roughly the equivalent of districts)~~, ~~which were themselves organised into~~ ''~~parganas~~'' ~~(roughly~~ the ~~equivalent~~ of ~~district subdivisions such as tehsil)~~. ~~In the Mughal system, ''parganas'' served as the local administrative units of~~ a ''~~sarkar~~''~~. Individual parganas observed common customs regarding land rights and responsibilities~~, ~~which were known as~~ the ~~''pargana dastur''~~, ~~and each pargana had its own customs regarding rent, fees, wages, and weights and measures, known as the ''pargana nirikh''~~.<ref ~~name~~=~~Banglapedia~~>{{cite ~~Banglapedia~~\|~~authors~~=~~Sirajul Islam~~\|~~article~~=~~Pargana~~}}</ref>

	Pargana consisted of several '''tarafs''', which in their turn consisted of several villages plus some uninhabited mountain and forest land.<ref>[[Ramsay Muir]], ''The making of British India, 1756-1858'', University Press, 1915, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qqs5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA289 p. 289]</ref>		==British Indian Empire==
	==British ~~Raj~~==		As the [[British India\|British]] expanded into former Mughal provinces, starting with [[Bengal Subah\|Bengal]], they at first retained the ''pargana'' administration, but, under the Governorship of [[Charles Cornwallis]], enacted the [[Permanent Settlement]] of 1793, which abolished the pargana system in favour of the ''[[zamindar]]i'' system, in which ''zamindars'' were made the absolute owners of rural lands, and abolished the ''pargana dastur'' and ''pargana nirikh''. British administration consisted of [[districts of India\|districts]], which were divided into [[tehsil]]s or [[taluk]]s. Parganas remained important as a geographical term, persisting in land surveys, village identification and court decrees.
	As the [[British India\|British]] expanded into former Mughal provinces, starting with [[Bengal]], they at first retained the ''pargana'' administration, but, under the Governorship of [[Charles Cornwallis]], enacted the [[Permanent Settlement]] of 1793, which abolished the ''pargana'' system in favour of the ''[[zamindar]]i'' system, in which ''zamindars'' were made the absolute owners of rural lands, and abolished the ''pargana dastur'' and ''pargana nirikh''. British administration consisted of [[districts of India\|districts]], which were divided into [[tehsil]]s or [[taluk]]s. ''Parganas'' remained important as a geographical term, persisting in land surveys, village identification and court decrees.

	==Post independence==		==Post independence==
	The ''pargana'' system persisted in several [[princely states]], including [[Tonk, India\|Tonk]] and [[Gwalior State\|Gwalior]]. Parganas disappeared almost completely after the independence of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1947, although the term lives on in place names, like the districts of [[North 24 Parganas]] and [[South 24 Parganas]] in India's [[West Bengal]] state.~~{{cn\|date=June 2016}}~~		The ''pargana'' system persisted in several [[princely states]], including [[Tonk, India\|Tonk]] and [[Gwalior State\|Gwalior]]. Parganas disappeared almost completely after the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, although the term lives on in place names, like the districts of [[North 24 Parganas]] and [[South 24 Parganas]] in India's [[West Bengal]] state.

	==See also==		==See also==

			* [[Administrative divisions of India]]
			* [[Punjab Canal Colonies]]
			* [[Chak (village)]]
			* [[Chakla (administrative division)]]
	* [[List of parganas of Uttarakhand]]		* [[List of parganas of Uttarakhand]]

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	{{Types of administrative country subdivision}}		{{Types of administrative country subdivision}}

	[[Category:~~Medieval India~~]]		[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
	[[Category:Economic history of India]]		[[Category:Economic history of India]]
	[[Category:Administrative divisions of India]]		[[Category:Administrative divisions of India]]

imported>Gowhk8: Removed unrelated content.

2021-08-28T15:15:25Z

Removed unrelated content.

New page

{{short description|Former administrative unit of the Indian subcontinent}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
'''Pargana''' ({{lang-bn|পরগনা}}, {{transl|hi|''parganā''}}), {{lang-hi|परगना}}, {{lang-ur|پرگنہ}}) or '''parganah''', also spelt '''pergunnah''' during the time of the [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultanate]] period, [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] times and [[British Raj]],<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924007471935/cu31924007471935_djvu.txt "A Catalogue of Manuscript and Printed Reports, Field Books, Memoirs, Maps ..." Vol. iv, "Containing the treaties, etc., relating to the states within the Bombay presidency"]</ref> is a former administrative unit of the [[Indian subcontinent]], used primarily, but not exclusively, by the Muslim kingdoms.

''Parganas'' were introduced by the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. As a revenue unit, a pargana consists of several ''[[mouza]]s'', which are the smallest revenue units, consisting of one or more villages and the surrounding countryside.

Under the reign of [[Sher Shah Suri]], administration of parganas was strengthened by the addition of other officers, including a '''''[[Sikdar|shiqdar]]''''' (police chief), an '''''amin''''' or '''''munsif''''' (an arbitrator who assessed and collected revenue) and a '''''karkun''''' (record keeper).

==Mughal era==
In the 16th century the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] organised the empire into ''[[Subah (province)|subahs]]'' (roughly equivalent of state or province), which were further subdivided into [[sarkar (country subdivision)|sarkars]] (roughly the equivalent of districts), which were themselves organised into ''parganas'' (roughly the equivalent of district subdivisions such as tehsil). In the Mughal system, ''parganas'' served as the local administrative units of a ''sarkar''. Individual parganas observed common customs regarding land rights and responsibilities, which were known as the ''pargana dastur'', and each pargana had its own customs regarding rent, fees, wages, and weights and measures, known as the ''pargana nirikh''.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite Banglapedia|authors=Sirajul Islam|article=Pargana}}</ref>

Pargana consisted of several '''tarafs''', which in their turn consisted of several villages plus some uninhabited mountain and forest land.<ref>[[Ramsay Muir]], ''The making of British India, 1756-1858'', University Press, 1915, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qqs5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA289 p. 289]</ref>
==British Raj==
As the [[British India|British]] expanded into former Mughal provinces, starting with [[Bengal]], they at first retained the ''pargana'' administration, but, under the Governorship of [[Charles Cornwallis]], enacted the [[Permanent Settlement]] of 1793, which abolished the ''pargana'' system in favour of the ''[[zamindar]]i'' system, in which ''zamindars'' were made the absolute owners of rural lands, and abolished the ''pargana dastur'' and ''pargana nirikh''. British administration consisted of [[districts of India|districts]], which were divided into [[tehsil]]s or [[taluk]]s. ''Parganas'' remained important as a geographical term, persisting in land surveys, village identification and court decrees.

==Post independence==
The ''pargana'' system persisted in several [[princely states]], including [[Tonk, India|Tonk]] and [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]]. Parganas disappeared almost completely after the independence of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1947, although the term lives on in place names, like the districts of [[North 24 Parganas]] and [[South 24 Parganas]] in India's [[West Bengal]] state.{{cn|date=June 2016}}

==See also==
* [[List of parganas of Uttarakhand]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', Volume 12. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford.
* Markovits, Claude (ed.) (2004). ''A History of Modern India: 1480-1950''. Anthem Press, London.

{{Types of administrative country subdivision}}

[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions of India]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Types of administrative division]]
[[Category:Former subdivisions of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Former subdivisions of India]]
[[Category:Feudalism by country|Bangladesh]]

Pargana - Revision history

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: correct details further and cleaned formatting to improve readability

imported>Gowhk8: Removed unrelated content.